逆流运动对多鳞四须鲃幼鱼活动代谢及体内盐酸诺氟沙星残留的影响

以多鳞四须鲃(Barbodes schwanenfeldi)幼鱼(体质量90.3 g±10.1 g)为研究对象,设置0 BL/s和2.0 BL/s两种流速条件,使用自制的活动代谢和游泳行为同步测定装置测定不同时段幼鱼的摆尾频率和耗氧率。在此基础上,按鱼体质量以每天50 mg/kg口服盐酸诺氟沙星的剂量连续7 d投喂药饵,研究了两种流速对停药后多鳞四须鲃肌肉组织盐酸诺氟沙星残留的影响。结果表明,实验期间无论哪个时段,2.0 BL/s流速下多鳞四须鲃摆尾频率和耗氧率均显著大于静水组(P0.05);同一流速下多鳞四须鲃摆尾频率和耗氧率随养殖时间的延长有逐渐降低趋势。与静水对照组相比,停药后各时间点(1 d、2 d、4 d)2.0 BL/s流速组鱼肌肉盐酸诺氟沙星含量均显著减少(P0.05),在停药第6 d已低于检出限,而静水对照组则在停药12 d才低于检出限。研究结果说明适当的水流刺激可以诱导鱼类进行逆流运动,促进鱼体代谢和加速药物残留的排除。     

罗氏沼虾“南太湖2号”选育群体肌肉营养品质分析

对罗氏沼虾选育新品种——“南太湖2号”与非选育群体的肌肉营养成分及营养品质进行了分析比较。研究结果表明,罗氏沼虾“南太湖2号”肌肉中粗灰分含量与非选育群体差异不显著(P>0.05),蛋白质含量显著高于非选育群体(P＜0.05),肌肉粗脂肪和水分含量显著低于非选育群体(P＜0.05);“南太湖2号”和非选育群体的氨基酸组成基本一致,均测定出含有17种氨基酸,其构成比例符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)的标准。“南太湖2号”的总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量和鲜味氨基酸含量均显著高于非选育群体(P＜0.05),根据氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)计算结果,第一限制性氨基酸均为异亮氨酸;“南太湖2号”肌肉中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)及二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的总量分别为41.34%?0.54%和28.09%?0.45%,显著高于非选育群体(P＜0.05);ω₃PUFA含量显著高于非选育群体(P＜0.05),而ω₆PUFA含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验结果说明,罗氏沼虾“南太湖2号”的营养品质明显优于非选育群体。     

流速对卵形鲳鲹游泳行为及运动生理的影响

卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)是发展深远海养殖的重要可选品种之一。为了初步了解其游泳能力及其应对流速改变的生理生化调节机制, 在(26.99±0.70) ℃的条件下, 采用泳道呼吸仪, 选取了小[体长(4.06±0.43) cm, 体重 (2.61±0.79) g]、大[体长(11.06±0.70) cm, 体重(56.09±9.99) g]两种规格的卵形鲳鲹进行游泳能力测试实验, 分别测定了其游泳行为、呼吸代谢、生理生化指标。结果表明: 实验测得小、大规格卵形鲳鲹的感应流速分别为(3.90±0.64) 和(0.96±0.13) BL/s; 临界游泳速度分别为(91.83±10.97)和(99.78±12.66) cm/s, 暴发游泳速度分别为 112.20 cm/s 和 114.25 cm/s, 两种规格卵形鲳鲹的暴发能力相当。两种规格卵形鲳鲹的摆尾频率与流速均呈显著线性正相关关系。 静止耗氧率分别为(899±111) mg/(kg·h)和(525±95) mg/(kg·h), 均高于 20%、40%和 60% U_crit 流速组的运动耗氧率; 最小 COT 均出现在 60% U_crit 流速组; 肌肉、肝脏和血液中乳酸含量的最低值也出现在 60% U_crit 流速组。推荐卵形鲳鲹鱼苗深水网箱养殖的适应流速控制在 1.0 BL/s 以内; 养殖流速不宜超过 100 cm/s; 最佳流速在 54~60 cm/s。     

两种不同营养类型水库鲢、鳙肌肉营养成分的比较

实验采用国标(GB)的检测方法,依据联合国粮农组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)的评价标准,对不同营养类型的金沙河水库和桃园河水库的鲢、鳙肌肉营养成分进行了分析比较。结果表明,金沙河水库鲢、鳙的粗蛋白(P<0.05)含量显著高于桃园河水库,金沙河水库鳙的粗脂肪含量显著高于桃园河水库(P<0.05)。两座水库鲢、鳙的氨基酸种类组成相同,但金沙河水库鲢的氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸含量显著高于桃园河水库(P<0.05),而其余氨基酸含量的差异不显著。金沙河水库鲢、鳙的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)均大于桃园河水库。综合这些指标,认为金沙河水库鲢、鳙鱼肌肉品质高于桃园河水库。     

沅水三种常见鱼类趋流行为研究：水电梯级开发的指示意义

为探索水电梯级开发下鱼类的趋流行为,采用自制鱼类游泳能力及代谢测定装置,研究了3种沅水常见鱼类(鲫、大眼鳜和黄颡鱼幼鱼)的趋流游泳能力及代谢特征。结果显示,鲫、大眼鳜和黄颡鱼的相对感应流速分别为(0.79±0.14)、(1.16±0.07)和(0.75±0.09) BL/s,相对偏好游速分别为(2.31±0.11)、(1.86±0.04)和(1.60±0.03) BL/s,相对临界游速分别为(3.43±0.37)、(2.58±0.32)和(2.68±0.13) BL/s。同样条件下黄颡鱼偏好游速、临界游速、呼吸频率和耗氧率均显著低于鲫和大眼鳜。3种鱼呼吸频率、摆尾频率和耗氧率均随流速增加而增加,呈先升高后降低的趋势。在3.0 BL/s流速下,3种鱼呼吸频率均出现峰值。在2.0 BL/s流速下,鲫和大眼鳜摆尾频率和耗氧率出现峰值,而黄颡鱼则在1.5 BL/s流速下出现。随着流速的增加,鲫趋流率从静水组的64.1%增加至4.0 BL/s的100.0%,大眼鳜和黄颡鱼分别从静水组的60.2%和58.9%增加至2.0~3.0 BL/s的100.0%。水流流速显著影响3种鱼的游泳状态。鲫在静水条件下以逆流前进和顺流而下为主。大眼鳜静水和大多数流水条件下以逆流静止状态为主。黄颡鱼在静水组和较低流速组(<1.0 BL/s)长时间保持逆流静止状态,随着流速的增大,逆流静止比例迅速减少,逆流后退时间比例不断增加。研究表明,沅水3种常见鱼类趋流行为的差异性与其生活习性、形态特征、食性和捕食方式以及生活水环境等密切相关。了解3种鱼类趋流行为参数与流速环境条件的对应关系,有助于建立鱼类游泳生物学仿真数据模型,为梯级开发背景下鱼类的运动生理生态适应机制及运动方式的演化研究提供参考。     

三种鰤属鱼类肌肉质构特性及营养成分比较分析

为分析我国养殖黄条鰤(Seriola lalandi)、高体鰤(S. dumerili)、五条鰤(S. quinqueradiata)肌肉的质构特性、基本营养组成和食用价值, 采用质构分析法(TPA)和常规生化方法检测了 3 种鰤属鱼类肌肉的质构特性、粗蛋白、脂肪酸和氨基酸等成分, 并评价了营养价值。结果显示: 同等养殖条件下, 黄条鰤肌肉的硬度、胶着度、咀嚼度和回复力均显著高于高体鰤和五条鰤。黄条鰤肌肉蛋白含量(24.3%)最高, 高体鰤水分含量(70.6%)最高, 五条鰤脂肪含量(7.2%)最高, 3 种鰤属鱼类肌肉的必需氨基酸含量均优于 FAO/WHO 标准。根据 AAS 和 CS 分值, 3 种鰤属鱼类肌肉的第一限制氨基酸皆为蛋氨酸, 第二限制氨基酸皆为缬氨酸, 且肌肉鲜味氨基酸含量及其在总氨基酸中的占比均较高, 这与其味道鲜美密切相关。3 种鰤属鱼类肌肉中可检测到 20 种脂肪酸, 其中亚麻酸甲酯(C18 3n6) ∶ 只在五条鰤中检测出, 二十二碳二烯酸甲酯(C22 2) ∶ 只在高体鰤中检测出。肌肉的不饱和脂肪酸含量(65.44%~67.51%)均相对较高, 其中不饱和脂肪酸 EPA+DHA 的含量(32.50%~35.79%)优势明显。另外, 高体鰤中的常量元素含量 (5.27×10³ mg/kg)最高, 五条鰤中的微量元素含量(15.931 mg/kg)最高。本研究表明, 3 种鰤属鱼类肌肉中含有丰富的氨基酸和脂肪酸等营养物质, 是极具市场开发潜力的大洋性养殖经济鱼种, 研究结果将为我国鰤属鱼类养殖潜力评价和专用高效配合饲料的研制提供参考依据。     

饲料中添加竹炭对红罗非鱼幼鱼肌肉脂肪酸组分及脂代谢相关基因表达的影响

为研究饲料中添加竹炭对红罗非鱼幼鱼肌肉营养成分及脂代谢相关基因表达量的影响,实验选取平均体质量为(7.07±0.01) g的健康红罗非鱼幼鱼,随机分为5组,进行网箱养殖实验,每组3个重复,饲养60 d。饲料中竹炭添加量依次为0%、0.5%、1%、2%、4%。结果显示,0.5%、1%竹炭组的血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性比对照组显著降低;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和血清总蛋白(TP)活性在1%组显著升高;谷草转氨酶(AST)、甘油三酯(TG)和血清总胆固醇(TC)实验组比对照组显著降低;高密度脂蛋白(HDL)随着竹炭浓度的增加显著升高。1%竹炭组肌肉水分含量显著低于对照组;肌肉粗蛋白含量1%、2%和4%处理组显著低于对照组;与对照组相比,1%与4%的组中粗脂肪和肌肉灰分含量显著增加。饲料添加竹炭能提高鱼体肌肉中总不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量,但只有4%组的总不饱和脂脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)基因和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)基因表达量与对照组相比均有所升高,但是只有1%组的MDH基因与对照组相比有显著性差异。研究表明,饲料添加适当浓度的竹炭能提高鱼肉中粗脂肪、总不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量,以及LPL基因和MDH基因的表达,这将为提高红罗非鱼肉质提供新的途径。     

长江口雌性成体纹缟虾虎鱼不同组织的脂肪酸组成分析

实验测定和比较了性腺发育至Ⅴ期的雌性成体纹缟虾虎鱼的肌肉、肝脏和卵巢组织中水分、总脂含量及其脂肪酸组成。结果表明: (1) 肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中的水分含量依次降低, 且差异显著(P<0.05)。肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中的总脂含量分别为1.32%±0.08%、7.75%±0.38%和26.73%±0.59%。3种组织间的总脂含量具有显著性差异(P<0.05), 其中卵巢中总脂含量最高, 其次为肝脏中的含量, 肌肉中含量最低。(2) 肌肉中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)总量明显高于肝脏和卵巢, 3种组织中SFA含量呈显著性差异(P<0.05); 肝脏中单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)C 16:1含量最高,肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中的含量分别为11.90%±0.71%、15.28%±2.42%和9.49%±0.37%, 3种组织间含量呈显著性差异(P<0.05); 多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、w3PUFA和w6PUFA在卵巢中的含量显著高于肌肉和肝脏中含量 (P<0.05), 而肌肉和肝脏间的差异不显著 (P>0.05)。肌肉、肝脏和卵巢中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的总量依次升高, 在3种组织间的含量分别为30.17%±1.02%、30.53%±0.50%和34.33%±0.71%, 卵巢中的含量显著高于肌肉和肝脏中的含量(P<0.05), 而后两者间的差异不显著 (P>0.05)。3种组织中DHA/EPA的比值分别为1.50、1.75和1.59, w3PUFA/∑w6PUFA的比值分别为6.44、8.05和7.00。DHA/EPA和w3PUFA/∑w6PUFA均在肝脏中最高, 其次为卵巢, 肌肉中最低。     

盐度对大菱鲆幼鱼生长和肌肉营养成分的影响

将平均体质量为(7.16±0.07)g的大菱鲆幼鱼分别饲养在不同盐度(12、18、24、30和36)的水体中60 d,以探讨盐度对幼鱼特定生长率、生长激素、成活率、摄食率、饲料效率和肌肉营养成分的影响。结果表明:大菱鲆幼鱼在盐度分别为18、24、30和36的水体中均生长良好,成活率为100%,特定生长率分别为1.97、1.87、1.87和2.00 %/d;在盐度为12的水体中,幼鱼的成活率和特定生长率均显著低于盐度30组(对照组)(P<0.05),分别为80.77%和1.45 %/d。生长激素为0.41～1.66 ng/mL时,盐度18和36组均显著高于盐度30组(P<0.05),而盐度12组显著低于盐度30组(P<0.05)。饲料效率为1.12%～1.38%时,盐度18、24和36组均显著高于盐度30组(P<0.05),而盐度12组显著低于盐度30组(P<0.05)。摄食率为1.19～1.28 %/d时,盐度12和24组均显著低于盐度30组(P<0.05),其它盐度组之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。幼鱼特定生长率随血清生长激素和饲料效率的升高而增大,与盐度的相关性不显著。幼鱼肌肉中的粗蛋白质含量随水体盐度的升高而降低,除盐度12和18组之间无显著性差异外(P>0.05),其余各盐度组之间均存在显著性差异(P<0.05);盐度12组幼鱼肌肉中的粗脂肪低于其它盐度组,灰分显著高于其它盐度组(P<0.05),其余各盐度组之间粗脂肪和灰分均无显著性差异(P>0.05);各盐度组之间幼鱼肌肉中的水分均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,适当降低盐度可改善大菱鲆幼鱼生长和肌肉品质,其适宜盐度为18。     

倒刺鲃属三个种之间种间杂交的初步研究

采用人工催产和干法授精技术,进行了以中华倒刺鲃、倒刺鲃为母本与其父本及黑脊倒刺鲃雄鱼的种间杂交实验,获得4个杂交组合和2个自交组合,在(27±0.5)℃温度条件下,对其F₁卵膜径、受精率、孵化率、孵化时间、畸形率、子代早期形态特征与成活率进行了比较,同时,观察了胚胎发育及其异常现象,结果表明:以中华倒刺鲃为母本的F₁卵膜径差异不显著;以倒刺鲃为母本的F₁卵膜径,在多细胞期时差异不显著,在耳石期时,倒刺鲃♀×中华倒刺鲃♂F₁卵膜径显著大于母本(P<0.05)。杂种F₁的受精率、孵化时间与母本差异不显著,畸形率显著高于母本(P<0.05)。中华倒刺鲃杂种F₁的孵化率较高,与母本差异不显著(P<0.05)。倒刺鲃♀×中华倒刺鲃♂F₁的孵化率与母本之间差异不显著,倒刺鲃♀×黑脊倒刺鲃♂F₁的孵化率显著低于母本(P<0.05)。中华倒刺鲃杂种F₁仔鱼早期发育阶段存在死亡高峰期,成活率显著低于母本(P<0.05)。中华倒刺鲃种间杂交和倒刺鲃♀×黑脊倒刺鲃♂杂种F₁既具有父本特征,同时又具有母本特征,初步证明倒刺鲃属种间杂交是可行的。     

Use of a Compound Protein Source as a Replacement for Fish Meal in Diets of Large Yellow Croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R.

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of a compound protein source (CPS) as a replacement of fish meal (FM) in diets for large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R. The CPS was made of soybean meal, meat and bone meal, peanut meal, and rapeseed meal (4:3:2:1 in weight) by adding crystalline l ‐methionine (0.77%), l ‐lysine (0.95%), and l ‐isoleucine (0.44%) to ensure the essential amino acid (EAA) contents of CPS diets to reach or exceed those of FM diet. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (Diets 1–6) were formulated to contain 0, 9, 18, 27, 36, and 45% CPS replacing 0, 13, 26, 39, 52, and 65% FM protein, respectively. Triplicate groups of 180 fish (initial average 1.88 ± 0.01 g) were fed diets to apparent satiation by hand twice daily for 8 wk in floating sea cages (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 m). The water temperature ranged from 26.5 to 29.5 C, the salinity from 25 to 28‰, and the dissolved oxygen content was approximately 7 mg/L during the experimental period. The results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of fish fed Diets 2 and 3 were not significantly different from those of fish fed control diet (Diet 1). However, SGR and FER of fish fed Diets 4–6 were significantly lower compared with control group (P < 0.05). The whole‐body proximate analysis showed that protein significantly decreased with increasing dietary CPS levels (P < 0.05), while the whole‐body lipid, ash, and moisture showed no significant differences among dietary treatments. Methionine, cystine, and lysine contents of the whole body were significantly influenced by dietary CPS level (P < 0.05), while other EAA contents showed no significant differences. Results of the present study indicated that CPS could replace about 26% FM protein in diets for the large yellow croaker on crude protein basis without adverse effect on growth.     

野生菊黄东方鲀与养殖菊黄东方鲀肌肉品质比较

为比较野生菊黄东方鲀与养殖菊黄东方鲀肌肉的品质,采用常规生化方法测定并分析了其肌肉中营养成分及部分氨基酸的含量.结果表明,野生组菊黄东方鲀肌肉中的粗脂肪含量显著高于养殖组(P<0.05),粗灰分含量显著低于养殖组(P<0.05);16种氨基酸中,野生组有6种氨基酸含量显著高于养殖组(P<0.05),而其他氨基酸含量则无...     

Whole-body amino acid pattern of juvenile,preadult, and adult pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus,with an estimation of its dietary essential amino acid requirements

In the present study, juvenile (live body weight, 54.3 ± 8.2 g), preadult (live body weight, 822.5 ± 33.9 g), and adult (live body weight, 1,562.8 ± 41.8 g) pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, were used to estimate their dietary essential amino acid (EAA) requirements using the whole-body amino acid (AA) pattern. The results showed that whole-body moisture, crude protein, total lipid, and ash contents expressed on a wet weight basis (%) were significantly different among the studied growth phases. No significant differences were observed in the dietary EAA requirements estimated for the three growth phases of pacu. These dietary EAA requirements were found to be different than those previously estimated for the same fish through its muscle AA pattern. Based on whole-body EAA to total EAA ratios {A/E ratios; [(each EAA/total EAA) × 1,000]}, EAA requirements were estimated to be histidine (0.42%), arginine (1.36%), threonine (0.82%), valine (0.90%), methionine (0.45%), isoleucine (0.83%), leucine (1.29%), phenylalanine (0.74%), lysine (1.64%), and tryptophan (0.14%) for pacu. These estimated requirements may serve as a reference line in the formulation of practical and experimental diets until dose–response-based optimum EAA requirements are available for pacu.     

Olive barb, Puntius sarana (Hamilton) is a potential candidate species for introduction into the grow-out carp polyculture system

The compatibility of olive barb, Puntius sarana (Hamilton) with major carps was studied in grow-out carp polyculture system for one year in a set of nine earthen ponds of 0.08 ha each. Three different species combinations evaluated were Control: catla (Catla catla Ham.), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes), rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala Hamilton) at 0.5:0.5:1:1; T1: catla, silver carp, rohu and olive barb at 0.5:0.5:1:1 and T2: catla, silver carp, mrigal and olive barb at 0.5:0.5:1:1 at combined density of 7500 fingerlings/ha. While survival levels of the carps did not differ significantly in treatments (P > 0.05), silver carp recorded highest survival levels (94–96%) followed by olive barb (87–90%), mrigal (72–74%), rohu (72–73%) and catla (67–69%). The specific growth rate (SGR) and average harvested body weight (ABW) of catla and silver carp did not differ significantly among the treatments revealing their competition with mrigal or olive barb to be minimum. In absence of rohu in T2, both mrigal and olive barb showed higher SGR and ABW revealing minimal competition between these two species, while their lower performance in presence of rohu in Control and T1 indicated inter-specific competition with the latter. Such olive barb–rohu inter-specific competition, however, failed to yield significant effect on growth of rohu as revealed from its non-significant SGR difference in presence and absence of olive barb. The lower FCR (2.54 ± 0.06) and higher treatment biomass production (3418.4 ± 95.0 kg ha^− 1 year^− 1) in T1 with rohu–olive barb combination compared to T2 with mrigal–olive barb (2.84 ± 0.11; 3155.1 ± 104.7 kg ha^− 1 year^− 1) indicated feasibility and advantage of culturing rohu with olive barb rather than mrigal in carp polyculture. Further, similar biomass production in Control and T1 also indicated feasibility of replacing mrigal with olive barb in the grow-out carp polyculture system.     

Nutritional quality of amino acid in farmed,farm‐aggregated and wild Axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne) with implications to Human Health

This study evaluated the nutritional quality of farmed and wild axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne R., 1827) focusing on amino acid profiles, with regards to possible interactions with wild fish aggregating around the cage facility. Total amino acids (∑AA), essential amino acids (∑EAA), non‐essential amino acids (∑NEAA) and neutral amino acids (∑NAA) in farmed fish were lower than those in the wild individuals (p > .05). Amino acid pattern in cage‐aggregated fish showed a slight decline from the wild populations, but still higher than the farmed fish. Based on the amino acid scores (AAS), lysine and leucine could be underlined as the ‘first limiting amino acids’, but all other AASs were over ‘1’, in accordance with reference amino acid contents of FAO/WHO (>1.00), showing that farmed axillary seabream provides high nutritional quality and can be considered as a favourable protein source. The ratios of ∑EAA/∑AA (44%–46%) and ∑EAA/∑NEAA (79%–86%) exceeded the minimum recommendation of 40% and >60% by FAO/WHO for all three groups. It can be concluded that axillary seabream either farmed, farm‐aggregated or distant wild fish presented high‐quality protein generating a healthy source for human food.     

Effects of feeding frequency and dietary protein levels on juvenile allogynogenetic gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) var. CAS III: growth,feed utilization and serum free essential amino acids dynamics

A 8 week growth trial of three feeding frequencies (2, 4 and 6 meals day^?1) and three dietary protein levels (30%, 34% and 38%) was conducted to investigate the influence of feeding frequency and dietary protein level on growth, feed utilization, serum free essential amino acids (EAA) dynamics and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), carbon (C) retention in juvenile allogynogenetic gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) ‘CAS III’. The results showed that feeding frequency and dietary protein level increased feed intake (FI), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE). SGR increased significantly with the increase in feeding frequency and dietary protein level. But, the increase in dietary protein level from 30% to 38% in group 6 meals day^?1 did not result in better growth. Compared with the group of 4 meals day^?1 × 38%, the fish fed the diet containing 30% crude protein at 6 meals day^?1 obtained similar SGR but showed lower FIp (protein intake). Compared with 2 meals day^?1, NREs (nitrogen retention efficiency) of 4 and 6 meals day^?1 were relatively higher. PRE (phosphorus retention efficiency) and CRE (carbon retention efficiency) increased significantly with feeding frequency while TNW (total nitrogen waste output), TPW (total phosphorus waste output) and TCW (total carbon waste output) decreased significantly. Feeding frequency and dietary protein level increased trypsin activity. Serum free EAA concentrations varied more synchronously at 6 meals day^?1 than 2 meals day^?1. It could be concluded that increasing feeding frequency could improve growth by increasing feed intake and feed efficiency for juvenile gibel carp. The increase in feeding frequency showed protein‐sparing effect.     

Effects of dietary essential amino acid deficiencies on the growth performance and humoral immune response in silvery‐black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles

A 6‐week feeding trial was conducted for determining the effects of dietary essential amino acids (EAA) deficiencies on growth performance and non‐specific immune responses in silvery‐black porgy juveniles (4.7 ± 0.1 g initial weight). Eleven isoproteic (ca. 47%) diets were formulated including a control diet containing the optimum quantity of EAA, and ten EAA‐deficient diets. All diets contained 36% fish meal and 18.5% crystalline EAA and non‐essential amino acids (NEAA) as the main source of dietary proteins. All the EAA and NEAA incorporated in the crystalline amino acids mixture of the control diet simulated the amino acids profile of the fish meal. The other 10 EAA‐deficient diets were formulated by the deletion of each of the 10 EAA (crystalline form) from the control diet and replaced by a mixture of NEAA for the adjustment of dietary nitrogen contents. At the end of the experiment, fish fed with threonine‐deficient diet showed the lowest survival rate (p < .05), whereas growth performance decreased in fish fed all EAA‐deficient diets, although the reduction in body growth varied depending on the EAA considered. Plasma total protein decreased in all experimental groups except for fish fed the phenylalanine‐deficient diet. Fish fed with arginine‐ and lysine‐deficient diets had the lowest plasma C3, C4, lysozyme, total immunoglobulin and total superoxide dismutase activity (p < .05). Present results indicated that lysine, methionine and threonine were the most limiting EAA in terms of growth performance; however, arginine, threonine and lysine were the most limiting EAA for innate immunity responses in silvery‐black porgy juveniles.     

养殖博氏鱼芒肉营养成分的分析及评价

采用国家标准方法测定湖北英山博氏(鱼芒)肉一般营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物质元素含量.结果表明,博氏(鱼芒)肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分的含量分别为75.36％±1.07％、17.90％±0.43％、5.13％±0.18％和0.98％±0.09％;18种氨基酸总量为(69.01±0.07) g/100 g(干重),其中5种鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的41.70％,8种人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的48.68％,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值为95.06％;粗脂肪中含24种脂肪酸,油酸含量38.41％±0.29％最高,单不饱和脂肪酸含量占脂肪酸总量的42.68％±0.10％,n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值为1.48;矿物质元素中钾含量最高,为(1 118.51±30.67) mg/100 g(干重),微量元素中,铁、锌含量最高,分别为(1.19±0.10)和(1.18±0.05)mg/100 g(干重).与其它鱼类相比,博氏(鱼芒)肉蛋白质质量较高,氨基酸组成比例均衡,富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸,矿物质元素含量丰富,有较高的营养价值.     

Dietary threonine requirement of juvenile large yellow croaker,Larmichthys crocea

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary threonine requirement of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larmichthys crocea). Six diets were formulated containing 45% crude protein with six graded levels of threonine (0.71–2.46% in about 0.35% increment). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 60 juvenile fish (initial body weight 6.00 ± 0.10 g). Fish were fed twice daily (05:00 and 16:30) to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The result indicated that significant difference was observed in the weight gain among all treatments. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and nitrogen retention (NR) increased with increasing levels of threonine up to 1.75% diet (P < 0.05), and thereafter, declined. No significant differences in body dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid or ash content were found among dietary treatments. Theronine contents of fish muscle were significantly affected by dietary threonine levels (P < 0.05). Fish fed the diet with 0.71% threonine showed the lowest threonine content (2.94%) in fish muscle, while fish fed the diet with 1.75% threonine had the highest value (3.16%). Other essential amino acid contents of muscle were not significantly different among the dietary treatments. On the basis of SGR, FE or NR, the optimum dietary threonine requirements of juvenile L. crocea were estimated to be 1.86% of diet (4.13% of dietary protein), 1.90% of diet (4.22% of dietary protein) and 2.06% of diet (4.58% of dietary protein), respectively, using second‐order polynomial regression analysis.