Estimation of seed weight, oil content and fatty acid composition in intact single seeds of rapeseed ( Brassica napus} L.) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for the simultaneous analysis of seed weight, total oil content and its fatty acid composition in intact single seeds of rapeseed was studied. A calibration set of 530 single seeds was analysed by both NIRS and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and calibration equations for the major fatty acids were developed. External validation with a set of 75 seeds demonstrated a close relationship between NIRS and GLC data for oleic (r = 0.92) and erucic acid (r = 0.94), but not for linoleic (r = 0.75) and linolenic acid (r = 0.73). Calibration equations for seed weight and oil content were developed from a calibration set of 125 seeds. A gravimetric determination was used as reference method for oil content. External validation revealed a coefficient of correlation between NIRS and reference methods of 0.92 for both traits. The performance of the calibration equations for oleic and erucic acid was further studied by analysing two segregating F2 seed populations not represented in the calibration set. The results demonstrated that a reliable selection for both fatty acids in segregating populations can be made by using NIRS. We concluded that a reliable estimation of seed weight, oil content, oleic acid and erucic acid content in intact, single seeds of rapeseed is possible by using NIRS technique. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Analysis of protein, starch and oil content of single intact kernels by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) in maize (Zea mays L.)

Maize samples (n = 309) containing 3090 single intact kernels from a broad variety of breeding materials were scanned by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) to develop non-destructive determination calibrations for crude protein, starch and oil content in kernels. Calibration equations of single kernels were developed by partial least square regression (PLS). Regression parameters between the chemical values, determined by reference methods, and the predicted values, determined by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, were verified by cross validation and external validation. It was found that embryo position had a significant influence on the effect of calibrations. Reliable calibrations were developed for the prediction of protein and starch contents with the embryo upwards, whereas the oil content required the embryo to be downwards. The cross validation and external validation coefficients for protein were 0.91 and 0.94, for starch 0.90 and 0.89 and for oil 0.94 and 0.95, respectively. The data suggested that NIRS could be successfully used in breeding programmes, as an accurate and non-destructive tool to predict protein, starch and oil contents at the level of single kernels.     

Investigation of an Intelligent Circular Chart Regulation Recorder

This paper introduces the design of software and hardware for intelligent circular chart regulation recorder. A study for the on-chip development of resources of single chip micro computer is discussed deeply. The conversion and calibration were used stage by stage in measuring channel. This paper also suggests a time period drive method for preventing the task overstock.     

Preliminary Optimization of Partial Single layer Reticulated Shells Based on Uniform Design[JP]

Size, shape and topology optimizations are involved in the structural design of partial single layer reticulated shells. To meet the requirements of computation efficiency during preliminary design, a uniform design method was adopted to achieve multi level optimization. Only existing software packages for reticulated shells were used in the experiment design. By regressing the computing data, approximate functional relations between the indexes (steel weight, deflections, basic frequency, and minimal nonlinear buckling load) and variables (rise of the shell, single layer area, and design stress ratio for single layer members) were obtained. The best combination of the variables was acquired by solving a simple programming problem. Comparative design of a multipoint supported hexagonal reticulated shell verified the efficiency and reliability of this approach.     

月季（Rosa hybrida L.）单心皮中双胚珠现象研究

远缘杂交目前仍是将中国蔷薇资源的优良基因引入现代月季的最有效手段,而胚败育是得到远缘杂交后代的瓶颈问题。为此,本试验中采取幼果期、青果期、成熟期的果实分别进行不同预处理及解剖观察,探索月季胚珠发育的特点,为胚挽救的实施提供理论依据。在研究过程中发现了月季单心皮中存在2个胚珠的现象。此现象在多个月季品种花后15天内的幼果中普遍存在,此阶段的2个胚珠发育情况相同;花后30～60天的青果中,也观察到了双胚珠现象的存在,但比率明显降低,而且其中只有一个胚珠正常发育,另一个处于败育状态。同时还发现,经过低温沙藏的有的成熟瘦果中2粒种子同时萌发,说明同一个子房中的2个胚珠在适宜条件下可能同时发育并正常萌发。     

A comparison between single plant plots and five plant plots for the initial selection stage of a potato breeding programme

Summary The efficiency of single plant selection in the initial selection stage of a potato breeding programme was examined. A random sample of potato clones was grown in single plant plots and also in tworeplicates of five plant plots. After harvest, each plot was visually assessed by three potato breeders; total tuber weight and number of tubers per plant were also recorded, from which mean tuber weight was calculated. The error variances of the single plant plots were found to be significantly greater than from the five plant plots for total tuber weight, mean tuber weight and number of tubers per plant, but not significantly different for breeders' preference. Coefficients of correlation between single and five plants plots were significantly greater than zero for all traits examined, but they were lower than the corresponding correlations between the two replicates of five plant plots. Although a random sample of clones was examined, each clone had been assessed for breeders' preference the previous year. When the clones were grouped according to the previous years preference scores, it was found that the correlation coefficients between single and five plant plots for breeders' preference were inversely related, in magnitude, to the mean preference score of each group. It was concluded that single plant selection was generally ineffective, particularly when only the better clones, from the previous years assessment, are examined.     

A High Precision Simulation Algorithm of Linear System and Its Realization

Based on Cayley Hamilton theorem,a high precision simulation algorithm of multivariable linear system is proposed,and applied to SISO and MIMO system simulations.It also has been made test and simulation compared with every kind of systems with popular software MATLAB.     

Identification of novel QTL for leaf traits in soybean

Several leaf traits of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), including leaf area (LA), leaf shape (LS) and specific leaf weight (SLW) may be related to soybean yield. The objective of this study was to identify novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) for LA, LS and SLW in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. The phenotype data were collected in 2011 and 2012 for 93 F_7:10 RILs using a randomized complete block design with 2 replicates each year. Five hundred and sixteen single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and the phenotype data were used to detect QTL using single marker analysis (SMA) and composite interval mapping (CIM). Single markers analysis identified 26 QTL for the three traits, of which 17 were novel and the rests were previously reported QTL. Most of these QTL were also identified by CIM. Most QTL reported in this study were in close proximity (<1 cM) of one or more SNP markers. These publicly available SNP markers with close linkage to LA, LS and SLW should be useful for marker‐assisted breeding for these traits.     

Detection and characterization of epistasis between QTLs on plant height in rice using single segment substitution lines

Hua-jing-xian 74 and its 12 single segment substitution lines (SSSLs) in rice were used as crossing parents to construct a half diallel crossing population. A total number of 91 materials were grown under three planting densities. By analysis of average plant height (PH) over all environments 10 SSSLs were detected with significant additives and 6 SSSLs with significant dominances. These SSSLs were further tested under different densities respectively, indicating that some of single locus effects were sensitive to densities and the conditions under the density of 16.7 cm × 16.7 cm maybe inhibited the expressing of these PH QTLs. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of each four participating genotypes indicated that digenic interactions among these QTLs were prevalent. Of 66 tested interactions, about 42.4% were epistatic (P < 5%). Although some QTLs hadn’t single locus effects, they were possible to form digenic interactions. A significant finding was that the detected epistases were mostly negative. Additionally, these epistases were also found being sensitive to planting densities, the conditions under the density of 10 cm × 16.7 cm perhaps promoted the expressing of epistatic interactions among PH QTLs.     

植物单染色体微分离技术研究进展

首先介绍了单染色体微分离技术的意义,然后综述了微细玻璃针分离法、显微激光分离法、流式细胞分类仪法、显微激光切割与微细玻璃针结合等4种染色体微分离方法在植物目标染色体分离、文库构建、特异性探针筛选、高密度分子标记连锁图谱构建等方面的研究情况,最后对其应用前景进行了展望。     

An Equivalent Shear Displacement Method of Single Capped Pile in Layered Soil

Based on the interaction of single pile, cap and soil, the load transfer matrixes of single pile and soil were proposed to establish an equivalent shear displacement method of single capped pile in layered soil. With the compatibility of displacement at the interface between the pile and the soil, equilibrium equations of pile and soil could be derived. With the increase of the total load on the pile cap, the lateral friction at the interface of the pile and the soil becomes so large that the occurrence of the sliding takes place. While there is little sliding at the interface between the soil under cap and the soil outside of the cap because of the less lateral friction, which gives rives to less settlement of the soil outside of the cap. Eventually, the results of the finite element method, existing theoretical method and the model tests were compared with those from the analytical method and were found to be in good agreement. The increase of the ratio of length to diameter does not infinitely enlarge the overall stiffness of the single capped pile, because the pile cap would afford part of the loading all the time.     

Vibration control of active constrained layer damping structure

A finite element dynamic model for plates with active constrained layer damping (ACLD) treatments is derived based on the constitutive equations of elastic, viscoelastic and piezoelectric materials by application of Hamilton principle. The closed loop control system considering displacement and velocity feedback of self sensing voltage from sensor layer is developed. The dynamic behaviors of active constrained layer damping (ACLD) plates including nature frequencies, loss factors and responses in frequency domain are investigated. The influence of control gains on vibration suppression is discussed. Numerical examples demonstrate the validity of the finite element model and the control strategy approach. The proposed control strategy can be widely used to structure vibration control with ACLD patches due to its simple scheme and easy implementation.     

微喷带不同结构参数的出流特性研究

微喷带作为一种高效节水灌溉技术,在冬小麦、夏玉米已广泛应用,为探明影响微喷带单组流量的主要结构参数。本试验采用完全随机试验探究微喷带下单组微孔不同微孔数量（X₁,1、2、3、5孔）、微孔夹角(X₂,0、30、60、90o)与微孔间距(X₃,0.2、0.4、0.8、1.2 cm)对微喷带单组流量(Q)的影响。微孔数量对单组流量的影响起主导作用,其次微孔夹角,微孔间距最小。微孔数量由1孔增加至5孔时,湿润面积、湿润率、流量、灌水强度峰值增加89.11%、13.73%、339.38%、25.06%。随微孔间距与夹角的增加,湿润面积与单组流量呈先增加后降低趋势;湿润率呈减小趋势;灌水强度峰值无显著性变化规律。多元线性回归方程为Q=22071.74 X₁+11247.09 X₂-7.34 X₃-34430.54,该模型可解释单组流量的程度在80.00%以上,可用实现对单组流量的预估。本研究可为微喷带参数设计提供理论参考。     

高丹草杂种及其亲本转录组SNP及等位基因特异性表达分析

为探究高丹草杂种及其亲本间单核苷酸变异与其杂种优势形成的关系, 以高丹草杂种及其亲本的根、茎和叶组织为试验材料, 采用Illumina Hiseq 2000进行转录组测序。对平均长度达58 122 160 bp的各测序样品序列信息进行检测后, 均检测到不少于58 000个SNP位点, 位于基因内的SNP个数显著多于位于基因间的SNP个数, SNP发生频率为1/741 bp, 平均转换颠换比为1.00∶1.53。在所有变异类型中, C/T和G/A发生频率最高。经过筛选得到198 (21%)个极显著偏向性等位基因表达偏向性SNP, 其中65%偏向父本白壳苏丹草, 并且很多在白壳苏丹草中具有高水平基因表达的转录本, 在高丹草杂种中的等位基因表达也偏向白壳苏丹草。在3种组织中, 分别有79%、78%和82%转录本的2个亲本等位基因表现出相对平衡的表达水平, 说明与顺式作用相比, 反式作用可能更多地影响了等位基因的特异性表达。选择6个极显著偏向性等位基因表达偏向性SNP-unigene进行qRT-PCR验证, 这些基因的差异基因表达模式与RNA-Seq分析结果一致。本研究采用Illumina 测序技术研究等位基因表达, 为高丹草杂种优势分析提供了依据, 也为其他饲草作物的相关研究提供了理论参考。     

山药曲奇的工艺研制

以山药粉、低筋小麦粉为主要原料生产山药曲奇饼干,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最优配方。结果表明,以12%的山药粉添加量添加到面粉中,再以山药低筋粉用量200 g,鸡蛋液用量45 g,黄油用量140 g,绵白糖用量60 g,奶粉用量25 g,于180℃/160℃下烘烤15 min,得到的山药曲奇饼干口感酥脆、品质优良。     

单粒播种不同密度对‘泉花551’产量及品质的影响

为了研究单粒播种条件下不同种植密度对花生植株农艺性状、光合特性、产量及品质的影响,以高产、优质、适应性广的花生新品种‘泉花551’为材料,采用大田试验方法筛选其最优种植密度,为推广应用提供依据。在单粒播种条件下,花生株高、干物质积累、叶面积指数及光合势与种植密度呈正相关态势;单株分枝数、结果枝数、荚果数、单株生产力和叶绿素含量与种植密度呈负相关态势。在本试验设置的播种密度范围内产量随密度的增加呈先增加后降低的变化,以处理R₄产量最高,与对照相比增产达显著水平,其较高的产量与其合理的干物质分配和较强的光合能力等有关。不同密度处理对花生籽仁品质影响较少。各处理以R₄处理最适宜,既可促进单株健壮发育,充分发挥单株增产潜力,同时能协调个体与群体的发展,促进群体荚果产量的提高,实现花生的增产增效。     

亚洲棉EST-SNP的挖掘及其在陆地棉中的验证

【目的】随着不同棉种序列数据库的逐步完善以及高通量测序技术的发展,棉花单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)标记开发可利用的公共数据资源逐步增加。【方法】本研究基于陆地棉祖先基因组的现代种亚洲棉表达序列标签(Expressed sequence tag,EST)数据库,利用CAP3对亚洲棉EST数据库进行拼接。拼接获得7 187个重叠群(Contig),再利用Quality SNP软件进行SNP位点分析。【结果】在807条含有4条以上EST序列的Contig中查找到2 690个SNP位点。通过筛选次要等位基因频率大于30%的位点,获得953个可靠度较高的候选SNP,通过电子筛选,最终获得可用于陆地棉分析的SNP 149个,利用位点特异性聚合酶链式反应以及酶切扩增多态序列验证了EST-SNP的准确性。【结论】本研究证实基于亚洲棉EST数据库挖掘用于陆地棉研究的EST-SNP切实可行,并有望将EST-SNP用于陆地棉遗传图谱构建、重要性状的基因定位以及分子标记辅助育种。     

芒草ISSR分子标记体系的确定及引物的筛选

为建立并优化适用于芒草的ISSR-PCR扩增反应体系,进一步研究野生芒草群体的遗传多样性水平。以吉林省采集的芒草(Miscanthus sinensis)为材料,采用单因子试验的方法研究模板DNA、TaqDNA聚合酶的用量及引物浓度和退火温度对PCR扩增的影响。结果显示：在20 μL反应体系中,含有模板DNA 40 ng,dNTPs 0.4 mmol/L,引物0.6 μmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶1.5 U。此外,筛选到10 条扩增稳定、条带丰富的候选引物,并确定了各自的最佳退火温度。     

微生物法发酵玉米秸秆生产单细胞蛋白的研究进展

论述微生物法发酵玉米秸秆生产单细胞蛋白的研究进展。主要介绍单细胞蛋白的开发利用价值,用微生物法发酵玉米秸秆纤维素生产单细胞蛋白的微生物菌种、简单工艺方法等,以及单细胞蛋白在食品工业及饲料工业上的应用和发展前景。     

The development of specific SNP markers for chromosome 14 in cotton using next‐generation sequencing

Lacking of reference genome sequence for the development of stable molecular markers for specific chromosomes (intervals) remains to be a challenge in cotton, which was a necessary step in fine mapping of gene (QTL). In this study, the feasibility of development of single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers between CS‐B14Sh (a substitution line for short arm of Chromosome 14) and TM‐1 (the recurrent parent) was explored using next‐generation sequencing (NGS) based on reduced representation libraries (RRLs). High‐quality genome sequences, representing about 7.1%, 8.8% and 10.4% of the tetraploid cotton genome, were generated for TM‐1, 3‐79 (the donor parent) and CS‐B14Sh, respectively. A total of 397 putative SNP markers were detected between CS‐B14Sh and TM‐1, and most (358) of them were also detected between TM‐1 and 3‐79. Allele‐specific PCR method was used for validation of 40 SNP markers, and 27 of them showed polymorphism between TM‐1 and CS‐B14Sh, and a linkage group comprising of 25 SNP markers and five SSR markers was constructed. The order of SNP markers agreed well with the position of them on Chr05 of D genome, which further approved the truth of SNPs detected. The results suggested that the development of SNP markers in specific genome region using NGS was efficient in substitution or near‐isogenic lines.