紫花苕+稻草添加尿素与有益微生物的混贮效果

试验用新鲜紫花苕Vicia villosa与稻草(比例1:1)分别添加尿素和尿素 有益微生物进行混贮,并测定了混贮料在30,45,60 d的感官性状、营养成分和有机酸含量.结果表明,2种方法处理都能使混贮饲料的CF,NDF和ADF含量有降低趋势,有机酸、乳酸、乙酸、延胡索酸、柠檬酸含量提高;添加尿素 有益微生物混贮料与单一添加尿素混贮相比,pH值明显降低(60 d混贮料pH值分别为4.3,4.8),总有机酸、乳酸、乙酸、延胡索酸、柠檬酸含量明显提高(青贮60 d分别提高7.29%,0.66%,0.48%,0.41%和0.51%).说明添加有益微生物有加速混贮料发酵产酸,加快青贮饲料酸化,缩短青贮发酵过程的作用.结果表明,添加尿素 有益微生物更有利于提高紫花苕 稻草混贮料的青贮效果.     

凉山光叶紫花苕生物性状与影响草、种生产因素的分析

对凉山光叶紫花苕Vicia villosa多生态观测分析,低山河谷区、二半山区秋季播种可完成全部生育过程,高寒山区越冬率低,随海拔增高植株性状表型值出现明显差异;经性状相关程度通径分析得出,影响产草的主要性状是叶质量和分枝长度,影响产种的主要性状是单株质量、结荚数、分枝长度;单株产种量及种子质量低山河谷区优于二半山区,原种生产区宜建在凉山低山河谷区。研究得出8月底前播种为适宜期,生产草适宜用种量60~105 kg/hm2,生产种子适宜用种量为22.5~37.5 kg/hm2,生产种子应采用冬前刈割1次后留种,生产草在冬前刈割1次,开春后刈割1~2次。     

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) poisoning in cattle: update and experimental induction of disease.

Hairy vetch poisoning (vetch-associated disease) of cattle is a generalized disease characterized pathologically by infiltration of skin and many internal organs by monocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and often eosinophils and multinucleated giant cells and clinically by dermatitis, pruritis, often diarrhea, wasting, and high mortality. The disease was experimentally reproduced in an adult Angus female that had recovered from the natural disease 1 year earlier. She developed dermatitis on the 11th day of vetch feeding, and despite withdrawal from the vetch diet on the 12th day, death occurred 24 days after first day of vetch feeding. The cow developed lymphocytosis and hyperproteinemia. The results of other hematologic evaluations, blood chemical profiles, urinalysis, and cutaneous hypersensitivity tests using vetch lectin were normal. Lymphocyte blastogenesis studies with vetch lectin were not interpretable. Necropsy revealed gross lesions characteristic of the disease in the skin, heart, kidney, adrenal, and lymphoid tissues. Microscopically there was typical cellular infiltration in those organs and in the thyroid, liver, pancreas, salivary and mammary glands, urinary bladder, corpus luteum, and cerebral meninges. Cutaneous apocrine gland necrosis was present. The inflammatory reaction has qualities of a type-IV hypersensitivity reaction. Hypersensitivity may occur when constituents of the ingested plant are absorbed and act as antigens that sensitize lymphocytes and evoke the multisystemic granulomatous inflammatory response that characterizes the disease. Alternatively, vetch lectin may directly activate T lymphocytes to initiate the cellular response. Vetch-like diseases have been associated with a variety of diets that did not contain hairy vetch.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Arsenic toxicosis and suspected chromium toxicosis in a herd of cattle

Arsenic toxicosis and suspected chromium toxicosis were diagnosed in a herd of cattle that ingested ashes from lumber treated with copper, chromium, and arsenic. Findings included peracute death, depression, ataxia, weakness, recumbency, and watery diarrhea. Chemical analyses of liver, kidney, abomasal contents, rumen contents, and ashes revealed high concentrations of arsenic and chromium. Histologically, specimens of abomasum and duodenum had diffuse mucosal degeneration and engorged capillaries. Epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules and distal collecting tubules of the kidney were swollen and had mild granular cytoplasmic degeneration. Burning lumber treated with copper, chromium, and arsenic does not remove the heavy metals from them, and ingestion of the ashes from the wood constitutes a hazard to livestock health.     

Ionophore use and toxicosis in cattle.

Ionophores comprise a rapidly expanding class of antibiotics produced by filamentous branching bacteria of the order Actinomycetales. The use of ionophores as coccidiostats and growth promotants has resulted in the occurrence of toxicoses in target and nontarget species. Clinical and pathologic effects of ionophore poisoning are caused by bioactivity and damage to excitable tissues such as cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and the nervous system. Ionophore toxicoses are often related to errors in feed mixing, so the practitioner should give primary importance to the removal of suspect feeds and testing to confirm excessive exposure.     

Ethylene glycol toxicosis in cattle.

A 1-month-old Jersey calf died of oxalate nephropathy. The calf had access to antifreeze (ethylene glycol) 3 days prior to death. Since ethylene glycol toxicosis had not been reported in cattle, the effects or oral administration of ethylene glycol were studied in 7 calves and 3 cows. The toxic dose ranged from 2 to 10 ml of ethylene glycol per kg of body weight. Clinical signs were increased respiration, staggering gait, paraparesis, depression and later, recumbency and death. Hemoglobinuria and epistaxis were seen at doses of 10mg/kg of body weight. Azotemia, hypocalcemia and neutrophilia were constant findings whereas acidosis, plasma hyperosmolality and hemolytic anemia were seen in the animals receiving the higher doses. A diagnosis of ethylene glycol toxicosis must be based upon a history of ingestion and the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in body tissues (especially the kidney and brain).     

Suspected monensin toxicosis in feedlot cattle

Suspected monensin toxicosis was seen in feedlot cattle aged 6 to 9 months. Twenty cattle died following inclusion of monensin in the feed at 400g/tonne, which was 13 times the recommended level. The deaths occurred over 2 weeks. Clinical signs were inappetance, respiratory distress and sudden death. Post-mortem features were those of right-sided heart failure and included dependent subcutaneous oedema, ascites, hydrothorax, and periancinar hepatocyte congestion and necrosis. However, in contrast to previous reports no myocardial necrosis was found, but focal skeletal muscle necrosis was observed. Additional findings were marked pulmonary oedema accompanied by fibrin and erythrocyte exudation into alveoli and interlobular lymphatics. From these findings it appears that monensin, as well as affecting both cardiac and skeletal muscle, has a primary effect on lung vasculature.     

Delayed phalaris grass toxicosis in sheep and cattle

A phalaris grass (Phalaris caroliniana) caused neurologic signs and lesions in cattle and sheep. The sheep were hyperexcitable and uncoordinated, with severe muscle twitching, stiff gait, and head nodding. The cattle were thin, nervous, and ataxic. One feature of chronic phalaris toxicosis in these cases was onset of signs weeks or months after removal of the animals from the forage.     

Copper toxicosis in cattle fed chicken litter

Cattle from 2 herds developed copper toxicosis after the ingestion of chicken litter. The affected animals were adult Holstein cows and crossbred steers that ate 9 to 16 kg of litter/day. These cattle developed a sudden onset of weakness, depression, anorexia, icteric mucous membranes, and dark reddish brown urine. Liver copper concentrations in 2 cattle (1 from each herd) were 436 and 730 ppm. Results of copper analyses of chicken litter ranged from 620 to 920 ppm. Sodium molybdate and sodium thiosulfate were added to the ration of the dairy herd. Two cows with clinical signs of copper toxicosis recovered after being given additional sodium molybdate and thiosulfate supplements, orally.     

毛苕子对次生盐碱地抑盐效应的研究

通过田间试验测定不同密度毛苕子(Vicia villosa)处理的可溶性盐分及盐分离子，研究了毛苕子对次生盐碱地的抑盐效应。结果表明：在0～100cm的土层中，高、中和低密度毛苕子地的平均可溶性盐分分别较对照降低78．5％，74．7％，71．1％；各处理间的平均可溶性盐分和对照比差异达极显著(SSR0．01)；可溶性盐分降低最显著的是0～20cm土层；毛苕子对可溶性盐分和盐离子层次分布影响结果是形成表层高-中层低-下层高的态势；随总可溶性盐分量的减少，盐分离子组成也相应地发生变化，毛苕子能显著增大盐碱地的K^ ／Na^ ；不同密度毛苕子处理的K^ 、Na^ 、Ca^2 、Mg^2 、Cl^-规律性较好而SO4^2-欠佳。毛苕子改良盐碱地可开发盐地草产业，生态、经济效益俱佳，在西部内陆区次生盐碱地开发中具有广泛的农学意义。     

根瘤菌与固氮菌联合对毛叶苕子的促生效果

利用前期筛选的具有优良固氮活性的巨大芽孢杆菌菌株N3和豌豆根瘤菌菌株Vic5,研究单一及复合接种对毛叶苕子的促生效果及对土壤性质的影响.结果表明:相比不接菌处理CK,单一接种N3能显著提高毛叶苕子根瘤固氮酶活性,单一接种Vic5能显著提高毛叶苕子地上部生物量、结瘤数和根瘤固氮酶活性,Vic5处理下毛叶苕子地上部生物量、...     

牛尿素中毒的治疗体会

尿素中毒在兽医临床上较多见。笔者曾治疗6例病牛,皆因误食多量尿素后发病,经及时抢救均痊愈,现将解毒方法总结如下。     

不同毛苕子种质材料种子产量与相关性状的分析

为了筛选出优异的种质材料,给不同地区的种植提供参考依据,试验以12份毛苕子为主要研究对象,对生长期测定的单株主茎节数、株高、每株花序数等11个主要性状与种子产量进行相关分析。结果表明,毛苕子的单株主茎节数、单株花序数、每花序小花数、每株荚数、每荚粒数和千粒重与种子产量的关系最为密切,且相关性表现为每株荚数>单株主茎节数>每花序小花数>千粒重>每株花序数。经逐步回归分析,得到的回归方程为Y=-55.65208-5.61187X4+25.66403X6-6.24766X11(R^(2)=0.7514),说明每株花序数、每花序小花数和千粒重对毛苕子种子产量贡献最大。     

Iodine toxicosis in six herds of dairy cattle

Daily iodine intake estimated to range from greater than 68 to 600 mg/animal/day was associated with signs referable to iodine intoxication in adult cows in 6 herds of dairy cattle. Signs were reversed by lowering supplemental intake to less than 12 mg/animal/day. Results of biochemical tests other than those for serum and milk iodine were not diagnostic. Serum iodine concentrations were 2.6 to 6.9 times the mean iodine concentration found in 12 control cows, each receiving 12 mg of iodine/day. Milk iodine concentrations were 3.6 to 13.6 times milk iodine concentrations in the control cows.