锯片切割式扇贝开壳试验台的设计与试验

目前扇贝加工所采用的开壳设备还有很多缺陷,如开壳率低、贝柱品质差等。以海湾扇贝为研究对象,分析对比海湾扇贝的各种开壳机理,提出另一种开壳方法——蒸汽喷射法,并根据该方法设计锯片切割式扇贝开壳试验台,分析其工作原理,并设计关键部件和控制系统。在锯片切割式扇贝开壳试验台上展开一系列相关试验,发现试验台的不足与缺陷,并分析对开壳效果影响较大的因素。为扇贝加工设备的研制提供一定的科学指导以及理论依据,对于提高扇贝开壳效率和开壳质量具有积极的意义。     

扇贝分级设备的设计

我国加工处理扇贝技术起步较晚,加工设施多样性不足。扇贝形状独特,国际上仍缺乏专用的分级设备,大多数的人工分级效率低,对后续的加工销售产生不良影响,制约扇贝产业的发展。结合扇贝的形状及其他类别分级设备的原理与机械结构,我们设计出扇贝分级设备,利用旋转对辊外加椭圆沟槽,实现扇贝的大小分级,为扩大分级设备的适用范围,保证成功分级的同时,加设了倾角调节机构。     

海湾扇贝外套膜剥离机械手的设计

针对我国海湾扇贝加工机械化水平低的现状,设计了一种外套膜剥离机械手。海湾扇贝壳内曲面为高阶曲面,扇贝外套膜除在背面少数部位与壳连接外其余部分均为游离。机械手受人工剥离方式启发,手爪设计为柔性结构,刀钩可旋转且刀杆可自由伸缩,能自动适应贝壳曲面轮廓。此外,对机械手推杆移动距离与手爪开合角度的关系、推杆移动速度与刀钩钩取速度的关系、刀钩的形态位置变化情况进行了理论分析。该机械手可代替人工对海湾扇贝进行加工,节省人工劳动力,提高了扇贝加工的安全性,提升了扇贝制品品质。     

切花百合种球新型分级机的设计与应用

切花百合种球的国产化生产是国内新兴的产业,种球的规格一致性是培育优质切花的前提。为此,在国内外现有技术的基础上针对切花百合种球的分级特征,研究开发出了一种适用新型、性能可靠的百合种球分级机,同时介绍了切花百合种球分级机的结构组成、工作原理和技术特点,并对其开发应用前景进行了展望。该分级机结构简单,性能可靠,分级率和分级精度较高,稳定性好,成本较低,适用范围广。     

我国红枣分级技术及红枣分级机研究现状

红枣分级技术是其产业化过程中进行流通、贮藏保鲜及深加工、提高产品档次和附加值的关键技术之一。为此,分析了我国目前各种红枣分级技术以及红枣分级技术未来需要解决的问题;介绍了我国目前最典型的4种红枣分级机以及各自的结构和特点;设计了一种可调分级间隙的栅筒式红枣分级机。结果表明:机械式红枣分级机在一段时间内还有广大市场,随着红枣分级技术的发展,基于机器视觉的红枣分级机在特定使用对象方面取代现有的机械式红枣分级机是必然的趋势。     

对虾清洗分级机的设计

针对传统分级机的特点及不足,通过分析对虾生物学特性,设计了对虾清洗分级一体机,介绍了对虾清洗分级机的总体结构和工作原理,并着重分析了其关键部件。该分级机以体厚为分级参数,通过调整辊轴间隙实现不同规格对虾的分级,提高了分级精度与效率,便于后续的精加工与销售。     

核桃分选机的研究现状

核桃分级技术是其产业化过程中进行流通、贮藏保鲜及深加工和提高农产品附加值的关键技术之一。为此,针对我国目前各种红枣分级技术以及红枣分级技术未来需要解决的问题,介绍了我国目前最典型的核桃分级机以及各自的结构和特点。结果表明:机械式核桃分级机在一段时间内还有很大的市场,随着核桃分级技术的发展,基于机器视觉的红枣分级机在特定的使用对象方面取代原有的机械式核桃分级机是必然趋势。     

水果分级机试验分析

为了提升果园生产机械化水平,解决因水果商品化处理水平低、混等混级销售导致的总体品质不高、平均价格受限等问题,提升果农收益,根据NY/T 2617《水果分级机质量评价技术规范》及当地实际情况,在丹阳市绿舟农场以吉农牌TN-68A型水果分级机为例,对损伤率、分级合格率和生产效率等性能指标进行检测和分析。实验结果表明,该水果分级机采用柔性设计,有效降低了损伤率,分级合格率高达98.67%,且生产效率显著提高。经济效益分析显示,采用水果分级机相较于人工分拣可明显降低成本,当年即可收回投资,尤其适用于规模较大的果园,为该技术在果园生产中的推广提供了有力的数据支持。     

海湾扇贝热处理开壳装置设计与试验

随着我国水产养殖业发展,海湾扇贝养殖量逐年上升,因其营养价值、药用价值高,受到广大消费者青睐。开壳工作是海湾扇贝加工重点,其内部有使两壳拉紧闭合的闭壳肌,开壳难度大。通过对海湾扇贝开壳方案研究,结合海湾扇贝生理结构特点,总结扇贝热处理开壳方案,并对火烤开壳、水浴冲击开壳、蒸汽喷射开壳3种热处理方案进行试验,选出最佳热处理方案是蒸汽开壳法。设计海湾扇贝蒸汽喷射开壳装置,对关键部件中仿形孔和成形刀进行尺寸及安装位置设计分析。以蒸汽喷射时间、蒸汽喷射距离、蒸汽阀门开度为试验因素,开壳效果感官评分为指标进行单因素试验,并通过Box Behnken design进行因素交互试验分析,最终确定当蒸汽喷射3 s、喷射距离30 mm、蒸汽阀门开度90°时,开壳效果最佳,感官评分值为93.67分。通过对开壳方案的研究,解决扇贝开壳困难问题,改善扇贝加工脏乱差现状,填补我国扇贝加工工艺方案空缺,为提高我国扇贝加工机械化程度奠定基础。     

马铃薯分级生产线及其关键设备的设计

针对我国马铃薯分级加工水平落后的现状,首先对所设计的马铃薯分级生产线上的料斗、去土输送装置、人工挑选装置、提升机和分道输送装置的情况进行了论述,介绍了马铃薯分级加工的工艺以及整条生产线的工作过程;其次设计了一种马铃薯分级机,介绍了其结构以及工作过程;最后举例说明了分级后各级马铃薯的用途,旨在为马铃薯分级的产业化和机械化加工提供参考。     

底播扇贝苗船上提升与播撒装置设计与应用

针对当前船上人工播撒扇贝苗作业效率低、劳动强度大、贝苗损伤严重以及底播密度不均匀等问题,研究设计出船上扇贝苗出舱、播撒一体化机械装置。通过运用折叠式托架链条提升出舱机、播苗滑槽以及舱底运箱滑板,实现了贝苗的自动出舱以及均匀播撒。生产实践证明:该装置结构设计合理,利用率高,播苗均匀,贝苗损伤率低,降低了工人的劳动强度,提高了生产效率。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。