Energy Conservation and Energy Using and Recycling Energy

With science and technology developing, the need of energy increases in our lives and industries. Normal energy is lacking in our country, and the average is half of the average of the world. The conflicting between supplying and needing is apparent. So it seems that the energy may be gone. It is necessary that development of recycling energy is considered. The new energy and recycling energy will be the main energy in the future.     

Building Energy Conservation with MARKAL Model

MARKAL is a generic model tailored by the input data to represent the evolution over a period of usually 40 to 50 years of a specific energy system at the national, regional, state or province, or community level. The database specifies the energy demands -industrial, commercial, residential, and transportation that need to be satisfied over the next several decades. It describes the available sources of supply of energy, either domestic resources or imports of oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear fuel, and renewable. A menu of technologies is provided for extracting, transporting, converting, and using energy, both existing technologies and those expected to be available within the time horizon of the model. The essential characteristics of the technologies are specified, such as their investment cost, operating and maintenance costs, service life, fuel use, efficiency, availability, output, and maximum expected market penetration. As a linear program, the model then chooses the best combination of these technologies to satisfy the projected energy demands. The basic components in a MARKAL model are specific types of energy or emission control technology. Both the supply and demand sides are integrated, so that one side responds automatically to changes in the other. The model selects that combination of technologies that minimizes total energy system cost. In the end, the article describes energy conservation for building in Chongqing.     

Overview of Technology and Measures to Building Energy Conservation

Improvement of building energy efficiency, as a part of sustainable development strategy, makes great contribution to global environmental protection and energy security. Presented in this paper are: the history of energy conservation, a comprehensive overview of the technological options for building energy conservation, measures taken to improve building energy efficiency and some suggestions suitable for China.     

果蔬冷库节能技术

针对果蔬冷库现状,分析了果蔬冷库在制冷系统确定、隔热材料选择、热负荷计算和运行管理方面的节能潜力,探讨了果蔬冷库节能技术。     

An Energy Conservation Correction Method for Energy Efficiency Retrofit of Public Buildings

There exists imperfections of the methods for energy conservation verification of the energy efficiency retrofit projects. A new energy conservation verification method was developed by creating energy conversion correction model and four correction coefficients and three calculation formulas were involved, The four correction coefficients were outdoor weather correction coefficient, indoor environmental correction coefficient, internal load correction coefficient and performance period correction coefficient. The three calculation formulas were heating energy conversion calculation, air-conditioning energy conversion calculation and total energy conversion calculation. The energy conversion correction model was adopted to analysis the energy conservation of an office building located in Tianjin to demonstrate the reliability of the correction model and the feasibility of the verification method, and the corrected energy conversion based on consistent conditions before and after retrofit was obtained. 10.23% difference between the corrected energy conversion and the direct energy conversion exists indicating that the correction energy conversion is necessary. The energy conservation difference of 3.03% the calculation result of energy simulation software verified the accuracy of the new verification method.     

Experimental Analysis of Solar Energy Combined with Phase change Energy Storage Ventilation System

Solar Ventilation System is unstable and uncontrollable, so a new technology is proposed to get a system that takes solar energy as heat source and applies phase change material in daytime to store energy which is used to keep ventilation in nighttime by thermal pressure. This new system is helpful to get the ideal ventilation effect for buildings. Through the experiments on ventilation with PCM of 63℃ and 44℃, ventilation rate change curve is obtained to analyse ventilation system efficiency. The results indicate that using the PCM of 63℃ and 44℃, the total ventilation of the solar ventilation system in 10 hours are respectively 8066 m3 and 6154 m3 at night, and the average ventilation per hour and area are 538 m3/h and 41 m3/h. Based on the experiment, when PCM is palmitic acid, the ventilation effect is superior than that of lauric acid. To sum up, the system of conventional solar rooftop ventilation system combined with phase change materials can intensify the nature ventilation effectively in nighttime for buildings, improve indoor thermal environment and reduce the energy consumption in air conditioning building.     

A Community Development Approach to the Conservation and Improvement of Historic Conservation Areas

In this paper, we introduce the concept and notion of community development. We analyze the nature and character of Chinese historic conservation areas. We recommend using a community development approach in historic conservation area to transform historic conservation plans of physical environments into comprehensive community development plans. We encourage and promote the organized participation of community inhabitants in such plans and in the implementation of joint conservation and improvement tasks with the government for historic conservation areas.     

The "Mutually Support Methodology" and the Conservation of the City Heritage

The authors apply the viewpoint of the "mutually support methodology" in philosophy to direct the conservation of the heritage buildings.Based on the system theory and restoration theory,the authors raise a concept of total conservation and make suggestion on the method of structure conservation by hierarchy.     

中国新农村建设中的能源保障问题分析

能源是社会主义新农村建设的基础条件。从中国农村能源的供求现状分析,农村能源保障存在着供应、生态和投入的危机,不加节制的用能习惯和传统的用能技术将会使农村能源需求超过中国全部可供的常规能源量,农村能源问题将成为制约农村经济与社会发展的主要因素。必须寻求可持续发展的途径。根据农村可再生资源的潜力和利用途径分析,生物质能与太阳能相结合的综合利用方式,特别是培育生物质能产业可能是解决农村能源保障问题的根本出路。     

普通野生稻异位保护取样策略研究

应用SSR分子标记技术研究普通野生稻异位保护取样策略。结果表明：以采集的样本遗传多样性占居群总遗传多样性的90%为临界值,则最佳取样数量为25株;若采集的样本遗传多样性达到居群总遗传多样性的95%,最佳取样数量应增加至30株。     

不同保存方法对秸秆营养价值的影响

研究高粱秸、玉米秸、豆秸和甘薯藤4种秸秆在不同保存方法（露天保存、棚舍保存、青贮和氨化）下主要营养物质的变化情况。并选用2头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的去势本地黄牛(450±15kg)来研究不同保存方法对其DM、OM、NDF和ADF瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明：不同保存方法对CP影响差异极显著(P<0.01)；对OM高粱秸差异极显著(P<0.01)，甘薯藤差异显著(P<0.05)；NDF差异均显著(P<0.05)；ADF差异均显著(P<0.05)，WSC差异极显著(P<0.01)；提高DM、OM、NDF和ADF降解率的方法为烘干，氨化，豆秸除外。     

基于因子分析方法的江苏省能源安全系统评价

能源是社会经济发展的重要基础条件,其供应和使用安全问题一直倍受关注。笔者首先对区域能源系统安全内涵进行界定,从能源生产-消费过程和能源-人口、能源-经济和能源-环境3个子系统角度出发,建立了区域能源系统安全评价指标体系,然后利用因子分析的方法,对江苏省1990-2007年能源系统安全状况进行实证分析。结果发现,在现有的能源政策和社会经济条件下,该区域能源子系统安全状况变化不同,总的能源系统安全状况将趋于下降。此结论符合江苏能源系统的实际情况,说明该评价体系和评价模型用于区域能源安全的评价是有效的,能较好地揭示区域能源安全存在的问题,可以为区域能源安全决策提供参考依据。     

The Real Implication of Conservation of Historical Block-Thinking from the Conception Design of Ciqikou Block

With the development of city, more and more people are aware of that like the traditional building, the historical block should be protected because of the historical deposits. However, for a long period, more time are spend on material conservation, such as the archaeological studies and restorations of historical vestiges and their surroundings, while little is spend on spiritual aspects, such as the research on folk custom, social environment and humane studies. From an international academic communication-the conception design of Ciqikou, it is suggested that the conservation of historical block is different from that of single building. In order to preserve the integral environment of historical block, the dwelling environment of local people should be taken into account. This paper aims at comparison of and discussion on the protection and development of historical block both at home and abroad.     

贮藏温度对甜高粱秸秆糖分含量的影响

研究冷冻（-18℃）、冷藏（5℃）、室温（20℃）等3种不同贮藏温度下甜高粱秸秆的糖分和水分含量的变化规律,讨论贮藏温度对甜高粱秸秆贮藏效果的影响。结果表明：冷冻贮藏水分变化相对平稳,室温下秸秆水分剧烈降低;3种不同温度下秸秆总糖含量之间的差异达极显著水平,冷冻贮藏下各时期总糖含量的变化差异不显著,冷藏和室温下总糖含量的变化差异极显著;冷冻条件对贮藏前期茎秆还原糖含量的影响不显著,秸秆还原糖含量的变化曲线平稳;蔗糖含量在整个贮藏期内总的变化均呈降低的趋势,低温处理的茎秆蔗糖含量降低趋势较慢,蔗糖含量明显高于同期的室温贮藏秸秆的蔗糖含量。糖含量随着处理时间的延长,变化不显著者可认为贮藏效果较好,变化显著者可认为糖代谢活动活跃而影响糖含量的变化,所以3种方法中冷冻贮藏方法较为合适。甜高粱茎秆在生产加工过程中如果条件允许以冷冻的方式进行贮藏。     

两栖动物的保护遗传学（译文）

两栖动物是调查野生动物群体很好的模型,因为（1）在许多生态系统中分布广泛;（2）在繁殖群体中取样方便;（3）繁殖地点比较固定因而群体遗传结构水平较高;（4）在实验室杂交容易控制;（5）有重要的保护意义。中性遗传标记,主要是微卫星,已经成功用于研究两栖动物有效群体数量和结构以及评定杂交效果。亲缘地理学为群体史和引种命运提供了重要解释。数量遗传学方法已经证明加性效应在生命史的适应性和发育能力这些重要性状有重要作用。     

双层对向正反燃烧单体供热技术在烤烟烘烤中的应用研究

为提高烤烟烘烤中燃料利用率,降低烘烤成本,减少环境污染,研究采用1个供热炉设上下2个炉膛,实现正向和反向同时对向燃烧,对比研究了双层对向正反燃烧单体供热设备和普通加热设备烤房烤烟烘烤性能。煤的燃烧充分,传统烟气中所含CO、CH4、碳粉尘等可燃物能得到充分、高效燃烧及利用。空载测试升温速率60℃/h,比普通烤房提高34℃;烘烤实载时,各阶段实测温湿度与目标温湿度吻合度高,完全能满足烘烤工艺的控制要求。双层对向正反燃烧单体供热设备烤房平均每千克干烟耗煤量、耗电量、综合能耗成本分别比普通烤房减少0.31 kg、0.05 kWh和0.33元,降幅分别为17.73%、14.36%和17.46%;烘烤操作等日常用工成本较普通供热设备少0.52元,降幅43.93%,且对烟叶烘烤质量无明显影响。双层对向正反燃烧单体供热设备升温速度快,平面温度均匀,烘烤过程中温湿度控制精准,能有效降低烘烤能耗和用工成本。     

Hydraulic Characteristics and Energy Efficiency of An Air Conditioning Chilled Water System With Primary Pumps

The hydraulic characteristics and energy-saving performance of a chilled water system with primary pumps is analyzed. It is proved that the hydraulic characteristics of the system with terminal of the air conditioners tends to large temperature differences and small flow rate, while the hydraulic characteristics of the system with terminal of the combination of fan coil units and air conditioners tends to large flow rate and small temperature differences. When the cooling load is reduced, in order to ensure the energy-saving performance of the primary pump system, the fixed chilled water flow is required. If the fixed water flow system is adopted to regulate the outlet water temperature,the bypass water flow rate should be decreased as much as possible. If the pump frequency regulation is selected, and the proportion of energy consumption of the pump accounts for 30% of the total at the same time, the more the system’s hydraulic characteristics approaches that of air conditioners, the higher the energy-saving rate will be, which could be markedly greater than 10%. By regulating the water temperature and cold water quantity, over flow of chilled water still exists. Therefore, bypass water flow should be provided. And the bypass pipe diameter is determined respectively by the water flows which are 1.2 ~ 1.8 or 0.2 ~ 1.0 times larger than that of a single chiller when the pump works in frequency conversion and constant frequency.     

The Dynamic Conservation Strategy of Central Historic Block in Baoding

Under the traditional static protection mode that advocates controlling and stresses no change to the original, the central historic block in Baoding is facing some new problems such as the setting back of physical environment, isolation from the urban development and imbalance of the regional economical development. Based on investigation and analysis, the goals and dynamic conservation strategy were proposed for central historic block. The strategy took the dynamic conservation theory, in which the holistic protection and sustainable development were the features, as theoretic tool. And from urban planning, urban administration, society economic growth, urban space design and historic buildings protection aspects, the relationship between protection, renaissance and development were studied with the dynamic conservation strategy.