有机质影响溅蚀破坏土壤团聚体的主要作用机制

土壤有机质是团聚体的重要组成部分,其在团聚体形成过程中作用机制已有大量研究,但有机质在团聚体破坏过程中起何种作用尚未明晰,其对团聚体破坏过程中雨滴机械打击和消散作用贡献的影响也有待深入研究。为研究不同有机质含量对土壤团聚体的影响,选取5种不同退耕还林年限的土壤为研究对象,利用95%酒精和超纯水作为降雨液体,分别在4个高度下(0.5、1、1.5和2 m)对其进行溅蚀试验。结果表明:随有机质含量的增加,团聚体稳定性逐渐增强,土壤对雨滴机械打击和消散作用的敏感程度越来越弱,土壤抵抗侵蚀的能力越来越强;降雨前后大团聚体数量随着有机质含量的增加逐渐趋近相似,且酒精雨滴作用下的大团聚体含量明显大于超纯水作用下的大团聚体含量;在相同的降雨动能条件下,有机质含量增加使消散作用的贡献率呈现减小的趋势,且其对消散作用的影响在降雨动能较小时较为显著。研究结果对深入理解溅蚀过程中团聚体稳定性评价以及团聚体破坏因子具有重要作用。     

模拟降雨下初始含水量对砂黄土硝态氮迁移特征的影响

利用室内人工模拟降雨,研究了不同初始含水量砂黄土在降雨条件下入渗-径流、土壤侵蚀,以及NO3--N随径流流失和土壤深层淋溶特征。结果表明,初始含水量对产流时刻影响在相对含水量为49.4%和76.9%之间存在一个转折点,高初始含水量较低含水量产流提前大约15 min;土壤侵蚀量随着土壤初始含水量的增加而增加,相对含水量为97.1%时,侵蚀泥沙量分别是相对含水量22.9%的2.8倍,49.4%的2.3倍,76.9%的1.5倍。初始含水量高的处理径流初始NO3--N浓度高,随后各处理均衰减很快,10 min左右NO3--N含量趋于雨水本底值;土壤初始含水量越低,NO3--N被淋洗的程度越严重,土壤剖面中NO3--N的浓度峰越深。对于黄土高原坡地砂黄土NO3--N迁移特征来看,按照NO3--N迁移数量,随径流和泥沙流失量比向土壤深层迁移的数量小。说明在降雨条件下,NO3--N主要通过土壤深层淋溶损失,且土壤初始含水量越低其损失越严重。针对黄土高原降水量小,分布集中的特点,采取措施增加入渗,蓄积水分,在一定含水量下施肥,以提高氮肥利用率,降低NO3--N的淋溶。     

中国农田氮淋失相关因素分析及总氮淋失量估算

通过对我国近 10 年 382 组农田 N 素淋失数据进行统计分析,发现水田的 NO3--N 淋失量与土壤体积质量、有机质、全 N（TN）、黏粒含量百分比显著负相关,与施 N 量、灌水量显著正相关;旱地中 NO3--N 淋失量与全 P（TP）、粉粒含量百分比、土层深度显著负相关,与土壤中 TN 含量、砂粒百分比含量、施 N 量、降雨量、灌溉水量显著正相关。水田中总 N 表观淋失率平均值为 2.19%,95% 的置信区间为 1.56% ~ 2.82%;旱地中总 N 表观淋失率平均值为 4.35%,95% 的置信区间 2.88% ~ 5.82%。根据 2008 年中国统计年鉴计算出 2007 年我国总 N 淋失量达到 0.644 Tg,约占我国总施 N 量的2.80%。     

Meta分析养分管理措施对菜田土壤硝酸盐累积淋溶阻控效应

根系密集层以下土壤剖面硝态氮累积导致的土壤氮淋溶是活性氮损失的主要途径，然而不同养分管理措施对菜田土壤硝酸盐累积和淋溶的系统性影响尚不清楚。该文通过搜集整理2000－2021年间发表的国内外相关文献数据，分别以农民传统施氮量（TF）、单施化肥（CF）和不添加抑制剂（WI）为对照组，应用Meta分析方法整合分析了减量施氮（RF）、有机无机配施（OF）和抑制剂调控（IF）三种主要优化养分管理措施对菜田土壤硝酸盐累积淋溶的影响。结果表明，与各自的对照相比，三种养分管理措施均可以有效降低0～100 cm土壤剖面的硝酸盐累积量及淋溶量。RF、OF和IF分别显著降低0～100、60～80和0～80 cm土层硝酸盐累积量；RF的氮淋溶阻控效应值为?4.301，硝酸盐淋溶量下降43.19%；OF的氮淋溶阻控效应值为?4.279，淋溶量下降36.79%，但有机氮肥替代率大于60%时阻控效应反而下降；对于IF来说，单施脲酶抑制剂或硝化抑制剂，以及二者同时配施对硝酸盐淋溶均具有显著的阻控效应，但以二者同时配施最好，效应值为?4.373，淋溶量下降37.12%。施氮量和水分投入量是影响菜田硝酸盐累积淋溶的两个主要因素，二者总的贡献度达43.2%～47.3%。综合分析表明：对于减氮施肥措施而言，水分、纯氮投入量分别为430.74 mm和646.53 kg/hm2左右时，减氮比例以30%～50%为宜；对于有机无机配施措施而言，在土壤有机质含量较高的土壤上，水分、纯氮投入量分别为360.28 mm和432.18 kg/hm2左右时，有机肥替代化肥比例以30%～60%为宜；抑制剂调控氮素转化则以脲酶/硝化抑制剂配合施用效果最佳。该研究可为蔬菜生产中制定适宜的养分管理策略提供依据。     

The Influence of Soil Properties on the Water Pollution (Nitrate,Phosphate and COD) Following a Single Application of Sewage Sludge to 70 Contrasting Agricultural Soils

The aim was to study the influence of soil properties on the leaching of nitrate, phosphate and organic matter (OM) following the application of sewage sludge to contrasting soils. Seventy agricultural soils from different parts of Spain were amended with sewage sludge (50 t dry weight ha⁻¹), and a controlled column study was developed. After 2, 4 and 6 months of incubation, distilled water, equivalent to an autumn rainfall event of 25 l m⁻² in Mediterranean environments, was applied and leachates collected and analysed: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate and nitrate. The mean values of pH in the leachates after 2, 4 and 6 months were similar and close to the neutrality. The highest concentrations for the rest of the parameters analysed were found after 2 months of incubation and diminished for 4 and 6 months, especially COD. Soil pH and texture were the most relevant soil properties controlling the leaching of the analysed parameters. The OM mineralization seemed to be enhanced at high values of soil pH, thus increasing the nitrate and reducing the COD leaching. However, phosphate levels were reduced at high values of soil pH. In addition, leaching was promoted in sandy soils. Other soil properties influenced phosphate leaching being the equivalent calcium carbonate soil content as the most relevant. Soil organic carbon was negatively related to the EC and nitrate concentration in the leachates but resulting in a weak contribution compared with soil pH and texture. Concerns about nitrate pollution have been confirmed.     

Modelling of colloid leaching from unsaturated, aggregated soil

The migration of colloids in soils can enhance the leaching of strongly sorbing contaminants. We present a model for the simulation of colloid leaching from unsaturated, aggregated soil media under stationary flow. Transport in the intra-aggregate pores is simulated by convection–dispersion, and transport in the interaggregate pores, and a stagnant layer of water surrounding the aggregates, is simulated by diffusion. The model describes the release of colloids from soil aggregates, sorption and desorption processes at the air–water interfaces, and flocculation and subsequent straining from the flowing water. All three processes were simulated as functions of ionic strength. Transport of ions in intra-aggregate pores was simulated by Fickian diffusion. The model was calibrated against experimental results of colloid leaching from columns packed with natural soil aggregates. The aggregates were of two soils differing in organic matter content. On each soil a single calibrated parameter set could describe the experiments with the three ionic strengths. The parameters for release of colloids from the aggregate surface and the sorption properties of the air–water interface were different for the two soils. The key parameters for leaching were the thickness of the stagnant layer of water surrounding the aggregates, the mechanical dispersion, the maximum concentration of colloids at the surface of the aggregates, the sorption capacity and rate coefficient of the colloids at the air–water interface, and the colloid diffusion coefficient. Simulations were also done with two additional irrigation intensities at one ionic strength. Simulated leaching was greater than measured leaching at both irrigation intensities, but the diffusion-controlled release of colloids from the aggregates was simulated correctly.     

玉米茎秆汁液对黄土坡面产沙速率的影响及原因分析

利用人工模拟降雨试验研究了玉米茎秆汁液对黄土坡面产沙速率的影响及其原因。试验设计了4种不同的土样处理方式（control、添加25%浓度的汁液、添加50%浓度的汁液、添加25%浓度汁液经过一个冬季的冻融降解）在4种不同雨强（25,50,75,100 mm/h）下对产沙速率的影响,分析了4种不同处理后土样的土壤团聚体、有机质跟产沙速率的关系。结果表明:（1）添加玉米茎秆汁液对产沙速率是有明显的抑制作用的,玉米茎秆汁液通过增加土壤中 > 0.25 mm的团聚体和有机质实现减沙作用的。（2）4种处理后的土样中 > 5 mm的土壤团聚体和有机质是显著线性相关的,通过了0.01的显著性水平。在各种试验雨强（25,50,75,100 mm/h）下的产沙速率与 > 0.25 mm的土壤团聚体、有机质都具有显著线性负相关关系,通过了0.01的显著性检验。     

The effect of organic matter content on soil erosion in simulated rainfall experiments in W. Sussex, UK

Abstract. The effect of organic matter content and other soil properties on soil erosion in the Rogate area, West Sussex, UK, was assessed using a rainfall simulator. Thirty soil samples (Podzols, Brown sands, Brown earths, Alluvial gley and Podzolized brown sands) collected from eroded and uneroded fields were exposed to 50 mm/h and 70 mm/h simulated rainfall. The results show that organic matter content influences soil erosion, through its effect on the stability of aggregates.     

Effects of Riparian Denitrification on Stream Nitrate-Evidence from Isotope Analysis and Extreme Nitrate Leaching during Rainfall-

The effects of riparian denitrification on stream nitrate were investigated by detailed soil water observations and isotope analysis at a small headwater catchment in an urban area near Tokyo, central Japan. In the base flow period, stream nitrate concentration (<100 µM) was comparable with that of riparian ground water which had less nitrate than unsaturated soil water. Nitrogen isotope analysis showed that the consumption of nitrate by denitrification took place in riparian ground water, suggesting that denitrification is an important process to control nitrate leaching to streams. During rainfall, the concentration of stream nitrate increased up to 400 µM, which was comparable with that of pre-event soil water. The fact that soil water nitrate directly leached to streams indicated that the riparian denitrification process did not work during rainfall because of the rapid discharge of water. A decrease of denitrification effects is a possible reason for high stream nitrate concentration during rainfall.     

铵、钾同时存在时, 土壤对铵的优先吸附

The water stability of aggregates in various size classes separated from 18 samples of red soils under different managements, and the mechanisms responsible for the formation of water-stable soil aggregates were studied. The results showed that the water stability of soil aggregates declined with increasing size, especially for the low organic matter soils. Organic matter plays a key role in the formation of water-stable soil aggregates. The larger the soil aggregate size, the greater the impact of organic matter on the water stability of soil aggregates. Removal of organic matter markedly disintegrated the large water-stable aggregates (> 2.0 mm) and increased the small ones (< 0.25-0.5mm) to some extent, whereas removal of free iron(aluminium) oxides considerably destroyed aggregates of all sizes, especially the < 0.25-0.5 mm classes. The contents of organic matter in water-stable aggregates increased with aggregate sizes. It is concluded from this study that small water-stable aggregates (< 0.25-0.5 mm) were chiefly cemented by Fe and Al oxides whilst the large ones (> 2.0 mm) were mainly glued up by organic matter. Both free oxides and organic matter contribute to the formation and water stability of aggregates in red soils.     

Zur Auswirkung organischer Substanz verschiedener Humifizierungsgrade auf die Aggregatstabilität durch Reduzierung der Benetzbarkeit

Effect of differently humified organic matter on aggregate stability by reducing aggregate wettability The subject of this study was to examine the significance of the contribution of organic matter to the aggregate stability against slaking by reducing aggregate wettability. Artificial spherical aggregates were formed from about 50 g paste each of a loessial (B_t-horizon) and of a clayey soil (P-horizon), which were then coated with ground peat moss (strongly and slightly humified). The slaking behavior of the air-dry aggregates was determined by measuring the water infiltration rate and the aggregate breakdown as a function of time. The results show, not only the water infiltration rate but also the aggregate breakdown were slowed down in presence of the organic coating. This effect of organic matter increased with increasing huminification. The fragments derived from aggregates with organic coating were significantly larger than those from aggregates without organic coating. The main reason for this difference is the reduced water infiltration rate into aggregates, so that the aggregates break down rather slowly and progressively than explosively. It plays an important role, that because of the wetting inhibition at the beginning the distance is longer and/or the resistance is greater for the further water infiltration into the aggregates with organic coating than those into the aggregates without organic coating. The organic matter would possibly also be transported into the inside of the aggregates by water flux.     

Nitrapyrin decreased nitrification of nitrogen released from soil organic matter but not amoA gene abundance at high soil temperature

Water pulses have a significant impact on nitrogen (N) cycling, making management of N challenging in agricultural soils that are exposed to episodic rainfall. In hot, dry environments, wetting of dry soil during summer fallow causes a rapid flush of organic matter mineralisation and subsequent nitrification, which may lead to N loss via nitrous oxide emission and nitrate leaching. Here we examined the potential for the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin to decrease gross nitrification at elevated temperature in soils with contrasting soil organic matter contents, and the consequent effects on ammonia oxidiser populations. Soil was collected during summer fallow while dry (water content 0.01 g g⁻¹ soil) from a research site with two management treatments (tilled soil and tilled soil with long-term additional crop residues) by three field replicates. The field dry soil (0–10 cm) was wet with or without nitrapyrin, and incubated (20 or 40 °C) at either constant soil water content or allowed to dry (to simulate summer drying after a rainfall event). Gross N transformation rates and inorganic N pools sizes were determined on six occasions during the 14 day incubation. Bacterial and archaeal amoA gene abundance was determined on days 0, 1, 7 and 14. Nitrapyrin increased ammonium retention and decreased gross nitrification rates even with soil drying at 40 °C. Nitrification was likely driven by bacterial ammonia oxidisers, as the archaeal amoA gene was below detection in the surface soil layer. Bacterial ammonia oxidiser gene abundances were not affected by nitrapyrin, despite the decrease in nitrifier activity. Increased soil organic matter from long-term additional crop residues diminished the effectiveness of nitrapyrin. The present study highlights the potential for nitrapyrin to decrease nitrification and the risk of N loss due to mineralisation of soil organic matter under summer fallow conditions.     

Applying one-dimensional deterministic chemical fate models on a regional scale

A deterministic one-dimensional chemical transport model was applied to soil and weather data from the northeastern United States. The model used a mobile-immobile capacity flow model. Simulations using 20 years of historical rainfall data from each of 13 weather stations applied to a single soil showed that predictions of leaching varied considerably from year to year. The model was then applied to 2270 soil-weather combinations to develop indices for atrazine-leaching potential. Issues relating to quality of soil data and temporal variability of rainfall are discussed. Simulated atrazine leaching was related to the amount and distribution of rainfall, modified by soil organic matter levels.     

华北平原农田裂缝对硝态氮淋溶的影响

土壤干缩开裂是常见的自然现象。目前关于土壤干缩开裂的研究主要集中于裂缝的最终形态特征,并且以室内试验为主。本研究通过室外大田试验,结合动态计算机图像分析及水氮运移模拟软件WHCNS,研究土壤干缩开裂的动力学过程、特征及其对农田水氮运移的影响。利用原位熔化石蜡浇筑得到了裂缝三维结构形态,借助三维激光扫描仪量化裂缝的几何特征,发现每平米裂缝平均长度为4.58m,裂缝上表面平均宽度为5.72 mm,平均深度为9.06 cm。基于三维扫描仪提取得到的裂缝几何参数,通过WHCNS仿真模拟,发现相较于无裂隙情况,裂隙的存在分别增加了传统施肥和优化施肥情况下97.40%和256.43%的硝态氮淋失量;与优化施肥模式相比,传统施肥模式更容易造成硝态氮的淋失风险。在模拟灌溉模式对硝态氮淋洗情况的影响时,其差异不明显;强降雨的设置同样增加了硝态氮的淋失风险,导致硝态氮的年均淋洗量增加83.61%。裂缝的存在严重影响农田作物对肥料的吸收和利用,通过优化施肥量、更改灌溉模式以及避免强降雨前施肥都可以减少肥料的损失。     

W-OH固化剂对土壤水渗漏及硝态氮淋失的影响

采用盆栽试验结合天然降雨观测,研究了不同W-OH喷施浓度(1%、3%和5%)对作物(大豆、玉米和大蒜)地土壤水渗漏及硝态氮淋失的影响。结果表明:本试验条件下W-OH的保水作用受降雨量和作物类型影响;小雨和中雨条件下,玉米地土壤水渗漏量随W-OH施用浓度的增加呈先减小后增加,浓度为3%的处理渗漏量最低,保水效益明显;当降雨量达大雨及以上级别时,W-OH的保水作用与其喷施浓度成正比;W-OH对大豆和大蒜地的保水作用不受降雨量的影响,且其对二者土壤水渗漏量的影响规律相似,与对照(不喷施WOH)相比,各处理水分渗漏量随W-OH浓度增加而增加。在作物生长初期,W-OH的保肥作用与其施用浓度成正比,经历后续降雨渗流多次淋溶,保肥作用趋于稳定;玉米和大蒜地喷施中、高浓度(3%和5%)的WOH即可减少硝态氮淋失量,大豆地1%浓度的W-OH即可减少硝态氮淋失。     

煤矸石土壤砷污染相关性分析

在对内蒙古自治区某矿区周边土壤环境总砷含量、全磷、有机质、含水率等项目测定的基础上,分析了土壤总砷含量、有效砷含量与土壤理化性质指标的相关性。同时,通过模拟研究区降水特点和降水量,采用淋溶试验装置,对由煤矸石和自然表层土壤组成的两组混合样品在不同pH值条件下砷的析出规律进行了实验研究。结果表明,研究区土壤有效态砷与总砷含量存在显著正相关关系;总砷含量与pH值、全磷存在一定的正相关性,与有机质和水解性氮之间的相关性不显著;土壤有效态砷含量与有机质含量呈正相关关系,与pH值呈一定的负相关关系。混合土层中砷的淋出量随淋溶液pH值的增加呈降低趋势,pH值越低,砷淋出量越高。     

雨强和土地利用方式对豫西南山区有机质流失的影响

[目的]研究丹江口水库水源区不同降雨强度和土地利用方式对土壤中有机质流失的影响,为该区域的面源污染和水土流失防治提供依据。[方法]通过人工模拟降雨试验,以豫西南山区5种常见土地类型的表层土壤为研究对象,应用双因素方差分析,研究雨强和土地利用方式对土壤中有机质的影响。[结果]雨强对径流中有机质的流失影响显著,雨强越大流失量也越大,而土地类型对其影响不大;泥沙中的有机质流失量受雨强和土地类型的影响均显著,随雨强增加而增大;农用地(梯田和坡耕地)中随泥沙流失的有机质含量较高,林草地则低;分别对径流和流失泥沙中的有机质含量与雨强作回归分析,均显示出多项式拟合效果最好(除灌草地的泥沙拟合外)。[结论]梯田作为一种水保措施,能够保持养分和水土流失,因此其土壤中富集的养分也最多;林草地土壤结构较好,能够减缓土壤侵蚀,因而流失的养分也较少。     

不同肥料运筹对夏玉米田间土壤氮素淋溶与挥发影响的原位研究

运用排水采集器法和通气法结合田间原位试验,研究了不同肥料运筹对夏玉米田间土壤氮素淋溶与挥发的影响。结果表明,在夏玉米生长季节,田间土壤水分淋溶体积达63.49～7.L/hm2,且表现与灌溉水量和降雨量正相关。与单施氮肥相比,有机肥配施氮肥在夏玉米生长发育前期易加剧水分的淋溶;氮素淋溶损失量明显高于氨挥发损失量,且二者均随施氮量的增加而升高;与单施氮肥相比,有机肥配施氮肥极显著地增大了氮素淋失量,减少氮素的氨挥发损失量,总体分析显示,有机肥配施氮肥极显著增大了氮素净损失量和氮素损失率;在夏玉米生长期内,施肥运筹的田间土壤淋溶水硝态氮浓度均呈现双峰趋势,以硝态氮形式淋失是田间土壤氮素淋失的主要形式,铵态氮浓度则呈现先升后降的趋势,铵态氮的累计淋失量很少。同时发现,大口期夏玉米生长旺盛,对氮素的需求强烈可以减少氮素的淋失和氨挥发损失,适量增加夏玉米大口期的追肥量,是提高氮肥利用效率的有效途径。     

亚热带主要耕作土壤硝态氮淋失特征试验研究

本文选取红壤、水稻土、潮土、黄棕壤和紫色土等我国亚热带地区的主要耕作土壤为研究对象,采用土柱模拟试验,研究了在这些土壤中,氮素累积与硝态氮迁移的动态特征,并对氮素的淋失风险进行了定量评价和预测。结果表明,硝态氮在土壤中的淋失过程可分为两个明显的阶段:高浓度快速降低阶段和低浓度缓慢降低阶段。硝态氮淋失过程存在明显的拐点,该点对应的累积入渗量（拐点入渗量）变化范围为38.1 - 219.7 mm,且随土壤硝态氮含量的增加呈幂函数关系增加,表明随硝态氮含量的增高,其淋失风险呈加速增大的趋势。硝态氮淋失强度随土壤硝态氮含量的增加呈显著的线性变化趋势。初步估测,我国亚热带地区年降水入渗量700 mm和土壤硝态氮累积水平为N 20 mg /kg条件下,表层土壤（0-20cm）的硝态氮年平均淋失量为N 484.9 kg /hm2,土壤间的变异系数（CV）分别为26.5%。土壤硝态氮含量是影响硝态氮淋失强度的决定性因素,其它土壤性质的影响均相对较小,因此,控制土壤氮素累积和化肥施用水平是降低其淋失风险的关键环节。     

配施有机肥减少太湖地区稻田土壤硝态氮淋失的机理研究

采用田间小区试验,设计两种无机氮肥梯度,研究配施有机肥对太湖地区水稻季土壤氮素淋失的影响,并从水/土NO₃^-–N迁移研究其对土壤NO₃^-–N淋失的影响机制。设置的处理有:对照(CK)、常规施氮(CT)、减氮施肥(RT)、常规施氮下配施有机肥(CT+M)、减氮施肥下配施有机肥(RT+M)。结果发现:①除去2015年的CT处理,两年里30 cm处配施有机肥和单施无机肥处理之间的土壤NO₃^-–N淋失均没有显著差异;80 cm处,CT+M处理的NO₃^-–N淋失较CT处理减少41%,RT+M处理较RT处理减少12%。②无机肥处理的田面水NO₃^-–N和土壤淋溶水NO₃^-–N之间存在极显著线性相关,但是有机肥的参与会削弱二者之间的相关性。③配施有机肥有利于土壤有机质含量的提高,CT+M处理的有机质含量较CT处理提高6.7%。0～20 cm土...