玉米秸秆饲料营养成分NIRS在线检测

玉米秸秆本身营养成分含量低,需作为粗饲料和其它饲料混合生产全混合日粮或经黄贮等技术工艺改善其品质。为在利用和改善处理过程中对其营养成分含量进行实时检测,采用217个玉米秸秆样品,利用优化后的近红外在线光谱采集系统,探索了利用近红外光谱技术在线检测玉米秸秆水分、粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维和可溶性糖等营养成分含量的可行性。研究结果表明利用近红外光谱技术可以实现对玉米秸秆饲料营养成分的定量分析。水分、粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、可溶性糖含量模型的相对标准偏差和相对分析误差分别为9.03%和1.97、11.36%和2.31、3.75%和2.02、16.18%和3.61。     

饲料中动物源性成分显微近红外光谱检测分析

探讨了应用显微近红外光谱分析技术检测饲料中动物源性成分的可行性.利用12个动物源性成分饲料样品和14个植物源性成分饲料样品建立偏最小二乘定标模型,数学预处理方法为导数+多元散射校正,利用平均光谱来优化模型实现数据压缩,模型的决定系数、交互验证标准差分别为0.969、0.090.4个配合饲料样品作为外部验证未出现误判.结果表明显微近红外光谱分析技术可用于检测饲料中动物源性成分.     

在线近红外饲料品质监测平台设计与试验

为实现在线近红外技术在饲料生产线上的有效应用,设计了一种针对非接触式近红外探头的在线饲料监测平台,该平台安装于斗式提升机与旋转分配器之间的下料溜管处,通过平台内部加入挡板结构、形成集料空间,影响饲料颗粒的运动轨迹,降低料流速度,提高料流的均匀稳定性。基于平台的几何结构参数构建了EDEMRecurdyn耦合仿真模型,以在线近红外饲料监测平台的方管长度、方管宽度、固定挡板角、固定挡板长度为试验因素,以饲料颗粒在平台内的平均速度和变异系数为评价指标,进行了四因素三水平正交试验。试验和极差分析表明,方管宽度对饲料料流速度和均匀度特性的影响最显著;平台结构参数的最优方案为:方管长度850 mm、方管宽度250 mm、固定挡板角20°、固定挡板长度180 mm,此时饲料颗粒的平均速度为0.87 m/s,变异系数为5.32%。通过样机试验验证了仿真优化结果的有效性,该平台可持续获得满足在线分析要求的近红外光谱曲线。     

豆粕品质近红外定量分析实验室模型在线应用

为探究豆粕近红外定量分析模型从实验室到工厂在线应用转移的可行性,以全国采集的117个豆粕样品为研究对象,利用偏最小二乘法在实验室建立了豆粕含水率、粗蛋白质量分数的近红外定量分析模型,继而将此模型转移到饲料生产企业进行在线应用。研究结果显示:建立的实验室近红外模型可实现豆粕含水率、粗蛋白质量分数的快速预测,其中,含水率和粗蛋白质量分数的验证集决定系数R2P分别为0. 83和0. 86,相对分析误差分别为2. 40和2. 55,模型效果良好;采用模型校正、样品扩充两种不同方法,将实验室模型转移到饲料生产企业进行在线应用,含水率和粗蛋白质量分数的预测值与实际测量值之间具有很好的吻合性,可以达到在线分析的要求。     

近红外光谱技术在饲料常规成分分析中的应用现状及展望

控制饲料质量、检测饲料原料的成分是饲料生产中非常重要的一环。简述近红外光谱技术（NIRS）的原理、特点及优势,综述NIRS在饲料常规营养成分分析检测中的应用现状,从模型数据库建立、在线实时检测实现及检测仪器研制方面,对其发展前景进行了展望。     

一种近红外混合光谱定性模型构建方法

【目的】为了提高模型的通用性,确保在实际的近红外定性模型的构建过程中能够提取近红外光谱更多的有效信息,建立一套稳定的、能够适应外界光谱变化的近红外定性模型。【方法】研究小组采用基于加速遗传算法的投影寻踪方法构建光谱的定性模型。通过混合多批次、多产地、多等级、多部位的光谱作为训练样本集,来提高模型的通用性。然后计算投影特征向量和其他光谱集的投影值,并分别进行比较。【结果】建模集与同批次光谱集的均值的变异系数为0.63%,与不同批次光谱集的均值的变异系数为1.54%,并且,混合不同批次样本前后,不同批次样本集投影值均值的变异系数从1.54%降至0.26%。【结论】通过混合不同批次的光谱,可明显提高模型在不同批次光谱的定性表现。因此,使用投影寻踪方法建立光谱的定性模型具备很好的可行性。     

不同饲料原料日粮纤维水平的近红外测定方法

分别针对中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）2个日粮纤维水平评价指标,开展适用于不同饲料原料的NDF和ADF近红外综合预测方法研究。收集包括玉米干酒糟及其可溶物、大豆皮、小麦麸、苜蓿草颗粒、喷浆玉米皮和甜菜粕共6种饲料原料,共计327个样品。按照Van Soest滤袋法测定每个样品的NDF和ADF,获取参考值,并进行统计学分析。利用傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪采集样品的近红外漫反射光谱。选择偏最小二乘法,结合导数处理、多元散射校正和变量标准化等不同的光谱预处理方法,构建定标模型。结果表明：6种饲料原料的NDF和ADF分布范围分别在21.20%~65.28%和6.40%~48.31%,洗涤纤维含量覆盖范围广。NDF近红外快速预测模型：最优预处理方法为二阶导数,模型验证集决定系数为0.963,预测标准误差为1.82,相对分析误差为5.2。ADF近红外快速预测模型：最优预处理方法为一阶导数结合变量标准化,验证集决定系数为0.985,预测标准误差为1. 63,相对分析误差为8.23。本研究表明基于近红外光谱这种无损分析技术,可构建适用于多种纤维类饲料原料的日粮纤维水平快速预测模型,该方法可为饲料工厂快速检测洗涤纤维、精细调控饲料中纤维水平提供有效的技术保障。     

牵引型立式饲料混合搅拌机的设计

以奶牛饲料混合设备为研究对象,分析了立式饲料搅拌机的物料混合原理,设计了一种牵引式饲料搅拌样机,并进行了物料混合加工试验研究,确定了锥形搅龙、锥形搅龙加装动刀片对物料混合均匀度的影响规律。     

芝麻油掺伪的近红外透射光谱检测技术

采用近红外光谱技术结合间隔偏最小二乘法分别建立芝麻油中掺入大豆油、玉米油和花生油的定量检测模型。实验配制不同比例的掺假芝麻油混合样品,采集样品在4 000～12 000 cm-1范围内的近红外透射光谱,把数据分为校正集与预测集。将4 420～12 000 cm-1波段的光谱进行各种预处理,最佳方法为平滑预处理,并利用间隔偏最小二乘波长筛选法(iPLS)选取光谱特征波段,最后采用偏最小二乘法建立掺假芝麻油的定标模型。结果显示:3种掺假芝麻油的PLS模型预测相关系数分别达到0.998、0.999、0.999,预测均方根误差分别为0.24%、0.24%和0.19%,具有较高的预测精度。实验证明近红外光谱技术对芝麻油掺假的快速检测具有可行性。     

单轴双螺旋带式饲料混合机的优化设计与试验

【目的】螺旋混合机具有混合效果更好、混合时间更短、结构紧凑、运转平稳、易于维护等优点,针对我国饲料混合机的发展需要及其混合机理的研究现状,对单轴双螺旋带式饲料混合机进行机理分析与参数优化。【方法】利用EDEM建立了不同结构参数的饲料混合机离散元仿真模型,以搅龙螺距、搅龙叶片宽度为试验因素,以秸秆混合系数、青贮混合系数为试验指标,设计二因素五水平的二次通用旋转回归组合试验,根据所建立的饲料混合系数回归模型得出试验因素对试验指标的影响情况。【结果】1）搅龙螺距、搅龙叶片宽度对秸秆混合系数的影响分别为显著（0.01﹤P﹤0.05）、极显著（P﹤0.01）;搅龙叶片宽度对青贮混合系数的影响为极显著（P﹤0.01）,搅龙螺距对青贮混合系数的影响为不显著（P﹥0.05）。2）在秸秆和青贮混合系数小于10%、制造成本最小的假设下,优化得到饲料混合机的最佳参数为搅龙叶片宽度10.5 mm,搅龙螺距662.5 mm。3）为验证优化分析结果的准确性,进行仿真验证试验,发现不同转速下的秸秆混合系数和青贮混合系数均小于10%。【结论】参数优化后的饲料混合机混合均匀性和混合效果更好,该研究可为单轴双螺旋带式饲料...     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。