叶绿体TOC-TIC蛋白复合体转运机制研究进展

叶绿体蛋白是植物进行光合作用所必不可缺的物质.参与光合作用的大部分叶绿体蛋白在细胞质中合成,经过TOC-TIC复合体转运至叶绿体中行使其功能.本文中对参与叶绿体蛋白转运的TOC-TIC复合体、转运肽和分子伴侣蛋白的特征、作用及蛋白转运途径进行了总结,并对近年来关于叶绿体蛋白转运研究的新发现进行了介绍和评述.     

灰树花己糖转运蛋白的生物信息学分析

以灰树花转录组数据为参考,筛选到己糖转运蛋白（GfHXT2）的c DNA序列,利用生物信息学方法对GfHXT2蛋白的理化性质、亲/疏水性、信号肽、亚细胞定位分析、跨膜螺旋结构、保守结构域、二级结构、三级结构、蛋白修饰位点和蛋白交互网络等方面进行预测和分析。结果表明：GfHXT2基因cDNA总长1 871 bp,CDS共编码380个氨基酸。综合分析GfHXT2基因蛋白质亲水和疏水的得分和理化性质分析结果,判定其为较稳定的亲水蛋白,不含信号肽,亚细胞定位分析结果表明其在内质网的概率为55.6%,跨膜螺旋结构数量为10个。GfHXT2蛋白的二级结构存在4种状态,分别为α螺旋、无规则卷曲、延伸链和β转角。存在4个N端糖基化位点、3个O端糖基化位点。GfHXT2蛋白与13个蛋白质互作,即共同参与某一功能。     

西瓜嗜酸菌tatB基因生物信息学分析

为了解西瓜嗜酸菌（Acidoworax citrulli）双精氨酸转运系统（Twin—arginine translocation system,Tat）关键基因tatB的生物信息学信息,利用相关软件对西瓜嗜酸菌和其他7种革兰氏阴性菌的TatB蛋白进行理化性质分析,氨基酸序列分析以及遗传距离分析;同时对西瓜嗜酸菌TatB蛋白的疏水性、跨膜结构域以及三级结构模型进行了预测。结果表明,西瓜嗜酸菌TatB的理化性质和洋葱布克氏菌（Burkholderia cenocepacia）更加接近,水稻自叶枯病菌TatB理化性质与其他6种细菌的相差较远：西瓜嗜酸菌TatB蛋白遗传关系与水稻自叶枯病菌（Xanthomonasoryzae）的最远,与洋葱酸皮病菌以及茄科雷尔氏菌（Ralstoni0solanacearum）的较为接近;预测西瓜嗜酸菌TatB蛋白有3个区域的疏水性比较高．在氨基酸序列的2．18位以及100～106位有2个跨膜区域,其三级结构可能为“L”型。对西瓜嗜酸菌tatB基因进行基本生物信息学分析,丰富了其生物信息学资料,有助于对西瓜嗜酸菌的致病机制进行深入研究,为以后选育抗病品种以及研发特异性的新药提供依据。     

不同贮藏温度下白皮洋葱鳞茎生化指标的比较

以白皮洋葱鳞茎为试材,研究了在室温、15、5℃条件下贮藏7、30、60、90 d对白皮洋葱鳞茎的可溶性蛋白含量(SPC)、可溶性糖含量(SSC)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性等生化指标的影响.结果表明:白皮洋葱鳞茎的可溶性蛋白含量(SPC)、可溶性糖含量(SSC)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性发生了改变,可作为洋葱鳞茎贮藏性检测的指标;鳞茎腐烂数在5、15℃和室温的贮藏条件下达到0.01和0.05差异水平,酶的活性稳定,5℃的贮藏温度最有利于白皮洋葱鳞茎的贮藏.     

葡萄VvWRKY13转录因子的生物信息学分析

利用生物信息学方法对葡萄VvWRKY13基因编码蛋白的理化性质、保守结构域、亲水性/疏水性、信号肽、跨膜结构域、磷酸化修饰、二级结构、亚细胞定位和系统进化等进行了预测和分析.结果表明:该蛋白分子量为25718.1 Da,等电点为9.08,不稳定系数为60.78;C端含有WRKY保守域,属于WRKY转录因子家族成员;不具有信号肽和跨膜域,是亲水性蛋白;蛋白质二级结构最主要的结构元件是α-螺旋和无规则卷曲,并散布于整个蛋白;亚细胞定位预测显示该蛋白主要位于细胞核.该研究结果将为进一步研究其生物学功能提供参考.     

马铃薯CHI家族基因鉴定及其对外源水杨酸和茉莉酸的响应分析

利用拟南芥几丁质酶(Chitinase,CHI)基因家族蛋白序列在马铃薯基因组内进行Blast P分析,获得马铃薯CHI家族成员,并对其进行基因结构分析、motif预测、进化树构建、顺式作用元件和组织表达分析。共有26个马铃薯CHI基因成员得到鉴定,其所有成员均含有较少的内含子,其中motif 1~motif 6均含有具有催化功能的GH19结构域。一共检测到166个胁迫或激素响应元件。进化树分析显示,CHI分为6个亚家族。马铃薯几丁质酶基因在不同组织中差异表达并且在水杨酸或茉莉酸处理后诱导表达,暗示水杨酸和茉莉酸对几丁质酶家族有不同的调控作用。     

园艺作物糖转运蛋白研究进展

糖转运蛋白在园艺作物生长发育、果实内糖积累以及响应逆境胁迫等方面发挥重要作用,其表达受多种因素的调节.单糖转运蛋白、蔗糖转运蛋白和SWEET(bidirectional sugar transporter,SWEET)是植物中己发现的三大类转运蛋白.就这3种转运蛋白运输活性与底物特异性、组织/器官和细胞定位进行了讨论和...     

查耳酮异构酶在葡萄果实发育过程中的表达及亚细胞定位研究

以‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实为材料,利用制备好的葡萄查耳酮异构酶(CHI;EC 5.5.1.6)CHI多克隆抗体,采用RT-PCR、蛋白质印记杂交和胶体金免疫电镜技术对葡萄果实发育过程中CHI基因、蛋白表达及亚细胞定位进行了研究。结果表明:CHI基因和蛋白的表达随着果实发育有着明显的变化,在果实发育早期和转色期表达量较高,同果实中总类黄酮含量的积累变化一致;胶体金免疫定位显示在果实发育早期CHI主要分布于葡萄果皮细胞的细胞质中,在液泡及质体中也有少量分布;在转色期主要定位于细胞质、质体和细胞核中,其数量明显增多。在成熟果实中,主要存在于细胞质,少量存在于质体和液泡中。     

过氧化氢酶基因CsKat01与柑橘溃疡病相关性分析

为了探究过氧化氢酶基因CsKat01在柑橘抵御溃疡病过程中的作用,对感病品种'晚锦橙'和抗病品种'四季橘'中CsKat01进行了生物信息和表达分析,并探究了溃疡病菌接种处理后两品种中CAT酶活性和H2O2含量的关系.克隆CsKat01的编码序列并对该基因及其编码蛋白进行结构和功能分析,发现CsKat01编码框全长为1 ...     

茶树硫酸盐转运蛋白基因CsSUL3.5 的克隆与表#br# 达分析

 采用电子克隆与RT-PCR 相结合的方法获得茶树硫酸盐转运蛋白（CsSUL3.5）的cDNA 序 列,并进行了相关生物信息学分析。克隆到茶树CsSUL3.5 cDNA 序列2 017 bp（GenBank 登录号 KP984500）,包含完整的开放阅读框（ORF）1 914 bp,编码637 个氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示,CsSUL3.5 编码的蛋白分子量为70.38 kD,无信号肽,是疏水性的非分泌蛋白,有11 个跨膜区;与其他物种相似性 均在60%以上,与烟草的相似性最高（74%）,具有硫酸盐转运蛋白家族典型的保守结构域和空间结构, 属于硫酸盐转运蛋白家族。系统进化分析表明茶树的CsSUL3.5 属于第3 亚家族,与芝麻的关系比较近。 荧光定量PCR 表明该基因在茶树幼苗根与成熟叶中均有表达;Na2SO4 与Na2SeO4 处理均能显著诱导 CsSUL3.5 的表达。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.