Significance of Construction Guarantee Institution to Risk Management in China

Construction guarantee institution is a risk management means to disperse or remove each party's risk. The guarantor makes a promise in written form to the party in right under guarantee's demand to fulfill what the guarantee is requested in construction contract, if the guarantee cannot do it. In developed countries and regions, the construction guarantee is an important part of social guarantee system in construction engineering and has been developed amply. Beginning with the methods of risk management, this paper introduces and analyzes the important statue of guarantee in construction industry in risk management over the world and provides some advice on how to carry out the guarantee in our construction industry.     

德国沼气工程相关政策法律与产业现状

近10年来,德国沼气产业在其国家战略决策及整个能源体系的构建中都处于重要位置,并一直引领世界新能源产业发展。笔者以德国新能源发展为例,深入研究了德国沼气工程产业发展现状与成功经验,从法律政策、工程分布、装机容量、行业监管、沼渣沼液利用等方面对其进行了全面介绍。通过对德国沼气工程运行体系进行科学研究与分析,为中国沼气技术的进一步发展和推广应用提供一些有意义的指导和借鉴。同时结合中国的基本国情,提出了适合中国新能源发展的建议。     

The Degree of Centralization of P. R. China’s Construction Industry

The degree of centralization indicates the concentration of production management in a particular industry and is an important indicator to reflect industry and market structures. We use the concentration rate ( ) to analyze the concentration of the construction industry from 2000 to 2005 in P. R. China and compare that industry with others in the country. We also use a Lorenz curve to analyze the industrial structure of P. R. China based on data from P. R. China and developed countries. We conclude that the concentration of the Chinese construction industry definitely has developed; there still exist, however, considerable gaps when it is compared with counterparts in developed countries. We therefore discuss ways to improve the degree of centralization of the Chinese construction industry, based on the laws and regulatory system, market order, and industrial and enterprise structures.     

Labor and the Geographic Reorganization of Container Shipping in the U.S.

The globalization of production and the geographic dispersion of economic activity have elevated the importance of the transportation and logistics sectors of the economy. One sector in particular that has experienced significant expansion is maritime transport and container shipping. As the cargo has become increasingly “discretionary” such that it can conceivably be transported through any port that allows intermodal access to the hinterland, the industry has become much more foot‐loose vis‐à‐vis a particular port of entry. The enhanced mobility of the cargo results in more intense port competition. One particular place to observe and study this dynamic is in the port and terminal selection of shippers and shipping lines and the role of port authorities in attempting to attract these carriers to their facilities. In this paper, the focus is on the role of labor and labor relations in such decisions. These issues will be studied in the context of the potential container traffic rerouting from the West to the East Coast of the U.S. and, as an illustrative case study, how these developments have played out for the East Coast port of Jacksonville, Florida.     

美国蜂业支持政策及其对中国的启示

养蜂业由于蜜蜂为作物授粉而对农业生产起着关键作用,然而当前中国的蜂产业政策还十分欠缺,政府没有为养蜂业发展提供优良的政策环境。因此为了提出完善中国蜂业支持政策体系的政策建议,促进中国蜂业较快发展,本研究使用归纳分析的方法,分析和借鉴了美国相对健全的蜂业支持政策体系。分析结果表明：美国的蜂业支持政策可分为以下几类——以稳定养蜂者收入为目标的蜂蜜价格支持政策;以保护国内蜂蜜生产者利益为目标的蜂蜜贸易保护政策;以减轻养蜂灾害损失为目标的蜂业保险和紧急援助政策;以解决蜂业病虫害和蜂群消失问题为目标的科研支持政策以及以监管养蜂生产环节为目标的养蜂注册与检疫政策。结合中国蜂业政策现状,中国蜂业支持政策体系要从开发政策性蜂业保险并辅以养蜂风险救助,加大财政对蜂业补贴力度,加强对蜂业科研的支持,加强养蜂生产环节控制几个方面来完善。     

Air Passenger Transportation and Growth in the U.S. Urban System, 1950–1987

The relationship between transportation and urbanization at the national scale is revisited by focusing upon the role that air passenger transportation has played in the post-war evolution of the U.S. urban system. Theory suggests that major transportation innovations have exhibited profound and prolonged interdependencies with patterns of growth in national or regional urban systems. As the most recent major intercity transportation innovation, it should be expected that utilization of air transportation should bear some relationship to patterns of growth in urban places. This paper documents this relationship by using FAA and U.S. Census data to correlate volumes of air passenger flows per capita with changes in population and employment for the 50 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. The expectation that higher volumes of air passenger flow per capita exhibit a positive correlation with both previous and subsequent growth is confirmed by the analysis. More detailed examination of both high and low air passenger index cities suggests functional and regional consistencies with the central hypothesis. The implications of these results for air transportation and airport planning include at least some justification for increased attention to provision of air service and adequate airport infrastructure as well as reiteration of the importance of air transportation in economic development.     

The Impact of the Maquiladora Industry on U.S. Border Cities

For decades, the maquiladora industry has been a major economic engine along the U.S.–Mexico border. Since the 1970s, researchers have analyzed how the maquiladora industry affects cities along both sides of the border. Hanson produced the first comprehensive study on the impact of the maquiladoras on U.S. border cities, considering the effects of in‐bond plants on both employment and wages. His estimates became useful rules of thumb for the entire U.S.–Mexico border; however, they have become dated. Using Hanson's framework, we estimate the maquiladora industry impact on U.S. border cities from 1990 to 2006. We find that a 10 percent increase in maquiladora production leads to a 0.5 to 0.9 percent increase in employment. We also find large differences among individual border cities. Furthermore, we estimate the cross‐border maquiladora impacts before and after 2001 when border security begins to rise, and the global low‐wage competition intensified after China joined the World Trade Organization. Empirical results indicate that U.S. border cities are less responsive to growth in maquiladora production from 2001 to 2006 than in the earlier period; however, when looking into specific sectors, we find that U.S. border city employment in service sectors is more responsive post‐2001.     

中国新农村建设中的能源保障问题分析

能源是社会主义新农村建设的基础条件。从中国农村能源的供求现状分析,农村能源保障存在着供应、生态和投入的危机,不加节制的用能习惯和传统的用能技术将会使农村能源需求超过中国全部可供的常规能源量,农村能源问题将成为制约农村经济与社会发展的主要因素。必须寻求可持续发展的途径。根据农村可再生资源的潜力和利用途径分析,生物质能与太阳能相结合的综合利用方式,特别是培育生物质能产业可能是解决农村能源保障问题的根本出路。     

美国奶业新特点、新趋势及对中国的启示

美国奶业发展历史悠久,其生产端、消费端乃至流通贸易方面长期积累的丰富经验,对中国奶业振兴具有一定的参考价值。笔者对2000年以来美国奶业生产、价格、消费、贸易等方面所呈现的新特点进行分析,对奶业相关的支持政策及其变化趋势进行梳理。研究发现,近年来,美国奶牛场数量向北部和西部集中,500头以上规模化牧场成为主流,奶牛存栏增加;技术进步推动奶牛单产突破10 t,生鲜乳产量接近1亿t。基于分级定价的乳成分定价机制不断完善,近5年生鲜乳价格低位运行,2019年快速复苏。乳制品加工业向龙头企业集中,奶酪是主要加工产品。乳制品消费逐年增长,年人均消费量达292.90 kg,奶酪是主要增长点且增速加快。乳制品贸易波动增加,出口目的地集中在北美、东亚和东南亚地区,品类以奶粉、奶酪和乳清为主。奶业产业支持政策广泛涵盖生产、消费、贸易等各环节,各政策间功能互补、协调配套,形成了强大的政策合力与综合效能。美国奶业在产业组织、运行机制、政策配套等方面的经验与做法,对推动完善中国奶业利益联结机制、优化生鲜乳价格形成机制、完善奶业支持政策体系和培育乳制品消费习惯等方面具有重要启示。     

Short-and Long-Term Effects of the Construction Industry on the Economy Growth

The construction industry could be developed as a pillar industry of the national economy,since it has a strong pulling role in economic growth.However,little definite empirical evidence supports this argument.Using co-integration and Granger causality tests and error-correction model with taking Sichuan for an example,this article studies both short-term and long-term effects of the construction industry on the economy growth.Empirical tests show that in the long term the economy maintained equilibrium relations with the construction industry.A growth in the construction industry will lead to the economic growth;however the pulling role of the construction industry on the economy is limited.A growth in the construction industry will not predict economic growth in the short run.Thus,for Sichuan case the government is unable to stimulate the economy by focusing on development of the construction industry in the short run.Instead,in order to promote long-term development of the national economy it could implement stable and healthy development policies for the construction industry.     

草原生态保护补奖政策评价指标体系设计

草原生态保护补奖政策是新时期草原生态环境建设的重要内容和组成部分,是保障草原可持续发展的关键。建立科学、合理的草原生态保护补奖政策评价指标体系,是跟踪项目实施进度效果和及时优化项目实施内容的重要保证。本研究结合草原生态保护补奖政策实施内容,在分析评价指标体系目标及原则的基础上,构建草原生态保护补奖政策评价指标体系。研究结果为政府部门掌握此项评价指标体系,并开展绩效考核奖励提供了参考依据,同时也是跟踪项目实施进度效果并及时优化项目实施内容的重要保证。     

山西省糜子良种繁育技术体系建设

依托国家谷子高粱产业技术体系支持,在山西省晋北糜黍主产区,通过"三圃"制良种繁育技术体系(单株选择—株行圃选择—株系圃选择—原种圃繁殖),通过科研+公司+基地+农户的良种繁育模式运作,确保了糜子新品种繁育规范化、标准化,同时在推广上,通过科研+种业公司+农资服务部的合作推广模式,实现了技术支撑、生产保障和基层推广一体化...     

深化农村金融改革 加速农村合作组织发展

随着我国农村改革的不断深化,农村新型合作经济组织得到了迅速发展,这为农业生产发展、农民增收和新农村建设起到了重要的推进作用。通过分析目前农村合作经济组织以及农村金融体系的现状,提出了完善农村金融体系对农村合作经济组织发展的必要性,并提出完善农村金融体系的对策思路。     

基于SCP范式的中国水产品加工业的市场结构分析

水产品加工业在中国渔业的发展中发挥了举足轻重的作用,不仅是渔业产业增值增效的重要保障,而且也是发展现代渔业、优化渔业产业结构的有效途径。从产业层面分析,中国水产品加工业存在的很多矛盾和问题都与其市场结构特征有关,基于SCP范式,从市场集中度、产品差异化和进入退出壁垒等方面分析了中国水产品加工业的市场结构,为从调整市场结构入手来提高水产品加工业的市场绩效提供可以借鉴的理论基础和政策建议。     

Genetic contribution of Chinese landraces to the development of sorghum hybrids

The origin of sorghum hybrids developed in China in the past several decades was analyzed in order to assess genetic contribution of Chinese landraces (Kaoliang) to the sorghum hybrids, to evaluate the genetic diversity existing in the A-lines and R-lines mainly used in breeding programs, and to outline a proper strategy for the future development of sorghum improvement. Basically, Chinese sorghum landraces have played an important role in the development of R-lines while foreign germplasm have played an essential role in the development of A-lines. Because cytoplasmic male-sterility has not been certainly found in Chinese sorghum, cytoplasmic and nuclear genetic backgrounds of A-lines will continue to depend on foreign sorghum types in the future. Genetic diversification including cytoplasmic diversification has to be a priority in future hybrid breeding and production. To obtain superior hybrid vigor, Chinese sorghum germplasm will have to play a more important role in hybrid breeding programs in the future. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国预制菜的食品安全保障及其法律回应

我国预制菜产品行业发展迅速,但与之相关的食品品质、食品安全及其配套保障等方面的标准和法规却并未同步发展。在实践中,预制菜品的专项食品安全国家标准尚未出台,安全溯源体系亟待优化,各地对于预制菜行业的监管标准尚不统一且不健全。分析了预制菜行业存在的问题,综述了已出台的规范与相关标准的现状及不足,提出我国预制菜行业的法治和标准化路径,指出应当在现行食品安全法律规范的基础上,建立健全更为完善的预制食品信息披露体系及质量安全监控体系,以期推动预制菜行业健康发展,为社会提供更安全和更高品质的食品。     

The Changing Regional Structure of the U.S. Economy

This paper utilizes newly available industry-specific historical measures of Gross Regional Product to highlight the changing regional structure of the U.S. economy between 1963 and 1986. During this period, the percentage of U.S. output produced in the eight different regions changed significantly. The largest changes occurred in the Great Lakes (?3.65 percent), Mideast (?3.32 percent), and Southeast (+3.64 percent). Four major industry sectors (Agriculture, Mining, Construction, and Government) declined in relative importance in all eight regions. Five major industry sectors (TCPU, Retail Trade, Wholesale Trade, FIRE, and Services) expanded in relative importance. Somewhat surprisingly, Manufacturing output expanded for the U.S. as a whole and for six of the eight regions. The perception of decline in the relative importance of manufacturing in the U.S. is clearly based on the dramatic declines in the once dominant manufacturing base of the Mideast and Great Lakes regions.     

从美国引进的小麦抗锈品种的抗锈性测定和我国及美国小麦叶锈菌的毒性比较研究

1981年在河北农业大学温室分别用中国小麦叶锈菌4个小种360、376、377和60对从美国引进的13个抗锈品种进行了抗叶锈性测定,在河北省植保所田间进行了成株期对叶、条锈的抗性测定.1982年在美国堪萨斯州立大学温室分别用美国的小麦叶绣菌培养物PRTUS1、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、13和19对13个品种中的9个进行了抗叶锈性测定.苗期测定结果指出,其中3个品种Kans 63324,STW 646407和II-11996-4R-SM-1R对所测的中国小种都表现抵抗,但对美国的培养物大多数抵抗,而在所测的9个品种中没有对所有美国培养物都抵抗的.在对比两国之间中国小麦叶锈菌小种和美国小麦叶锈菌培养物的毒性时进一步指出,有些品种犹如LA1415,STW597725和STW597947对美国的少数培养物抵抗,而对所有的中国小种感染.田间试验用小麦条锈菌小种19和21接种指出品种NB61975、NB66523和STW597944对条锈是免疫的,NB61977和II-119966-4R-SM-1R是高抗的.     

Breeding potential of U.S. maize germplasm for utilization in Chinese temperate conditions

U.S. maize germplasm has been considered as a new alternative source of favorable alleles to broaden the narrowing genetic base of temperate germplasm. However, direct utilization of diverse U.S. germplasm in target mega-environments could be hampered by limited adaptation-related information on parental performance or heterotic response in crosses with local germplasm. The objective of this study was to measure the performance of U.S. maize populations for broadening the Chinese germplasm base. Fifteen diverse U.S. populations were testcrossed to three local tester lines, representing Chinese heterotic groups A, B, and D, to evaluate parental adaptation and combining abilities for days to silking (DS), ear height (EH), and grain yield (GY) in target and intermediate mega-environments in northern China. There was genetic variability among U.S. maize populations for additive and non-additive effects for DS and GY, and predominant additive genetic effects for EH. All 15 U.S. populations, except for BS27 and BS31 due to slightly high EH, could be directly used in target mega-environments similar to the U.S. Corn Belt. U.S. populations BS11(HI)C7, BS13(S)C7, BS17(CB)C4, BS31, BSCB1(R)C12, and BSBB(SRCB)C4 had better effects for increasing GY. Favorable effects for DS were also observed in BS11(HI)C5 and BS31, for DS and EH in BS13(S)C7 and BSCB1(R)C12, and for EH in BSBB(SRCB)C4. The best strategies for utilizing these germplasms may be to introgress BS13(S)C7 and BS17(CB)C4 into group A, BS11(HI)C5 into group B, and BSCB1(R)C12 and BSBB(SRCB)C4 into group D to increase genetic variation within Chinese heterotic pools.     

推进社会主义新农村建设的思考

社会主义新农村建设是着眼于统筹城乡发展、全面建设小康社会而提出的一项重大战略工程。大力推进社会主义新农村建设,改变广大农村普遍存在的农业低效、农村落后、农民贫困的面貌,是促进农村全面进步的保障机制。