光纤传感器在水塔水位检测中的应用研究

光纤传感器是光纤在信号检测领域中的应用,本文从光纤传感器的工作原理出发介绍了光纤液位传感器、光纤液位报警器在水塔水位信号检测中的应用.     

基于声信号的供气管道阀门泄漏监测与定位系统研究

对供气管道阀门泄漏监测与定位系统进行基于声信号的研究,结合GPRS/GSM网络平台的长距离传输方式设计出可实现定位反馈功能的系统架构模型。文中详述系统的组成及内部连接方式并对传感器固定装置进行设计,利用不同材质管道泄漏孔声信号频率分析表设计出系统运行过程框图。系统应用的自动化监测模式对管道阀门泄漏监测与定位起重要意义。     

桉树人工林中433MHz信道LoRa信号的传播特性

LoRa技术是最新出现的一种无线通信技术,具有低功耗、距离远、工作在非授权波段等特点,与ZigBee等现在常用的无线通信技术相比,其在人工林无线传感器网中更具潜力。然而由于LoRa的传输受环境影响较大,目前在人工林中传播特性的研究还处于空白。本研究基于Shadowing信号衰减模型,在广西东门林场中测试了433 MHz信道LoRa信号在两种天线高度下(1.5,2.0 m)和3种不同环境下(开阔环境、3 a林龄桉树人工林,5 a林龄桉树人工林)LoRa信号接收强度(RSSI)随距离变化的情况,每种条件下得到了两组数据。首先利用其中一组数据对模型进行拟合,拟合结果表明,LoRa信号传输遵从Shadowing模型,拟合度在0.886~0.982。然后利用另一组数据对模型的精度进行验证,验证结果表明,模型精度较高,模型的精度介于0.780~0.961。最后分析了桉树人工林中影响LoRa信号传输的主要因素。本研究的方法和获得的信号衰减系数可以为桉树人工林无线传感器网络监测中LoRa节点的组网和部署提供依据和参考。     

氧传感器

氧传感器ＳＰＥ—Ｏ３—Ｉ型氧传感器是一种不含自由电解质溶液，采用聚合物膜电极新技术电解式毛细管室温电化学氧传感器，客观它将气体中含氧量（Ｏ３％）直接转换成电流信号，测氧系统显示信号即为气体中氧的百分比浓度，该氧传感器具有测氧方便、可靠、反应快和长期稳...     

中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院项目选编

一、生物医学工程教学仪器 本仪器由微计算机和以单片机为核心的开放型硬件平台两部分组成。微计算机用于显示或编辑实验结果、波形和数据，或将实验结果存档调用。仪器的硬件平台是完全开放的，提供学生做各种实验，包括电路搭建、传感器信号调理、硬件调试到简单的程序编制，并有本机LCD同步显示。     

生长素对植物维管分化的信号诱导作用

植物维管系统与植物生长发育关系密切，维管组织的分化机制也因此倍受关注。生长素可诱导植物维管组织分化，它根据自身浓度的高低产生系列信号，从而通过这些信号来控制其所在部位及其周围区域维管组织的分化状况。该文重点论述了生长素在细胞间的极性运输方式及其信号转导途径、生长素对维管组织分化的信号诱导作用及其表现特征，以及生长素诱导植物维管组织分化的分子机理。     

木材表面缺陷的激光在线检测技术

本文介绍了采用激光位移传感器对刨削加工后的木材表面的裂纹及节子缺陷进行在线检测的方法。测试原理是利用激光位移传感器扫描木材表面，提供特征信号，由傅里叶分析仪FFT记录时间信号的波形，计算机进行数据处理和分析判断，这不仅可以快速识别裂纹及节子等缺陷，并从记录波形上即可计算出裂纹的宽度和深度。     

汽车机油压力传感器

本项目采用厚膜力敏传感器技术和信号处理技术，开发汽车机油压力传感器。该传感器具有耐高温、耐腐蚀、无触点、能与数字化仪表相匹配、寿命长、性能价格比高等特点。该产品可以替代国内的滑线式油压传感器。     

激光扫平自动控制系统

激光扫平自动控制系统该系统由激光发射器、万能传感器及控制箱三部分组成。激光发射器位于中央，它向３６０°方向旋转地发射激光信号，形成一个光束扫描平面；万能传感器分六层，由５４个高灵敏激光探测器组成；可以全方位接收激光信号，它一般装在拖拉机或推土机的平铲...     

微波泄露检测仪

微波泄露检测仪是用于测量电子设备特别是微波没备电磁波泄露的一种专门仪器，是近场测量仪，具有灵敏度高，响应快，全方位探头，数字显示，可交直流供电，便携式，最大值锁定等特点．使得测试仪器不仅能测连续波泄露，同时能测量脉冲泄露信号，满足各种辐射源电磁波泄露的测量要求。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.