4～6月龄杂交犊牛能量需要量及其代谢规律的研究

选择3月龄健康、体重105.31±2.50 kg的利木赞×鲁西黄牛杂交犊牛36头,采用饲养试验、消化代谢试验和比较屠宰试验,研究了4～6月龄犊牛的能量需要量及其代谢规律.研究在蛋白质水平一致的条件下,根据生产中常用的三个精粗比例分三个能量水平.试验结果表明,试验日粮的能量对4～6月龄犊牛的能量的平均消化率(DE/GE)为66.77%,总能代谢率(ME/GE)和消化能代谢率(ME/DE)分别为56.92%和85.25%.犊牛在4～6月龄时的维持的净能需要为398.68KJ/kgW0.75·d,增重的净能需要为11490KJ/kg.     

荷斯坦犊牛日粮能量代谢的研究

为研究犊牛的能量消化模式的转变、转化效率和代谢特点,选用3头2日龄的荷斯坦公犊进行消化代谢试验。试验结果表明,随着日龄的增加犊牛日粮能量的消化率逐渐下降,平均消化率为73.73%,消化能的代谢率在0～3月龄相对稳定,3～5月龄逐渐下降,6月龄时恢复到正常水平,平均代谢率为84.68%,总能的代谢率在0～5月龄逐渐下降,6月龄时有所恢复,总能的平均代谢率平均为62.68%,尿能占消化能的比例平均为11.44%,甲烷能占消化能的比例在0～4月龄之间逐渐升高,然后逐渐下降,平均为3.65%。产热量占消化能的比例呈现先升后降的趋势,平均为43.86%,沉积能占消化能的比例平均为41.01%。平均犊牛绝食代谢产热量为395.71 kJ/kg W^0.75,增重需增重净能10.97 MJ/kg。结果表明,犊牛每kgW^0.75的平均产热量大于成年牛,而每kg增重需增重净能低于成年牛。     

泌乳水牛日粮能量转化的研究

应用消化代谢实验对 6头泌乳前期的三品杂水牛日粮能量在体内的转化进行研究。结果表明 :①泌乳水牛能量消化率为 6 7 2 3% ,总能代谢率 (ME/GE)为 5 4 0 1% ,消化能代谢率 (ME/DE)为 80 2 4 % ,水牛产奶对代谢能的利用率为 36 85 % ;②可用采食总能的 10 %估算甲烷能的损失 ;③体增热为 339 5 9kJ/ (W0 75·d)。     

杜泊羊生长期能量的代谢规律和需要量

本试验旨在研究杜泊羊生长期能量的代谢规律和需要量。试验采用2×3的析因试验设计,即2种性别(公羊和母羊)、3种能量水平(低、中、高)。饲养试验选取断奶后15 d杜泊羊54只,公母各占1/2,公母各分为3个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复3只羊;试验羊自由采食,预试期7 d,正试期60 d。消化代谢试验选取断奶后15 d杜泊羊18只,公母各占1/2,每个处理3只;预试期7 d,正试期7 d。结果表明:杜泊羊公羊的总能消化率(DE/GE)与总能代谢率(ME/GE)分别为63.07%和51.80%,母羊分别为61.59%和50.76%。代谢能需要量公式如下,公羊,ME=31.338ADG+424.728W0.75,母羊,ME=40.649ADG+406.122W0.75,杜泊羊,ME=37.201ADG+399.671W0.75[式中:ME为代谢能(kJ/d),W0.75为代谢体重(kg),ADG为平均日增重(g)]。综合得出,生长期杜泊羊公羊和母羊维持代谢能分别为424.73和406.12 kJ/kg W0.75,每克日增重代谢能需要量分别为31.34和40.65 kJ;增重需要公羊低于母羊,维持需要公羊略高于母羊。生长期杜泊羊饲粮适宜消化能水平为10.66 MJ/kg(风干基础)。     

20～50 kg川藏黑猪的能量代谢与沉积规律研究

本试验旨在研究20~50 kg川藏黑猪的能量代谢与沉积规律。试验一:选择体重接近[(20.17±3.46)kg]的川藏黑猪配套系商品猪64头,预试7 d后屠宰4头猪测定胴体成分;其余试验猪按公母随机分成5个组,每个组4个重复,每个重复3头,各重复单圈饲养,自由采食消化能(DE)水平分别为13.79、13.37、12.96、12.54和12.12 MJ/kg的饲粮。试验猪体重达50 kg时,结束试验一,测定平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比,并在各组选择1头猪屠宰测定胴体成分。试验二:选择试验一中15头体重接近[(48.34±4.07)kg]的公猪,随机分成5个组,每个组3个重复,每个重复1头,单独饲养于代谢笼,分别采食上述5种DE水平的饲粮,进行消化代谢试验。预试期3 d,正试期4 d。采用析因法建立能量需要量预测模型。结果表明:饲粮DE水平影响了20~50 kg川藏黑猪的平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比;饲粮DE转化为代谢能(ME)效率(ME/DE)为97.26%~98.10%,ME用于沉积产品能的效率(DED/ME)平均值为41.71%;此阶段川藏黑猪维持需要ME平均值为0.49 MJ/W~(0.75)或0.85 MJ/W~(0.60)(按DE计为0.50 MJ/W~(0.75)或0.87 MJ/W~(0.60)),增重需要DE和ME平均值分别为18.91和18.47 MJ/kg。由此得出,20~50 kg阶段川藏黑猪能量需要模型为:DE(MJ/d)=0.504 W~(0.75)+18.91ΔW或DE(MJ/d)=0.867 W~(0.60)+18.91ΔW;ME(MJ/d)=0.492 W~(0.75)+18.47ΔW或ME(MJ/d)=     

小尾寒羊空怀母羊能量维持需要及其代谢规律研究

选用体况良好,体重相近,经产2～3胎纯种小黾寒羊空怀母羊12只,随机分成3组,每组4只,分别按NRC(1978)推荐的绵羊维持代谢能需要量的120％、100％和80％饲喂。通过饲养试验、消化代谢试验及气体能量代谢试验测得小尾寒羊空怀母羊平均干物质采食量为756g,代谢能采食量力7869KJ,能量表观消化率为69.9％,代谢率为85.6％,甲烷能为总能量采食量(GEI,)的8.0％。空怀母羊在维持代态下呼吸商为0.872,畜体总产热为377.0KJ/kg W~(0.75)d。试验还证明,小尾寒羊空怀期母羊的维持净能需要为309.2KJ/kg W~(0.75)d,维持代谢能需要为408.8KJ/kg W~(0.75)d维持消化能需要为477.6KJ/kg W(0.75)d,维持效率(Km,)为0.756,热能耗为99.6KJ/kg W~(0.75)d,占GEI的14.36％。     

紫貂育成前期饲粮适宜能量浓度与蛋白质水平的研究

为探讨紫貂育成前期饲粮适宜的能量浓度与蛋白质水平 ,本研究选用 90只 8周龄断奶紫貂幼兽 (公、母各半 )进行了 (GE:2 0 934,2 2 1 90 .0 4和 2 3446.0 8KJ/kg)× 3(CP:35%、40 %和45% )二因子交叉饲养试验和消化代谢试验。试验结果表明 ,紫貂育成前期饲粮适宜能量浓度和蛋白质水平分别不应低于 2 2 1 90 .0 4 KJ/kg和 40 %。随着饲粮能量浓度的提高 ,育成前期紫貂的干物质消化率、日食入总能、日食入消化能、日食入代谢能、能量代谢率、日存留氮和氮存留率均逐渐提高。随着饲粮蛋白质水平的提高 ,育成前期紫貂日进食干物质量、日食入总能、日食入消化能、日食入代谢能和能量代谢率均逐渐降低 ,而日食入总氮和日食入可消化氮随之逐渐提高。     

基于杜泊×小尾寒羊杂交肉羊能量代谢试验与套算法评定燕麦、大麦、小麦、高粱、玉米的代谢能

本试验旨在采用消化代谢试验与套算法评定燕麦、大麦、小麦、高粱、玉米能量饲料在肉羊体内的代谢能(ME),并应用原料概略养分和可消化养分建立有效能的预测模型。选取36只22月龄体重为(52.6±1.4)kg的杜泊×小尾寒羊F_1代杂交去势肉羊,采用完全随机区组设计分为6个处理,包括1个基础饲粮组和5个试验饲粮组。利用消化代谢试验和气体代谢试验并结合套算法计算得到5种能量饲料原料的消化能(DE)和ME,分析原料ME与概略养分、可消化养分之间的相关关系并建立预测模型。结果表明:通过概略养分预测ME的方程为ME(MJ/kg)=19.91+45.763CP(%)-1.013GE(%)+3.247ADF(%)(R~2=0.726,n=30,P0.01);通过可消化养分预测ME的模型为ME(MJ/kg)=-3.113+15.954DOM(%)+5.912DDM(%)+2.281DCP(%)(R2=0.764,n=30,P0.01)。综上所述,本试验中,能量饲料原料概略养分和可消化养分与ME之间存在显著相关,可通过概略养分和可消化养分对能量饲料的ME进行有效预测,且随着预测因子的增加,方程的准确性有所提高。     

营养水平对肉犊牛营养物质消化率和血清指标的影响

研究不同能量、蛋白质水平的代乳品对南方地区哺乳期肉用犊牛营养物质消化和血清指标的影响,进而确立代乳品能量和蛋白质参数,为南方地区肉犊牛的饲料配制提供数据支持。采用2×2因子设计,犊牛代乳品的能量水平为16、14 MJ/kg,粗蛋白水平为25%、22%,共计4种。选取新生犊牛40头,21日龄断母乳并根据日龄和体重一致原则分为4个处理组,每组10头犊牛,分别饲喂上述4种代乳品,于77~85日龄进行消化试验并静脉采集血液。结果显示相同能量水平,犊牛对代乳品中粗脂肪和钙的表观消化率随粗蛋白水平的升高而提高(P0.05);较低粗蛋白水平代乳品,随其能量水平的升高,粗蛋白消化率显著提升(P0.05);低能低蛋白组(DE:14 MJ/kg,CP:22%)营养物质消化率略小于其它各组。饲喂低能量水平代乳品时,随其粗蛋白水平的升高,犊牛血清中尿素氮含量显著降低(P0.05);而饲喂高能量水平代乳品时,随其粗蛋白水平的升高,犊牛血清谷草转氨酶含量显著提高(P0.05);代乳品能量和粗蛋白水平对犊牛其它血清指标均无显著影响(P0.05)。高能量水平(DE:16 MJ/kg)有助于犊牛粗蛋白质消化吸收,高蛋白水平(CP:25%)有助于犊牛对粗脂肪和钙的利用,低能低蛋白水平(DE:14 MJ/kg,CP:22%)日粮不利于犊牛营养物质消化吸收。     

1～4周龄织金白鹅能量和粗蛋白需要量研究

试验采用3×3因子正交试验设计,将270只1日龄织金白鹅随机分为9组,分别饲喂不同能量和粗蛋白水平日粮,代谢能(ME)水平分别为10.34、11.49和12.64 MJ/kg,粗蛋白(CP)水平分别为18%、20%和22%。结果表明:1~4周龄织金白鹅能量和蛋白质的需要量分别为ME=392.36BW~(~(0.75))+32.693ΔW和CP=1.69BW~(0.75)+0.4833ΔW;该阶段织金白鹅的能量(ME)和粗蛋白(CP)维持需要分别为392.49.KJ/W~(0.75)和1.75g/W~(0.75);日粮中ME和CP适宜需要量分别为11.29 MJ/kg和19.91%。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in