小麦对行免耕播种机试验研究

为解决一年可熟区小麦免耕播种作业的技术难题，提出了小麦对行免耕播种的思想；设计了2BMD-12型小麦对行免耕播种机．在玉米行何播种小麦．避开玉米秸秆和根茬。采用了新型高效的带状粉碎防堵机构，防堵性能优良。田问性能试验表明：2BMD-12型小麦对行免耕播种机在玉米直立秸秆和大量秸秆覆盖下。如能实现对行，可以顺利进行播种作业，满足作业质量和作物高产对施肥量的要求．适合我国中小地块、中小功率的特点。     

主动圆盘防堵式小麦免耕播种机的设计研究

研究设计了一种主动圆盘防堵式小麦免耕播种机.该播种机主要由组合式开沟器、圆盘刀、排种管、施肥管和镇压轮等组成.田间试验表明,该播种机破茬防堵性能好,解决了高覆盖量条件下直接播种小麦时播种机工作经常堵塞的问题.机具一次进地即可完成破茬、开沟施肥、播种、覆土、镇压等作业工序,土壤扰动小,作业质量满足农艺要求.     

2BQMF-5型气吸式施肥免耕播种机的设计与试验

研究设计了一种2BQMF-5型气吸式施肥免耕播种机.该播种机主要由气吸式排种装置、五圆盘破茬开沟施肥装置和镇压传动装置等组成.田间试验证实该播种机破茬防堵性能好,施肥平均深度为78mm,播种平均深度为43mm,种肥垂直间距平均为35mm,侧向间距平均为30mm.机具一次进地即可完成破茬、开沟施肥、播种、覆土、镇压等作业工序,土壤扰动小,作业质量满足农艺要求.     

稻茬地双轴驱动防堵式小麦免耕播种机

针对稻茬地土壤粘重、根茬量大韧性强的特点和免耕播种作业的要求,基于旋转部件的铣切、冲击、破碎和抛撒原理,应用带状旋耕和粉碎技术,设计了稻茬地双轴驱动防堵式小麦免耕播种机,一次完成切茬、开沟、防堵、主动覆土和镇压等功能.田间播种性能试验表明,带状旋耕能较好地完成切茬、开沟作业,粉碎装置将收集到的土壤进行了有效的二次粉碎和抛撒,实现了均匀覆土的功能,播种深度和施肥深度变异系数分别为4.33％和2.73％,机具的通过性满足农艺要求.     

免耕施肥播种机关键技术的研究

针对保护性耕作播种作业的特殊性要求,详细论述了免耕施肥播种机的破茬开沟技术、防堵技术、覆土镇压技术、免耕播种机的仿形技术、免耕施肥播种机组纵向操纵稳定性等8种关键技术的研究。     

2BQM-2型免耕气吸播种施肥机的研制与试验

针对目前国内免耕播种机存在防堵机构复杂、制造成本高、功耗大等问题,研究设计了一种免耕气吸式播种施肥机.田间试验表明:该机具能够在较简单防堵机构的作用下完成免耕播种作业,玉米粒距合格率达到了97.1%,播种平均深度为35mm,施肥平均深度为88mm,种肥间距为53mm,一次进地可完成破茬、开沟施肥、播种、镇压等作业,作业时土壤扰动小,作业质量满足农艺要求.     

2BQMJ-2型免耕播种机通过性能试验

免耕播种机应具有良好的通过性能,以保证田间作业质量。对2BQMJ-2型播种机进行破茬防堵机构改进,并通过田间试验考察改进后机具的田间通过性能,检验破茬作业质量,验证改进后破茬防堵机构的工作可靠性及结构设计合理性。结果表明:改进后的播种机切茬防堵结构设计合理,作业效果良好,田间通过性能得到改善。     

2BM-2型玉米播种施肥机的设计

介绍免耕精密播种机的发展现状及趋势,并设计出功率消耗低、适合小地块作业、结构紧凑、工作灵活的2BM-2型玉米免耕播种施肥机.该机借鉴了国内外典型免耕播种机研制的成功经验,结合辽西半干旱地区的特点及农艺要求,较好地解决了机具成本与功能之间的矛盾,可一次作业完成破茬、开沟、施肥、播种、覆土及镇压等工序.     

2BJM-12型气吸式免耕精密播种机设计

随着保护性耕作技术的推广与应用,小型免耕播种机已经不能满足保护性耕作发展需求,且目前的免耕播种机存在功能单一、播种效果差等问题。针对以上问题,设计了2BJM-12型气吸式免耕精密播种机。为此,介绍了该播种机的总体设计方案、主要技术参数及关键部件的设计。该机采用地轮传动的作业方式,具有全免耕、高速、精密播种的特点,可一次性完成破茬碎土、侧深施肥、精量播种及镇压覆土等作业,可以满足保护性耕作技术的发展需要。     

小麦免耕播种机驱动链式防堵装置设计

针对我国华北一年两熟地区玉米秸秆覆盖量多,小麦免耕播种易堵塞的问题,提出了驱动拨指链抛茬和刀刃型开沟器切茬相结合的新型防堵原理,设计了免耕播种机驱动链式防堵装置。通过分析防堵装置的运动过程,确定了驱动链、拨指和刀刃型开沟器等关键部件的参数。田间试验表明,驱动链式防堵装置能够有效解决秸秆堵塞问题,保证小麦免耕播种机的通过性。由于及时清除刀刃型开沟器前方的玉米秸秆残茬,开沟阻力降低了12.3%。相比条带旋耕式小麦播种机,驱动链式小麦免耕播种机在保证种肥情况的同时,土壤扰动量减少了66.4%,油耗降低了8.07%,较好地满足了当地的农艺要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。