羊生长激素基因及表达产物对受体鲤鱼的促生长效应

两年的池塘生长对照实验证实了外源生长激素基因在受体鱼基因组整合及表达对部分受体鲤鱼有明显的促生长效应。实验组最大个体体重为对照组最大个体体重的1.47倍和1.15倍,从而预示转羊生长激素基因鲤鱼在速生鲤鱼品种培育方面有很好的应用前景,斑点杂交和Southern Blot杂交证实了外源基因确已整合在受体鱼基因组中,实验也表明外源基因在受体鱼基因组的插入对部分受体鱼的生长也有负效应。     

转生长激素基因鲤的快速生长效应及传代

报道了转生长激素基因鲤阳性群体的建立科“超级鲤”的获得。给出了“超级鲤”和对照组连续4年的生长实验结果及“超级鲤”子代连续3年的生长对照的体重数据。结果显示,外源生长激素基因对受体鲤具有快速生长效应,但具有这种超速生长作用的个体在转基因鲤群体中占极少数。此效应能传递给子代,子代中快速生长个体的比例大大高于转基因实验群体。     

转生长激素基因鲤鱼的生长研究

本报导了生长激素基因对鲤鱼生长的影响。经池塘对照实验表明，转生长激素基因鲤鱼的快速生长效应比正常鲤鱼明显，而且由转生长激素基因阳性性成熟鲤鱼经人工催产繁殖的子一代群体中，仍表现出快速生长的特性。这一结果，为能获得一个转外源生长激素基因并具快速生长特性的遗传稳定的转基固鲤鱼核心群体提供了可靠的数据。     

转牛（羊）生长激素基因工程鲤鱼研究

生产出转牛和羊生长激素基因实验鲤鱼一万余尾，筛选出生长速度快，含有外源基因的转基因鲤鱼１４３尾，遗传实验证实外源基因可遗传给后代，经池塘生长实验证明于代仍具有生长速度快的特征，建立了把外源基直接注入鲤鱼受精卵及确定了外源基因导入鲤鱼受精卵的最佳时期等构建转基因鱼的一整套技术。     

转生长激素基因工程鲤鱼研究

约10000余尾注射牛和羊生长激素基因的鲤鱼已被生产出来，并从中筛选出生长速度快且整合了外源基因的个体143尾，也证明外源基因可传递给子代同时子代也具有快速生长的特征。建立了把外源基因直接注入受精卵的方法，确定了注入外源基因的最佳时期。     

我国育成转基因鲤鱼

我国育成转基因鲤鱼从牛、羊、大马哈鱼等动物体内提取生长激素基因，把它导入鲤鱼的受精卵内，出生后的鲤鱼生长速度要比普通鲤鱼快２０％左右，而且这种快速生长的势头还会传给它们的子孙。这项高科技研究项目最近通过了国家科委的鉴定。专家们认为，其成果达到了９０年...     

鱼类基因工程育种技术的研究—转基因野鲤虹鳟和鲫鱼的培育

本文报道了用鼠的MT启动子与牛生长激素基因的融合基因(mMT—bGH)为目的基因,通过显微注射等方法,导入鲤鱼、鲫鱼、虹鳟等的受精卵中,Dot杂交和Southern杂交检测,阳性信号率为9％,转基因鱼的个体体重与对照组出现明显的差异,其中一部分高于对照组,另一部分低于对照组。     

转基因鱼对食用动物影响的研究

本文报导了以转基因鱼作为食物对食用动物的影响研究。以猫为实验动物，用所构建的软牛和羊生长激素基因鲤鱼鱼种喂养，三个月后将实验猫杀死，测定其生理学指标和血液学指标并进行几种组织的重金属含量和外源基因残存量的测定。实验结果，并未发现转基因鱼对猫有任何不利的影响，无任何毒副作用。     

各地信息

中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所著名鱼类遗传育种专家沈俊宝、孙孝文等承担“北方鲤鱼基因工程育种”的科研项目,首先成功地将牛、羊的生长激素基因导入鲤鱼的受精卵中,获得我国第一代转基因鱼。在成功的基础上,又把大麻哈鱼的生长激素基因导入鲤鱼,又成功地培育出世界上第一代“全转基因鱼。这一研     

人生长激素基因在团头鲂和鲤中的整合和表达

采用显微注射方法，将带有小鼠ＭＴ－１基因启动顺序与人生长激素ｈＧＨ基因顺序重组的线状ＤＮＡ片段，注入团头鲂和鲤的受精卵，获得成活的实验鱼。经斑点、Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交、Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交、放射免疫和酶联等方法检测，表明外源基因在受体鱼中得到整合、转录、翻译和表达，并具促生长效应。转基因雌鱼和雄鱼有性繁殖所获得的子鱼带有外源基因，表明外源基因能通过性细胞传递给子代，并仍具促生长效应。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.