单板干燥热管换热器传热性能研究

对用于单板干燥余热回收的热管换热器换热特性与阻力特性进行了试验研究,结果表明,热管排数和风速对余热回收换热器的换热效率有显著影响,换热效率随热管排数的增加明显增加,随风速的增加明显下降,换热器每排管子的阻力损失随风速的增加而明显增加。热管换热器回收单板干燥排放尾气余热（75~80℃）的最佳设置为风速2.5 m/s、8排热管,此时换热效率达69.8%,可得到较好的节能效果。     

单板干燥蒸汽回收系统的应用研究

针对胶合板生产过程中单板干燥后二次蒸汽难以回收利用的问题,基于文丘里原理,设计了一种单板干燥蒸汽回收系统。通过对工作流体流量、引射蒸汽流量、喷嘴直径及混合室直径之间的关系等关键技术的研究,同时借助数字化设计技术,设计出回收系统中的关键部件—引射器,实现了在低背压状况下将冷凝水畅通地引回到冷凝水回收罐,再回送到锅炉,完成二次蒸汽的回收再利用。应用结果显示,该回收系统具有操作简单、运行稳定的特点,可达到节能降耗、减排增效的目的。     

生产常用单板干燥机的热能利用分析

为了 解当前单板干燥设备的能量利用情况,结合生产常用单板干燥设备及实际干燥工艺,对3类国产及进口的单板干燥机,进行热能利用分析.结果表明:单板干燥机排出的湿空气热量占总能耗的60％以上,是优先考虑的关键节能环节;排出的冷凝水能量及干燥机泄漏的热能,亦分别占干燥机总能量消耗的10％～17％.针对上述结果,提出进行设备节能改造、提高能量利用效率的建议.     

单板干燥过程的热力学研究进展

在胶合板和单板层积材的生产过程中,单板干燥是一个重要的步骤。为了系统理解和改进单板的干燥工艺,文中从单板干燥机在干燥过程中的能量分析以及单板在干燥过程中所发生的传热传质现象2个方面对单板干燥过程中的热力学现象进行了综述,明确这2方面的热力学分析可以优化单板干燥机能量的利用、提高单板的干燥质量,并对单板干燥过程的热力学分析领域今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

锅炉烟气余热用于木材干燥的节能改造

针对广东某胶合板企业2台蒸汽锅炉排烟温度高,不能根据工序用热需求实现能源梯级利用的问题,提出了锅炉烟气余热利用方案。根据干燥窑干燥木材的特点,将蒸汽锅炉的烟气引入干燥窑内的换热器用于干燥木材,每年通过回收利用的锅炉烟气余热折合标煤达439t。     

温室型太阳能-除湿干燥室干燥杨木单板的试验研究

利用温室型太阳能-除湿干燥室,采用开式模式、闭式模式和组合模式干燥,分析干燥速率、能耗及干燥模式对杨木单板质量的影响。结果表明:本试验条件下,空窑或闭式模式室内温度高于室外23～27℃;初含水率99.21%的单板预干至30%,闭式模式耗时3 h,干燥速率为21.39%/h,耗电量为5.56 kW·h/m~3;当含水率由30%降至12%左右,闭式、开式模式干燥分别耗时1、3 h,对应的干燥速率为16.56%/h、5.70%/h。闭式模式借助除湿机在排出水分的同时回收热量,缩短了干燥时间,相比于组合模式可降低干燥能耗。     

单板层积材用意杨厚单板制造中应注意的几个技术问题

利用意杨旋切厚单板易使单板背面裂隙度增大。从生产实际出发,对旋切角度参数、旋切安装位置、压尺的使用,以及旋动机磨损以后,如何保证单板层积材用意杨厚单板的旋切质量提出了解决措施。同时指出：为克服意杨厚单板干燥过程中的翘曲变形,宜采用两段干燥工艺。     

纤维干燥余热回收工程实例分析

对某中密度纤维板生产线的纤维干燥余热回收系统进行了分析设计,对回收系统进行了设备选型,分析了该生产线纤维干燥余热资源回收的效益。     

杨木单板干燥试验研究

利用喷气式单板干燥实验装置,采用生产中常用的干燥条件对美洲黑杨Ｉ－６９,欧美杨Ｉ－７２,青杨组的青杨、小叶杨及甘肃杨、白杨组的新疆杨和河北杨等７种杨木,旋切厚度为１．０１ｍｍ和２．０２ｍｍ的单板进行了干燥试验,测试了单板的干燥时间和干缩率,利用辊筒式单板干燥机按相似条件对上述７种杨木单板进行干燥,观察并测试其干燥变形。结果表明：７种杨木单板的整个干燥过程为减速干燥,干燥速度曲线为近似抛物线;杨木板     

中高温热泵机组

中高温热泵机组，可以从15℃～60℃的低位热水中回收热量，制取60℃～95℃的高温热水，是具有“高温、高效、环保、节能”特点的高新技术产品，可广泛应用于低温地热水、地热尾水的余热回收、中央空调冷却水余热回收、油田含油污水余热回收，以及其它工业废水、废热的余热回收利用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.