柑桔形态性状数量化分类研究——四种多元分析方法的应用

本文以柑桔属的35个种或品种、金柑属的5个种式品种为试材,研究了它们的42个性状。其方法是采用大型计算机进行多元分析。即Q方式群集分析法、主成分分析及群集分析并用法、非线性变换法和数量化理论第三类分析法共四种方法。对于这四种方法,先决定计算的条件,然后令机运行。采用非线性变换法,未能取得良好结果。然而,按照数量化理论第三类研究法运行及分析,呈现出最好的结果,两种群集分析法也取得了良好结果。分析结果表明,枸橼、宽皮柑桔以及柚在柑桔属里是属于比较早的时期分化出来的类型:葡萄柚和八朔在形态学方面与柚极为相近:宽皮柑桔在形态学上呈现出广阔的变异性;日本夏橙、菊代代、伊予、日向夏及酸橙呈现出与甜橙相近的倾向;兰普来檬与柠檬和粗柠檬的位置相距较远;巴柑檬比来檬更接近于酸橙、枸橼和橙;四季桔明显地为宽皮柑桔与金柑的杂种;金豆的性状与其他金柑相比,存在着相当大的差异。     

用过氧化物酶同工酶对柑桔分类的探讨

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳测定了金柑属(Fortunella)、枳属(Pon-cirus)和柑桔属(Citrus)30个分类群花瓣的过氧化物酶同工酶。根据谱带的异同,分析了彼此之间的亲缘关系。结果表明,以上三属分别具特有的谱带;柑桔属中典型的基本种枸橼(C.medica)、柚(C.grandis)、宜昌橙(C.icha-ngensis)谱区狭小,集中在P_(x20)以前;四季桔(C.madurensis)可能是罗纹(Fortunella japonica)与柑桔属植物的属间杂种;枸橼柠檬类可分为亲缘关系密切的三个组群。过氧化物酶同工酶可用来鉴别某些品种、品系。此外,宽皮柑桔酶谱类型复杂,有待进一步研究分析。     

全球柑桔属水果出口贸易现状及趋势分析

柑桔属全球仅次于香蕉的第二大出口贸易水果。近20年来,全球柑桔属水果出口贸易量不断增加,出口市场不断扩大。西班牙是全球最大的柑桔出口国;柑桔出口大市场主要是全球的发达国家及东南亚、中东与东欧地区的马来西亚、越南、阿联酋、沙特阿拉伯、波兰和俄罗斯等国家和地区。甜橙是全球出口数量最大的柑桔属水果;西班牙是全球甜橙和宽皮柑桔出口量最大的国家;墨西哥柠檬来檬出口量近年有望超过西班牙,成为全球最大的柠檬来檬出口国;美国柚类出口总体呈下降趋势,全球第一位置受到南非的挑战。     

中华人民共和国农业行业标准 柑桔无病毒苗木繁育规程

1范围本标准规定了柑桔无病毒苗木繁育的术语和定义、要求、柑桔病毒病和类似病毒病害检测方法、脱毒技术以及无病毒母本园、无病毒采穗圃和病毒苗圃的建立和管理。本标准适用于全国柑桔产区的甜橙、宽皮柑桔、柚、葡萄柚、柠檬、来檬、枸橼（佛手）、酸橙和金柑以及以它们为亲本的杂交种的无病毒苗木的繁育。     

梁平柚矮化砧木的筛选

供试柚品种为梁平柚,砧木为枳、香橙、宜昌橙和酒饼簕、以酸柚砧为对照。1983年秋嫁接,1984年秋定植。7年观察结果表明,酒饼簕、宜昌橙、枳对梁平柚有矮化作用,其中以酒饼簕最明显。枳砧梁平柚定植后第2年(1986年),有1/3的植株试花,第3年全部开花,结果最多的一株达8个;香橙、宜昌橙、酸柚砧(对照)梁平柚定植后第3年试花;酒饼簕砧梁平柚第5年试花。枳砧梁平柚树高、树冠体积、枝条电阻值、枝条节间长度等均明显低于对照。初步认为,枳是梁平柚比较理想的矮化砧木。     

柚矮化砧木筛选初报

供试柚品种为“龙柚1号”,砧木有枳、酒饼簕、金豆和茶枝柑,1982年春定植。初步看出金豆、酒饼簕和枳作砧木均可使柚早实,较高压苗提早2—3年结果;金豆和酒饼簕砧的矮化作用最强,枳次之。茶枝柑无矮化作用;砧木对早期产量和果实品质的影响也以金豆和酒饼簕砧为佳。     

1979—2009年全球柑桔生产变化趋势

全球第一大水果柑桔近30年面积和产量持续增加,在全球水果生产中的比重也呈总体上升态势。四大类柑桔属水果中,甜橙、宽皮柑桔和柠檬来檬生产近30年总体上呈稳步增长态势,甜橙是第一大柑桔属水果,增速最为明显;柚类是生产规模最小的柑桔属水果,近30年生产变化不是很大。与此同时,全球柑桔生产从美洲、欧洲向亚洲、非洲等不发达地区转移明显,尤其是美国、巴西、日本等传统柑桔生产发达国家柑桔生产逐渐萎缩,而中国、印度等国在全球柑桔生产中所占比重明显增大。     

不同砧木上沙田柚、晚白柚和五布柚的早期表现

对嫁接在29种砧木上的沙田柚、晚白柚及五布柚(共66个砧穗组合)的早期表现进行了比较研究。结果表明,以酒饼簕和枳为砧能使柚矮化;以某些柚和酸橙为砧使柚乔化;对其他一些砧木不同柚品种的反应各异。以枳橙为砧的晚白柚和五布柚生长中庸,嫁接后第3年便开花结果,由此认为枳橙为有希望的早结柚类砧木。     

一些枳杂种耐盐性的遗传评价

柑桔是对盐害极敏感的果树,低浓度的ＮａＣｌ(氯化钠)就会引起明显的生理伤害。其中引起柑桔伤害的主要是Ｃｌ-,Ｎａ+的作用是很有限的。不同的柑桔品种和砧木在耐盐性方面存在着显著差异,因此,筛选高耐盐的材料作为砧木对盐碱地区的柑桔生产有着及其重要的意义。许多实验都证实柑桔属中的兰卜来檬和印度酸桔是最耐盐的品种,宽皮柑桔的多数品种比较耐盐,酸橙次之,而甜橙、枳、枳橙等受ＮａＣｌ的危害最严重。枳在我国是一种重要的柑桔砧木,有许多优良的园艺性状,主要表现在耐寒、矮化、抗衰退病和脚腐病及早结丰产,但是枳对盐害极敏感,限制…     

杂柑在浙江省开发的前景

一、杂柑的含义和种类 杂柑是指可供果树栽培的柑桔种间杂种。目前以果供食用的以柚、桔、橙间的杂种最多;作为砧木的主要有枳橙、(木黎)檬、粗柠檬和酸橙的自然杂种。 现将世界杂柑主要种类及适应于浙江者简介如下: (一)橙柚(Orangelos 橙类和柚类的杂种)     

Performance of Marsh Seedless Grapefruit on Six Rootstocks in Cyprus

Yield, fruit quality, growth and the levels of 12 elements in the leaves were measured for 12-year-old Marsh Seedless grapefruit trees on six rootstocks. Trees on rough lemon and Cleopatra mandarin were larger than those on sour orange and consistently produced 67 and 23 per cent more fruit respectively than on sour orange. Trees on Palestine sweet lime, Troyer and Morton citranges were the least productive. Three-year means of total soluble solids ranged from 9·4 per cent for fruit from trees on Palestine sweet lime to 11–2 per cent on Cleopatra mandarin. Fruit size was good on all rootstocks but effects of rootstock on levels of Mg, Na, Cl and B in the leaves were statistically significant.     

Root morphology and the effect of rootstocks on leaf nutrient acquisition of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Loureiro × Citrus reticulata Blanco)

The study aimed to understand the root morphological character of 1 year old seedling rootstock of citrus genotypes viz., rough lemon, Karna Khatta, Carrizo citrange, Rangpur lime, Troyer citrange, Jatti Khatti and sour orange as well as to investigate the effect of these rootstocks on the leaf mineral composition of Kinnow. Root morphological traits showed significant genotypic variation. Rough lemon seedlings had a higher root length, projected area, surface area, volume and the number of forks. Sour orange was moderate rootstock of the 7 genotypes for most of the root morphological characters, while citrange rootstocks expressed poor root morphology. The rootstocks also imparted significant influence on the leaf mineral composition. Leaf K, Ca and Mg content was recorded maximum in plants grown on rough lemon seedling, while N, P, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu concentration was higher on sour orange rootstock. Kinnow trees on Rangpur lime rootstock accumulated more Na in their leaf tissue, where as Troyer citrange restricted the accumulation of Na. Considering the root morphological characters and nutrient accumulation pattern, rough lemon and sour orange for areas free from tristeza virus could be suggested as alternative rootstocks for the studied Kinnow mandarin under similar ecological conditions.     

两个柑桔杂交组合F_1代的几种同工酶的遗传分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对柑桔两个杂交组合克里迈丁×三湖化红、克里迈丁×宜昌橙F_1代杂种各30侏的GOT、SOD、POX、ME四种酶的同工酶进行了检测分析,发现在GOT—2、SOD—2、POX—2、ME—2四个酶位点上F_1代有分离,表明亲本在这些酶基因位点上处于杂合状态。GOT—2、SOD—2、POX—2的分离经x~2测验,符合孟德尔单基因遗传,与其相应的Got—2、Sod—2、Pox—2三个酶基因可作为遗传标记应用。ME—2的分离复杂,说明柑桔在遗传基础上十分复杂。     

Micropropagation of Darjeeling orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco) by shoot-tip grafting

Summary

Micropropagation of Darjeeling orange (Darjeeling mandarin) was done by shoot-tip grafting on the local rootstocks rough lemon, sour orange and Rangpur lime. Seedlings of these plants were raised in MS medium in standard conditions of temperature, light duration and plant age. Microbuds (0.2 mm long), aseptically excised from the scion, were grafted onto the decapitated rootstock seedlings. The micrografts in culture medium were grown under standard lighting. Rootstock seedlings showed optimum growth at 25–30°C. Optimum growth of the micrografts resulted from treatment in complete darkness for 4 d after grafting followed by exposure to 750 W for 16 h d^?1 for 15 d and 1500–2000 W for 16 h d^?1 for 39 d. The success of micrografting depended on the age of the rootstock seedling which was 21 d, 14 d and 14 d for sour orange, rough lemon and Rangpur lime respectively. The micrografts were then double grafted to the two year old rootstocks seedlings of the respective species and the age of the micrografts for the successful double grafts was also standardized. The survival rate was high with 40 d, 45 d and 45 d micrografts on sour orange, rough lemon and Rangpur lime respectively. The double-grafts were then indexed for tristeza virus and greening disease after six months’ growth in an insect-proof screenhouse and found to be free from these graft transmissible diseases.     

不同柑橘砧木对锦橙果实品质的影响

 2006—2008年连续3年研究11种砧木对铜水72-1锦橙果实品质的影响。结果表明：不同砧木对果实颜色和内在品质均有影响,其中以卡里佐枳橙为砧的果实亮度最好,黄色度值最高,果实最大,果皮最薄;以路比枳为砧的果实红色度值和固酸比（TSS/TA）最高,果皮最厚;以沃尔卡姆为砧的亮度最差,黄色度值、单果质量和可食率最低,中心柱最小;以C35枳橙为砧的中心柱最大且维生素C含量最低;以光皮酸橙为砧的果实红色度最低而可食率最高;以里其16-6枳为砧的果实可溶性固形物（TSS）含量最高;以孙楚沙橘为砧的果实可滴定酸（TA）和维生素C含量最高,而TSS/TA最低;果实TSS和TA最低的砧木为枸头橙。品质综合评价,性状表现较好的为孙楚沙橘、卡里佐枳橙和C35枳橙,而表现较差的为兰普莱檬和沃尔卡姆柠檬。     

Plant growth,yield, and fruit quality of ‘Fallglo’ and ‘Sunburst’ mandarins on four rootstocks

Vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality of ‘Fallglo’ and ‘Sunburst’ mandarins on ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, ‘Orlando’ tangelo, and ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin were evaluated under subtropical climate of Northern São Paulo State, Brazil, from 2000 through 2006 harvest seasons. ‘Fallglo’ mandarin trees had the highest cumulative yield on ‘Rangpur’ lime, and the smallest on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo and ‘Orlando’ tangelo. Plants of this cultivar had the highest yield efficiency on ‘Rangpur’ lime, and the lowest on ‘Orlando’ tangelo. ‘Sunburst’ mandarin trees began to bear fruits later than ‘Fallglo’ mandarin trees, with no differences in yield induced by the rootstocks. ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin induced the most vigorous growth in ‘Fallglo’ mandarin as compared to plants on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo. On the other hand, the largest trees of ‘Sunburst’ mandarin were registered on ‘Orlando’ tangelo, and the smallest on ‘Rangpur’ lime. ‘Sunburst’ mandarin had higher alternate bearing than ‘Fallglo’ regardless the rootstock. Fruit weight and juice content were not affected by the rootstock. These two mandarin scion cultivars may be considered adequate alternatives to produce good fruit quality for the fresh fruit market. ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin and ‘Rangpur lime are suitable rootstocks for ‘Fallglo’ mandarin, whereas all rootstocks evaluated are adequate for ‘Sunburst’ mandarin.     

Urban salt contamination impact on tree health and the prevalence of fungi agent in cities of the central Lithuania

An analysis of tree health in urban greeneries exposed to winter road salt contamination was carried out in the cities of Alytus and Kaunas, Lithuania, during spring and summer 2009–2014. Trees were assessed for crown dieback, crown defoliation and foliage discolouration. In addition, the prevalence of saprotrophic pathogenic fungi that cause sooty mold disease was assessed in street and recreational plantings. Tilia cordata Mill. (small-leaved lime) was found to be the most common tree species among urban deciduous trees. Summarising the tree foliage results, saprotrophic fungi were detected on 16 species plants belonging to 13 genera. Three species of fungal pathogens belonging to two genera, two families, two classes, and two divisions, and 12 species of anamorphic fungi from nine genera were isolated and identified from Tilia cordata leaves. The most frequent sooty mold disease agents were Aspergillus brasiliensis and Cladosporium herbarum. Nonetheless, a weak correlation between salt contamination and lime tree damage by sooty mold was found.     

柑橘果实膳食纤维的研究

以柠檬、玉环柚、椪柑、脐橙、温州蜜柑和胡柚为试材,测定了果皮和果肉中总膳食纤维(TDF)、不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)、水溶性膳食纤维(SDF)、中性洗涤剂纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤剂纤维(ADF)、纤维素(CEL)、半纤维素(HC)、木质素(Lignin)、总果胶(TP)、原果胶(Protopectin)和水溶解性果胶(WSP)含量。以柚和温州蜜柑为试材,分别测定了不同的发育阶段膳食纤维及其具体组分的含量,总结了不同发育阶段果实膳食纤维的变化情况。结果表明,除柠檬和脐橙果肉的SDF含量稍多于果皮中含量外,其他各组分均是果皮中的含量大于果肉。除果皮中TDF和IDF的品种间变异较小外,其它组分在品种间的变异均较大。除HC外,各组分在果肉中的变异均大于果皮。柠檬果实中TDF、SDF、NDF、ADF、CEL、木质素和WSP含量都高于其它柑橘类水果。柚和温州蜜柑TDF和IDF随着果实的成熟而有所下降,但降幅不明显;而SDF则随着发育阶段的推移而渐渐增加。     

Evaluation of rootstocks for the Cyprus local lemon variety ‘Lapithkiotiki’

The effect of various rootstocks on yield, yield efficiency, tree size and fruit quality of the local lemon variety ‘Lapithkiotiki’ (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F.) was studied under Cyprus conditions. Total cumulative yield over 13 years of production was the highest on rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush) followed by that on Volkameriana (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.), Yuma Ponderosa lemon (C. limon (L.) Burm. F.), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), Citrus macrophylla Wester, Morton citrange (C. sinensis cv. Washington navel × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.), Yuma citrange, Rangpur lime (C. limonia Obs.), Palestine sweet lime (C. limettioides Tan.), C-32 citrange and Citremon 1449 (C. limon × P. trifoliata), although no statistically significant differences were found between sour orange, the commercial rootstock used in Cyprus, and the other above mentioned rootstocks. Next in order as regards to total cumulative yield was Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanko.) followed by Carrizo citrange, with statistically significant differences compared with sour orange. Trees on Citrumelo CPB-4475 (C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata) and C-35 citrange died 3–4 years after grafting. Canopy volume was the lowest for trees on Cleopatra mandarin and Carrizo citrange. Yield efficiency A, expressed as total cumulative yield per trunk cross-sectional area, was the highest on C. macrophylla and lowest on Carrizo citrange. Rootstock significantly affected fruit size and weight, rind thickness, juice content, brix, total acids and brix:acid ratio. The results of the present study reveal that the most promising rootstocks that may replace sour orange for the local lemon variety ‘Lapithkiotiki’ under Cyprus conditions are Volkameriana, Yuma Ponderosa lemon, C. macrophylla and Citremon 1449.     

柑桔体细胞融合再生9个组合的二倍体叶肉亲本类型植株

电场诱导９个柑桔种间及体内体细胞融合,各组合均再生叶肉原生质体亲本类型植株。这些植株经形态学和细胞学检查证明为二倍体（２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１８）。对其中５个组合进行ＲＡＰＤ分析表明,４个组合植株的谱带在所分析的引物上均表现为与叶肉细胞亲本谱带一致,另１个组合,即Ｐａｇｅ柑柚＋粗柠檬,个别植株除含有叶肉亲本的所有谱带外,还扩增出了悬浮系亲本的部分特征带,为杂种类型。探讨了这类植株的产生原因及潜在价值。