草捆稳定性的影响因素试验研究*

针对玉米秸秆成捆后,收集搬运过程中易散捆的问题,从玉米秸秆草捆受力分析入手,分别研究了草捆静置、移位和变形过程中载荷的变化规律,以及影响草捆稳定性的因素;利用本团队开发的打捆试验台,开展了草捆密度、草捆长度和捆绳数量对草捆抗摔率影响的试验,确定了满足草捆质量稳定性的参数取值范围;通过响应面分析试验,确定了适合草捆收集搬运的最优参数组合为草捆密度为175 kg/m³,草捆长度为88 cm,捆绳数量为3根,草捆抗摔率为93.5%。草捆稳定性完全满足生产要求,为方捆打捆机的研究提供了理论指导。     

圆捆打捆机应用现状与发展趋势

圆捆打捆机能够完成牧草、水稻、小麦、玉米等作物秸秆的捡拾打捆作业,便于运输和储存,对农业秸秆回收和综合利用具有巨大的推动作用。本文对国内外圆捆打捆机的性能特点及应用现状进行了分析,总结了存在问题及发展趋势。     

青饲圆捆机对数螺线式成形装置设计与试验

为提高青贮饲料的打捆作业效率和作业质量,在现有青贮饲料打捆技术的基础上,设计了一种用于青贮作业,由喂料预压机构、对数螺线式二次压捆机构组成的对数螺线式圆草捆成捆装置。对不同含水率的玉米秸秆进行了不同压力角的试验,试验结果表明:取压力角小于20°的对数螺线式喂料压捆过程,解决了圆形内腔的成捆室在喂入粗大、湿润、坚硬物料时的堵塞问题;对含水率为50%~70%的玉米秸秆,装置压力角α值取15°时,喂入速度和压捆速度匹配较好;装置对高含水率的玉米秸秆具有较好的适应性。     

基于小型秸秆圆捆机的秸秆摩擦特性研究

针对水稻与甘蔗秸秆利用小型秸秆圆捆机收集打捆效率低的现状,研究了圆捆机卷捆室内打捆的情况,为圆捆机的结构改进提供必要的理论和技术依据。秸秆能否在卷捆室顺利形成草芯主要涉及辊子与秸秆的摩擦因数的问题。为此,利用自制的滑动摩擦因数测试装置,对秸秆进行摩擦特性试验研究,采用三因素三水平的正交旋转组合试验设计方案,探究秸秆含水率、取样部位以及滑板材料3个变量因素对摩擦因数的影响规律。结果表明:含水率对稻秆影响最大,滑板材料对甘蔗叶影响最大,3种滑板材料都是与橡胶的摩擦因数最大。由此得出:小型圆捆机卷捆室内下半部分辊子可以考虑选用橡胶沿着钢辊锯齿形凸起表面贴紧的方式,这种胶辊对快速形成草芯更有利。     

钢辊式圆捆打捆机结构改进与试验

为解决小型钢辊式圆捆捡拾打捆机秸草打捆时的堵塞问题,对其结构进行了改进试验。在试验中,采用了增加喂入单辊、喂入对辊结构,并对其喂入能力、可靠性指标进行了测定。经过结构改进试验,得出配有喂入对辊（上辊沿轴向配置高19.5mm、直径160mm、间距48mm圆环,下辊直径160mm、沿周向配置高6.5mm横板）的钢辊式圆捆打捆机可较好地解决秸草打捆中的堵塞问题,并能扩大其适用范围,提高其工作性能和工作可靠性。     

玉米秸秆圆捆打捆机的设计

设计一种玉米秸秆圆捆打捆机,介绍其整体结构与工作原理,详细说明打捆机构和下网机构的结构设计与工作过程。该打捆机具有下网、切网控制准确,包网质量好,可靠性高等特点,适宜进行推广应用。     

碎玉米茎秆卷压成型过程的理论研究

由于国内对圆捆打捆技术与装备的研究和开发相对较晚,导致对卷压成型压缩理论的研究也相对滞后。对圆捆型打捆机卷压过程第二阶段进行了分析,通过对物料的喂入速度、含水率、密度等与压捆功率消耗、压缩力的研究,得到了碎玉米茎秆卷压成型压缩特性和流变特性的经验模型和物理模型,从而为卷压设备的优化设计提供理论依据。     

MK5050-G型青贮圆捆机

天津市尤耐特机械技术有限公司生产的MK5050 —G型青贮圆捆机是固定式捆扎机,是能将揉搓机揉搓后的玉米秸秆可靠捡拾、打捆的设备。本产品经技术人员精心设计,避免了其他厂家捆扎后草捆密度小、包膜后容易霉烂的现象,捆扎后的玉米秸秆密度大,便于包膜青贮;同时对其他干鲜草类同     

圆草捆打捆机的设计及优化

设计了一款圆草捆打捆机,通过牵引机械输入动力,采用凸轮滑道型捡拾系统技术和成型室钢辊预压缩技术,实现了打捆、缠网、密度调节、报警等自动化控制,整机自动化水平高。通过试验对捡拾系统进行了优化,提高了整机性能,该圆捆机广泛应用于牧草、秸秆作物的打捆。     

辊盘式圆捆机卷捆机理分析与试验

针对国产中小型钢辊式圆捆机收获完整稻秆时易于堵塞问题,设计了侧圆盘与钢辊组合式(简称辊盘式)卷捆机构,并利用自制辊盘式圆捆机试验装置对其卷捆过程进行了试验研究。通过高速摄像与运动学分析可知:完整稻秆刚进入卷捆室后在钢辊及侧圆盘共同作用下沿钢辊做整周运动,稻秆在卷捆室内运转一周重新到达卷捆室底部位置时,两侧壁摩擦力会使其停止旋转,而在卷捆室底部产生持续累积过程,由侧圆盘对稻秆产生的摩擦带动力可缩短累积稻秆形成旋转草芯进程,进而避免堵塞现象发生。据此以影响辊盘式圆捆机形成旋转草芯的主要因素——圆盘直径、圆盘转速、长宽比(稻秆长度与卷捆室宽度的比值)为试验因素,将旋转草芯形成时的稻秆质量作为评价指标进行试验。试验表明各因素影响评价指标的主次顺序为圆盘直径、长宽比、圆盘转速;取圆盘直径380 mm、圆盘转速135 r/min,当长宽比为1.00时,旋转草芯形成时的稻秆质量为1.21 kg,当长宽比为1.26时,旋转草芯形成时的稻秆质量为3.44 kg,并且无堵塞现象发生。研究结果可为辊盘式圆捆机的设计及其作业参数优化提供理论及技术依据。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。