桃实蝇在西藏的适生性分析

［目的］ 明确桃实蝇在西藏的适生性,为科学制定检疫措施,防止其入侵和扩散,保护西藏水果的安全生产提供依据。［方法］ 以中国760个(西藏39个)气象站点的气象数据和桃实蝇生物学数据为基础,运用CLIMEX模型和ArcGIS分析相结合的方法对桃实蝇在中国,尤其是西藏的适生性进行分析。［结果］ 桃实蝇在我国具有较高的适生性,适生范围包括34个省、市（区）,其中海南、广东的南部、福建的南部、广西、云南、四川、陕西南部、河南和湖北的北部以及台湾的大部分地区属于高度适生区。而桃实蝇在西藏有3个适生站点。［结论］ 我国很多地区是桃实蝇的适生区,并且高度和中度适生区的范围相对较大。存在桃实蝇入侵西藏并定殖危害的可能性。     

Development of an artificial diet for mass rearing of the spiny bollworm,Earias insulana

An artificial diet for rearing the spiny bollworm,Earias insulana (Boisd.), was developed in experiments with three successive generations. The present recommended diet is based on kidney beans, alfalfa meal, whole powdered milk and yeast; methyl-P-hydroxy benzoate, chloramphenicol and formaldehyde were included as preservatives. The effect of the diets on the insect quality is discussed.     

椰心叶甲人工饲料的研制及应用效果评价

为了获得入侵害虫椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro)的人工饲料,在分析其天然寄主叶片水分和营养成分基础上,借鉴其它鞘翅目昆虫人工饲料配方,进行椰心叶甲人工饲料的配制和筛选,并评价人工饲料饲养的椰心叶甲对其寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum和椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae的适合性。人工饲料配方的成分:蔗糖4%、椰子粉2%、大豆粉2%、椰树叶粉10%、酵母2%、维生素E 0.3%、抗坏血酸0.2%、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯0.2%、琼脂4%、链霉素0.03%和水75%。用所配制的人工饲料饲养椰心叶甲初孵幼虫,其蛹成活率可达36%,蛹羽化率与对照无显著差异,均在90%以上;雌成虫占52.4%,与对照无显著差异。表明人工饲料饲养所得的椰心叶甲可用于其幼虫寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂和蛹寄生蜂椰心叶甲啮小蜂的扩繁。     

Valuation of gamma irradiation for proficient production of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae & Eucoilidae) in the management of the peach fruit-fly,Bactrocera zonata (Saunders)

Recognizing the potential significance of using nuclear techniques in biological control, investigations were conducted on the rearing of parasitoids of the peach fruit-fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to lead to a greater flexibility in the use of irradiated hosts. For improving mass production of the biological control agents, the use of irradiated fruit-fly larvae at the dose of 15 Gy proved useful for enhancing the parasitism and adult emergence of the larval parasitoid, Trybliographa daci (Weld) (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) due to no negative repercussions on parasitoid development. Overall, parasitism by the parasitoid increased with age of the host larvae; however, significantly higher parasitism occurred on 4 d-old irradiated larvae of B. zonata compared to those aged 5 d. The female parasitoids preferred the irradiated larvae, and significantly higher numbers of larvae were parasitized compared with non-irradiated larvae. There was no significant difference in adult parasitoid emergence with respect to the sex of the host. A radiation level of 80 Gy was the best dose for rearing of the pupal parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) owing to broad tolerances in the use of irradiation for the rearing of fruit-fly's parasitoids. Percentage parasitism by D. giffardii varied with host pupal age, and the preference of the female parasitoid was lower on 48 h old host pharate pupae due to optimum size and mass of host. Present findings further revealed that the 24 h old host pupae of B. zonata were relatively more suitable for the maximum parasitism and progeny production of D. giffardii. Parasitisms by D. giffardii and T. daci were significantly higher on B. zonata host when parasitoids were released at a density of 3000 individuals per acre (7500 per hectares) than the other release rates of parasitoids for the management of fruit-flies in mango orchards. The implementation of these findings ought to help improve the mass production of parasitoids and the effectiveness of releases of biocontrol agents for control of B. zonata in mango plantations.     

The role of Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera) in natural control of Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Tephritidae: Diptera) and its temporal abundance in Sudan

Bactrocera zonata is an alien fruit fly which was introduced into Sudan in 2012 and spread throughout the country, severely hampering the production and export of fruit and vegetable crops. Cataloguing indigenous natural enemies of pests, especially parasitoids, is key to successful biological control programmes, to mitigate damage and decrease reliance on insecticides. This study was conducted to determine the parasitoids of B. zonata in two orchards in Gezira State, Sudan from November 2015 to May 2016 and from February to December, 2016 and to determine their role in natural control of the pest. Three parasitoids emerged from puparia of B. zonata, these were: Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Eulophidae), an Aganaspis sp. (Figitidae: Eucoilinae) and a Psyttalia sp. (Braconidae Opiinae). Tetrastichus giffardianus was the most numerous parasitoid throughout the study period. The mean percentages of B. zonata from guava fruits that were parasitized by T. giffardianus for the whole study period were 13.7% and 13.2% with 3.1 ± 0.3 and 2.8 ± 2.4 parasitoids per puparium at Fadasi and Gazirat Elfil sites respectively. Data on the temporal abundance of T. giffardianus is presented. Strenuous efforts should be considered to involve the reported natural enemies of B. zonata in integrated management programmes for fruit flies in Sudan.     

红彩瑞猎蝽微胶囊人工饲料饲养效果评价

为开展红彩瑞猎蝽的人工规模化繁育, 研制了一种以自然猎物血淋巴为主, 烟草汁液为辅的微胶囊人工饲料, 并对其性状和饲养效果进行了评价, 以面包虫饲养的猎蝽作对照。结果表明, 人工饲料微胶囊成品率73.17%, 含水率92.35%, 综合感官评定86.8分。取食微胶囊的红彩瑞猎蝽若虫发育历期均显著长于对照, 若虫的存活率、体重均显著低于对照, 随龄期的增长与对照差异的显著性逐渐减小;处理组成虫获得率16.7%, 对照68.9%;成虫产卵前期显著长于对照, 但产卵量和卵孵化率无显著差异。猎物斜纹夜蛾幼虫密度为8头/皿时, 微胶囊饲养的红彩瑞猎蝽的捕食量显著低于对照, 但在较低猎物密度时无显著差异。此种人工饲料能基本满足红彩瑞猎蝽的生长发育, 可在一定程度上替代面包虫。     

苹果蠹蛾半人工饲料与饲养温度的优化

为实现苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)的人工大规模饲养,对国外学者已经报道的半人工饲料配方进行改良,比较了取食5种饲料对苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响,并组建苹果蠹蛾在20、24、28、32℃条件下取食最优配方时的实验种群生命表。结果表明,来自我国西北疫区的苹果蠹蛾,在以豆粕、蔗糖、面粉、小麦胚芽为主要成分并添加酵母粉配制成的配方B饲喂后,与传统饲料配方相比显著影响苹果蠹蛾的发育历期和种群参数,提高存活率至50.24%、缩短幼虫发育历期至20.18 d、增加蛹重至26.54 mg,并提高单雌产卵量至85.30粒。生命表结果显示,24℃时种群趋势指数最高为16.42、单雌产卵量最大为62.44粒,28℃内禀增长率最高为0.08、雌性比例最大为0.55。表明我国西北疫区的苹果蠹蛾在24~28℃条件下,取食优化的半人工饲料利于其种群数量增加。     

Development and use of a forecasting model for Cydia pomonella*

For more than 10 years, a forecasting model for Cydia pomonella in apple orchards, worked out by the French NPPO, has described the development of emergence cohorts in spring, and followed their development and descent, through the whole agricultural season. In homogeneous areas, this tool, still under development, can be used to define periods for effective treatment (ovicides, larvicides, mating disruption) and the tolerance for codling moth levels in various situations. Alternation of insecticides is provided for, so as to manage resistance phenomena. The reliability of the model is based on rigorous continuous biological checks on the forecasts made by the algorithm, on scientific surveillance by INRA and on regular collaboration between the advisers involved and the agrometeorological services. The model forms part of a wider decisional scheme, or expert system, in which the fruit grower and his adviser provide observations on the changes which cannot be provided by the model: installation of hail protection nets, night lights, fruit spreading. More parameters will be incorporated in future and the geographical validity of the model will be extended, particularly to more northerly areas.     

红树林主要害虫天敌暗黑赤眼蜂的室内繁殖技术

暗黑赤眼蜂是一类很有利用价值的天敌寄生蜂。本文通过对林间蜂种的采集、中间寄主的饲料配制及饲养、室内人工扩繁等繁殖技术进行了描述。使用本技术饲养米蛾可以使米蛾发育更整齐,产卵量更高,繁殖倍数达45倍以上,符合规模化饲养的要求。以大试管扩繁暗黑赤眼蜂可使寄生率达90%以上,寄生率指标达到了一级产品的标准。研究结果为暗黑赤眼蜂的繁殖推广应用提供帮助。     

不同诱饵诱杀桔小实蝇效果比较

应用蜜糖、红糖、蛋白胨和添加杨桃片为诱饵,在杨桃园诱杀桔小实蝇效果试验,结果表明,添加杨桃片的蜜糖或红糖液均显著高于蜜糖、红糖、蛋白胨对成虫的引诱作用,且这种差异性在杨桃区外表现更为明显。其诱饵在田间对桔小实蝇成虫的诱杀作用随时间下降,第9天蜜糖、红糖毒饵的诱杀作用下降32.6％和38.1％,蛋白胨毒饵下降90％;当红糖液质量分数为3％-10％,其浓度越高诱杀作用越强,但添加杨桃片5％、10％、15％红糖液对成虫的引诱作用无差异。     

Development of a recombinant antibody ELISA test for the detection of Polymyxa betae and its use in resistance screening

An ELISA test was developed for the quantitative detection of the obligate parasite Polymyxa betae , the vector of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), in infected sugarbeet roots. The test used monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised to a recombinantly expressed glutathione-S-transferase (GST) from P. betae . A close correlation was found between the number of P. betae zoospores in serially diluted suspensions and absorbance values in the ELISA test. Time-course studies of plants grown in naturally infested soils in controlled environment tests demonstrated the value of the ELISA test in screening for P. betae resistance. In preliminary tests, P. betae -resistant accessions of the wild sea beet ( Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima ), which might be used to restrict the transmission of BNYVV, were identified.     

橘小实蝇一种重要的寄生蜂-凡氏费氏茧蜂

橘小实蝇寄生蜂凡氏费氏茧蜂Fopius vandenboschi(Fullaway)隶属膜翅目小茧蜂科潜蝇茧蜂亚科,是田间控制橘小实蝇的优势蜂种,在国外田间控制橘小实蝇已获得巨大成功,而国内应用寄生蜂田间控制橘小实蝇尚属空白。本研究室在研究中发现田间已有凡氏费氏茧蜂F.vandenbosch定殖,并室内繁殖成功。本文详细地描述了该寄生蜂的特征,旨在为田间应用奠定基础。