Research on the Strengthening Effect of the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal by the Multi-loop Reactor in Low Carbon-resource Condition

A multi-loop reactor is constructed based on analysis of temporal and spatial character of several continuous current nitrogen and phosphorus removal process in this paper.Through cross experiment design,the important factors to influence the effect of the nitrogen and phosphorus removing under low carbon-resource condition were found,and the feasible control parameters of the biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal process under low carbon-resource condition were put forward.The results are valuable for design and operation of wastewater treatment process with similar conditions.     

多介质地下渗滤系统脱氮影响因素及强化措施

与传统的污水处理工艺相比,地下渗滤在处理分散污水中具有天然的优势,因此逐渐受到了广泛关注与深入研究。地下渗滤对COD和TP的去除率较高,但较低的脱氮率有待加强。笔者通过详细介绍地下渗滤系统氧化还原电位、碳源、运行工况、外部环境等影响脱氮因素,系统地总结了地下渗滤强化脱氮的措施,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。通过对影响因素进行权重排序,多种强化措施和作用联合应用,提升微生物功效等方法强化氮的去除率,旨在丰富系统除氮的理论内涵,拓展地下渗滤的应用空间。     

Review on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal by the Bio-filter

In this paper, the new development of nitrogen and phosphorus removal by bio-filter in home and abroad is summarized.The factors influencing the nitrification-de-nitrification, nitration-denitration, phosphorous removal and simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in bio-filter reactor are reviewed.It is pointed out that further improving the operation, enhancing the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and advancing the process of bio-filter is the aim of study in the future.     

Domestic Sewage Treatment Using Three-stage SBR Denitrification and Phosphorus Removal Process

Based on the mechanism of biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal, the collision between on nutrient and resident time is given. In order to solve this problem, a new process for wastewater biological treatment- three-stage SBR process has been developed. Three- stage SBR process treat domestic sewage is applied, which controls various kinds of bacteria optimum growth with the different function that responsibility for removal organics, nitrogen and phosphorus existed in the different reactors and combine with the denitr/fying phosphorus removing process . The experiment results show that ,the three-stage SBR process not only improved the treatment efficiency that COD ,TN,and TPaverage removal efficiency is 87% ,80% and 86% , but also saved the energy cost. removal. The process can make better effect on simultaneous nutrients removal, simple operation and low cost will make a good application prospect for it.     

几种水生植物净化能力比较

通过模拟人工湿地的方法测试了7种高等水生植物对农村生活污水的净化能力,旨在筛选合适的湿地植物。结果表明:有植物处理系统对COD、总氮和总磷的去除效果明显高于无植物对照,植物本身的氮磷累积作用对氮的去除贡献为7%~63%,磷的去除贡献为12%~65%。多数测试植物对氮磷的富集量茎叶高于根系。不同植物的净化能力也有较大差异,从强到弱的顺序依次为芦竹>荻>菖蒲>芦苇>水生鸢尾>千屈菜>野慈姑。聚类分析结果显示这7种植物明显分为3类,其中,芦竹单独为一类,此类植物净化能力强;菖蒲、芦苇和荻为一类,此类植物净化能力较强;水生鸢尾、千屈菜和野慈姑为一类,此类植物净化能力较弱。     

氮磷浓度变化下粉绿狐尾藻的生长规律研究

旨在为采用生物方法净化养殖废水,管理植物培养模式提供理论依据。以氯化铵(NH₄Cl)、硝酸钾(KNO₃)、磷酸二氢钾(KH₂PO₄)提供氨氮、硝氮、总磷,采用室外完全随机试验,研究粉绿狐尾藻在氨氮、硝氮、总磷三因素作用下的生长规律。培养30天的粉绿狐尾藻植株长度和鲜重随氨氮浓度的增加先升高后降低,氨氮浓度为25 mg/L时最适宜其生长。硝氮浓度从5 mg/L变化到35 mg/L时,其鲜重和长度总体呈现先增后减规律,最适宜其生长的硝氮浓度为15 mg/L。总磷浓度在5 mg/L至35 mg/L变化时,其生长状况与浓度呈正相关,适宜其生长的浓度阈值仍需进一步设计试验研究。粉绿狐尾藻生长受氨氮、总磷浓度变化影响显著,受硝氮浓度变化影响较前两个因素小。研究成果可为利用粉绿狐尾藻净化污水中氮磷元素、管理维护粉绿狐尾藻生态净水系统提供理论依据。     

土壤中磷的存在形态及分级方法研究进展

土壤中的磷直接决定植物生长发育和作物产量,但磷在土壤中的存在形态复杂,能被植物吸收利用的磷形态占全磷含量很少一部分。因此,研究土壤中磷的存在形态及分级方法对提高磷的作物利用效率、探寻提高磷有效性的途径、减少磷损失尤为重要。笔者通过查阅国内外文献报道,系统阐述了磷在土壤中的存在形态、影响磷有效性的影响因素和磷素分级方法等方面的研究进展。研究表明,磷在土壤中的存在形态包括无机磷和有机磷2类,被植物吸收利用的主要是无机磷中的水溶态磷,其他形态的磷很难被植物吸收利用,使得磷在土壤中的利用效率很低。导致磷利用效率低的因素有很多,主要有钙、铁、铝等离子、其他有机质、pH、温度、水分等,研究清楚各因素影响的机制加以改进,能有效提高磷的利用效率。同时,国内外学者不断对磷素分级方法进行完善改进,对磷有效形态的研究不断深入准确,目前,Bowman-Cole的有机磷分级法和Hedley的磷分级方法是应用最广泛的2种方法。     

Analysis of Phosphorus Removal in the Non-backflow Intermittent Aeration System

In this paper the phosphorus removal performance has been studied in Non-backflow Intermittent Aeration System (NBIAS), when the aeration duration and SRT were adjusted. At the same time, nitrogen removal was also studied. Test results show that when the cycle duration is 6 h., anaerobic duration 1.5h. sedimentation and displacement time 0.5 h. and SRT=20 d,aerobic ratio 0.42, the removal efficiency for CODcr, nitrogen and phosphorus will be 85%, 75% and 69%, respectively.     

Functional Microbial Diversities in Wastewater Biological Treatment

Molecular biotechnology as one of culture-independent methods has been increasingly used in the studies of wastewater microorganisms, and many uncultured populations have been revealed, which have changed many views of microbial ecology. This paper gives a succinct review of recent studies in wastewater microorganisms. Some novel, in many cases yet not cultured bacteria were identified to be responsible for filamentous bulking and foaming as well as phosphorus and nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment systems ; however, some predominate population recognized previouslY were proved unimportant. The data give some insights about microbial diversity, population dynamics, terns stability and specific microbial population activity, and they will be helpful to optimize plant design and parameter control. ecosysprocess     

Approach to the Enhancement of Removal of Phosphorus and Nitrogen in Oxidation Ditch

In response to the characteristic of oxidation ditch and its limitation in removal of phosphorus and nitrogen,the research of the biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal in micro-environment and macroenvironment was reviewed.The process of enhancing phosphorus and nitrogen removal was discussed,the way to improve the phosphorus and nitrogen removal was presented:(1)the proper sequential arrangement of the locations of aerator,influent,effluent and return sludge to form the reversed A~2/O process;(2)forming more rigorously anaerobic zone by means of vertical flow circle;(3)the proper supply of oxygen,to avoid insufficiency of aerobic phosphorus uptake and nitrification with low oxygen supply;While to keep from overmuch waste of carbon source going against de-nitrification,and high oxygen concentration going against anaerobic phosphorus release due to high oxygen supply;(4)the proper hydraulic parameter and oxygen supply mode.     

我国主要作物磷肥利用率的研究进展

氮磷是造成水体富营养化的两个主要元素。国内对氮肥的利用率已进行了大量研究,而对主要作物对磷肥的利用率研究相对较少。本文综述了不同作物的磷肥当季利用率和磷肥的累积利用率、影响磷肥利用率的因素、施用磷肥对作物磷素吸收的影响,施用磷肥对土壤磷素平衡的影响以及施用磷肥对作物产量的影响。建议选择适合当地的磷肥种类、适宜的磷肥用量,轮作中合理分配磷肥、合理灌溉。     

微污染水源人工湿地处理效果与植物作用分析

采用水平流人工湿地系统对沉砂后的微污染水源水进行了预处理试验,考察了处理效能与湿地植物作用。结果表明：水平流人工湿地系统对COD,TP,TN和NH4+-N平均去除率分别为49.89%,50.44%,53.41%和48.45%;湿地植物作用研究表明：一方面,植物通过吸收直接去除氮、磷,在生长季节作用更明显。而且在床体前部植物生长效果略好于后部,对氮、磷吸收也略高于后部。另一方面植物根系可以过滤、截留去除水中污染物,并为微生物提供附着表面,从而发挥了微生物的降解作用,这在人工湿地系统起重要的作用。     

沉水植物衰亡过程中氮磷释放规律及温度影响的研究

为揭示含植物的土地处理与修复系统中植物衰亡对系统中氮和磷转化的影响规律,为此类系统运行管理中植物收割与否提供依据。选取在室内水缸中培养的常见沉水植物——蜈蚣草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)、菹草(Potamogeton crispus L)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)进行浸泡试验,考察植物类型对因植物组织溶解而导致的污染物释放的影响。研究结果表明,最快的释放发生在最初的8h内,总氮(TN)的释放量小于总磷(TP)的释放量;TN单位湿重释放量从大到小排序依次为：蜈蚣草(0.164mg/g)>金鱼藻(0.081mg/g)>菹草(0.064mg/g);TP单位湿重释放量从大到小排序依次为：金鱼藻(3.043mg/g)>菹草(2.404mg/g)>蜈蚣草(1.906mg/g)。对于沉水植物蜈蚣草、菹草和金鱼藻而言,单位质量植物的磷释放量较高,需要及时进行收割以避免植物溶解释放引起含植物的土地处理与修复系统中水相磷浓度的升高。另外,选取狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)进行浸泡试验,设定5℃、15℃、25℃和35℃四个温度,考察温度对因植物组织溶解而导致的污染物释放的影响。研究结果表明,在其他环境条件一样,只改变温度时,最快的释放发生在第8h内,狐尾藻的氮、磷和碳的释放量及释放率均在25℃时最大。     

基于响应面设计的小白菜氮磷钾肥料效应研究

进行小白菜田间施肥试验,采用响应面分析法,通过3因素3水平响应面优化试验,研究施氮量(N)、施磷量(P2O5)和施钾量(K2O)对小白菜产量的影响,建立小白菜产量的二次回归方程,分析小白菜最佳施肥条件。响应面分析表明,回归模型显著,施磷量对产量有极显著影响,施氮量、施钾量的影响不显著,施磷量与施氮量、施钾量之间的交互作用较强,施氮量与施钾量之间交互效应较弱;各因素对产量的影响顺序为施磷量>施氮量>施钾量。经过统计分析,最佳施肥组合为施氮量100.70 kg/hm²、施磷量98.7 kg/hm²、施钾量123.2 kg/hm²,通过模型推算在此条件下小白菜产量为37.899 t/hm²。研究结果可为高产优质小白菜生产提供技术支持。     

Sources and Production Mechanisms for N2O and NOx in Wastewater Biological Nitrogen Removal

In wastewater biological treatment for nitrogen removal, N_2O and NO_x are common gaseous intermediates. Traditional nitrification and denitrification are considered to be the main soueces for them. But with the development of relevant study , more new metablic pathways for nitrogen are found and the production of N_2O and/or NO_x in these processes are experimentally confirmed, which makes the mechanisms for N_2O and NO_x production more complex. Though inhibitory of enzymes and chemical reaction are the probable mechanisms, there are still others unknown. Discussing the sources and mechanisms of N_2O and NO_x in wastewater treatment from the point of contributing microorganisms and biochemistry reaction will benefits the understanding of new nitrogen metabolic pathways, the development of new technology and the protection of air pollution from NO_x.     

农田中有机肥氮磷流失的研究

笔者综述了有机肥在现代农业中的土壤培肥作用及其增产效果,农田中施用有机肥对农田氮磷流失的影响,讨论了畜禽粪便、秸秆及沼液3种不同有机肥施用后农田氮磷流失情况,以及控制有机肥氮磷流失的技术及措施。研究表明:畜禽粪便施用初期硝态氮的流失量有所减少,但是随着长期的施用畜禽粪便,会加大硝态氮的流失量;长期施用畜禽粪便既增加田面水中磷的浓度,下渗水中磷的浓度也有所增加;秸秆还田能够有效减少农田氮磷流失,不同的秸秆类型,不同的还田方式以及不同的耕作方式其对氮磷流失的影响不同。沼液施入土壤后,会显著增加淋溶水中氮磷的浓度,对水体造成污染。今后还需要加强有机肥氮磷流失的机理以及不同地区施用有机肥农田氮磷流失特征的研究。     

分层供水施磷对冬小麦产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配的影响

研究分层供水条件下施磷对冬小麦产量和氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配的影响, 为指导旱地施磷提供一定理论和实践依据。以土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤, 进行土柱模拟试验, 研究分层供水施磷对冬小麦产量和氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配的影响。试验设不施磷和施磷于0~30 cm和 30~60 cm土层 3种处理, 每个施磷水平下设整体湿润和上干下湿 （0~30 cm土层干旱胁迫, 30~60 cm土层湿润） 2种水分处理。不同土层水磷处理显著影响冬小麦产量和磷、 氮、 钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配。结果表明, 与整体湿润处理相比, 上干下湿水分处理下冬小麦产量和籽粒氮、 磷、 钾累积量及分配率均显著增加(P＜0.05), 其他营养器官养分累积量及分配率则差异不显著。磷肥施用深度对冬小麦产量和不同器官氮、 磷、 钾养分累积量和分配率的影响与不同土层的土壤水分状况有关。整体湿润条件下, 与磷肥表施处理相比, 磷肥深施处理产量显著降低(P＜0.05), 减产 7.49%, 上干下湿水分条件下, 则相反, 增产 11.2%(P＜0.05); 整体湿润条件下, 与磷肥表施处理处理相比, 磷肥深施处理显著降低叶片+茎鞘氮、 磷、 钾累积量(P＜0.05), 对分配率的影响差异均不显著, 上干下湿水分处理下, 与磷肥表施处理相比, 磷肥深施处理籽粒氮、 磷、 钾累积量及分配率均显著增加(P＜0.05)。本模拟试验结果表明, 土壤水分供应不足时, 磷肥深施提高冬小麦籽粒氮、 磷、 钾养分累积量及分配率, 促进光合产物向穗部转移,从而有利于形成高产。     

ASM2d模型改良及在DE型氧化沟中的应用

对国际水质污染与控制协会（IAWQ）推出的活性污泥2d号模型（ASM2d）进行优化,使之能够模拟含有菌胶团的污水处理工艺。使用改良后的ASM2d模型模拟并分析了有机物、氮和磷在DE型双沟式氧化沟中的降解过程,发现优化后模型能够较好地拟合这些物质的降解过程。依据所建立的模型计算出各组分在DE型氧化沟中1个周期4个阶段的转化速率,该结果有助于深入分析有机物、氮及磷不同形态之间的转化规律。     

河流氮、磷滞留研究方法综述

为了研究河流输送过程中氮、磷的主要滞留途径及滞留效率,笔者综述了国内外近些年关于河流氮、磷滞留的研究方法。结果表明,目前常用的研究方法主要有物质平衡法、经验模型法和同位素示踪法。虽然,这些方法均得到了广泛使用,但仍存在模型参数不具普遍适用性以及估算误差较大、多同位素示踪技术研究缺乏等方面的不足。因此,综合考虑多种影响因素,建立具有普遍适用价值的估算模型,以及如何减少同位素示踪研究中生物地球化学过程对同位素δ值的改造,应成为今后的重点研究领域。     

水体营养水平对3种沉水植物吸收磷的影响

为了研究太湖3种沉水植物对磷的吸收特性,在室内模拟条件下,研究了3种沉水植物轮叶黑藻、金鱼藻和伊乐藻在寡、富和超富3种营养水平条件下和不同光照条件下对无机磷吸收效果的影响。结果表明：在自然光照条件下,3种沉水植物对不同营养水平水体中活性磷均有一定的去除能力,且3种沉水植物间的去除能力具有一定的差异,去除能力表现为：金鱼藻>轮叶黑藻>伊乐藻;同种植物在不同营养水平下,去除磷能力不同,轮叶黑藻和伊乐藻在寡营养水质下对活性磷去除效果最强,不同营养水质下活性磷的去除能力表现为：寡营养>富营养>超富营养;而金鱼藻的去除能力表现为：富营养>寡营养>超富营养。与自然光照条件比较而言,3种沉水植物对活性磷的吸收作用能力减弱,这表明光照影响3种沉水植物对活性磷的吸收。