Antimutagenic activity of flavonoids from Pogostemon cablin

A methanol extract from Pogostemon cablin showed a suppressive effect on umu gene expression of SOS response in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 against the mutagen 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (furylfuramide). The methanol extract was re-extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, butanol, and water. A dichloromethane fraction showed a suppressive effect. Suppressive compounds against furylfuramide in the dichloromethane fraction were isolated by SiO(2) column chromatography and identified as 7,4'-di-O-methyleriodictyol (1), 7, 3',4'-tri-O-methyleriodictyol (2), and 3,7,4'-tri-O-methylkaempferol (3). In addition, three flavonoids, ombuine (4), pachypodol (5), and kumatakenin (6), were isolated and identified from the dichrolomethane fraction. Compounds 1 and 3 suppressed >50% of the SOS-inducing activity at <0.6 micromol/mL, and the ID(50) values of both compounds were 0.25 micromol/mL. Compound 2 showed a weakly suppressive effect (17%) at a concentration of 0.6 micromol/mL, and compounds 4-6 did not. These compounds were also assayed with 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), which requires liver metabolizing enzymes. Compounds 3-6 suppressed >80% of the SOS-inducing activity of Trp-P-1 at <0.06 micromol/mL, and compounds 1 and 2 suppressed 87 and 63% at a concentration of 0.3 micromol/mL. In addition, these compounds were assayed with activated Trp-P-1, and the suppressed effects of these compounds were further decreased when compared to Trp-P-1. The antimutagenic activities of these compounds against furylfuramide, Trp-P-1, and activated Trp-P-1 were assayed by the Ames test using S. typhimurium TA100.     

Evaluation of the potential hypoglycemic and Beta-cell protective constituents isolated from Corni fructus to tackle insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Corni fructus is the fruit of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. and has attracted much interest due to its traditional applications and active fraction that reportedly possesses antidiabetic effects. In this study, we isolated 12 compounds from Corni fructus including three flavonoids, two iridoid glycosides, three phenolic compounds, and two triterpenoids, together with cornuside (11) and 2-butoxybutanedioic acid (12). Chemical structures were identified by (1)H, (13)C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC spectral analyses. Furthermore, the glucose uptake efficiency, messenger (m)RNA expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and prevention of cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity in the presence of test agents were evaluated. While CH and CB significantly increased glucose uptake from muscle, compounds 3 and 8, each at 50 μM, significantly suppressed PEPCK mRNA expression. Finally, compound 5, at 50 and 100 μM, effectively attenuated β-cell death. In conclusion, those compounds could contribute to the antihyperglycemic and β-cell-protective actions of Corni fructus against diabetes mellitus.     

裙带菜中褐藻糖胶的提取纯化及其组成的研究

该实验优化了裙带菜褐藻糖胶的提取工艺,对粗多糖进行了分离纯化,并研究了各组分的单糖组成和硫酸根含量。利用响应面优化法,依据二次回归分析确定裙带菜褐藻糖胶的最佳提取工艺为：提取温度76℃,提取时间2.5 h,料液比1︰6.5。在此条件下提取2次,粗多糖的提取率可达到7.53%。提取的粗多糖用DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析分离纯化,共得到5个峰,干燥后得到5个组分。用硫酸钡比浊法测定5个组分的硫酸根含量分别为8.3%、19.2%、30.1%、38.4%和33.0%。糖腈乙酸酯衍生物气相色谱测得各组分的单糖组成分别为：组分1主要含有甘露糖和半乳糖;组分2主要含有鼠李糖,岩藻糖,木糖,甘露糖,葡萄糖和半乳糖;组分3主要含有鼠李糖,岩藻糖和甘露糖;组分4主要含有岩藻糖和半乳糖;组分5主要含有岩藻糖,甘露糖和半乳糖。     

Identification of benzophenone C-glucosides from mango tree leaves and their inhibitory effect on triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

A 70% ethanol-water extract from the leaves of Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) inhibited triglyceride (TG) accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. From the active fraction, seven new benzophenone C-glycosides, foliamangiferosides A (1), A(1) (2), A(2) (3), B (4), C(1) (5), C(2) (6), and C(3) (7), together with five known compounds were isolated and the structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. The effects of these compounds on TG and the free fatty acid level in 3T3-L1 cells were determined, and the structure-activity relationship was discussed. On the basis of the AMPK signaling pathway, several compounds were found to increase the AMPK enzyme expression and down-regulate lipogenic enzyme gene expression such as SREBP1c, FAS, and HSL.     

Inhibitory effect of hot-water extract from dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in cell and cell-free systems

The dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida, a local soft drink material and medical herb, was found to possess potential against oxidative stress. In the preliminary study, the antioxidant potential of a hot-water extract obtained from the dried fruit of C. pinnatifida (CF-H) was evaluated in terms of its capacity of quenching 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals (EC(50) = 0.118 mg/mL). After content analysis, it was found that CF-H is mainly composed of polyphenols including flavonoids (6.9%), procyanidins (2.2%), (+)-catechin (0.5%), and (-)-epicatechin (0.2%). The antioxidative bioactivity of CF-H had been assess previously using the models of CuSO(4) as cell-free system and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) plus macrophage RAW 264.7 cells as cell system to induce human low-density lipoprotein oxidation. CF-H was found to inhibit relative electrophoretic mobility and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances at the concentration of 0.5-1.0 mg/mL in the cell-free system and at 0.01-0.10 mg/mL in the cell system. Furthermore, it was found that CF-H decreased the SNP-induced cell lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione depletion.     

Suppression of chemical mutagen-induced SOS response by alkylphenols from clove (Syzygium aromaticum) in the Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 umu test

A methanol extract from clove (Syzygium aromaticum) showed a suppressive effect of the SOS-inducing activity on the mutagen 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (furylfuramide) in the Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 umu test. The methanol extract was re-extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The hexane fraction showed a suppressive effect. Suppressive compounds in the hexane fraction were isolated by silica gel column chromatography and identified as trans-isoeugenol (1) and eugenol (2) by GC, GC-MS, IR, and (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 1 and 2 suppressed the furylfuramide-induced SOS response in the umu test. Compounds 1 and 2 suppressed 42.3 and 29.9% of the SOS-inducing activity at a concentration of 0.60 micromol/mL. These compounds were assayed with other mutagens, 4-nitroquinolin 1-oxide (4NQO) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). In addition, compounds 1 and 2 were assayed with aflatoxin B(1) (AfB(1)) and 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), which require liver metabolizing enzymes. These compounds showed suppressive effects of the SOS-inducing activity against furylfuramide, 4NQO, AfB(1), and Trp-P-1. To research the structure-activity relationship, methyl esters of 1 and 2 (1Me and 2Me) and o-eugenol (3), as compounds similar to 2, were also assayed with all mutagens. Compounds 1Me, 2Me, and 3 showed weak suppressive effects of the SOS-inducing activity against furylfuramide.     

腌制加工对不同品种叶用芥菜抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化活性的影响

本试验以4个不同品种叶用芥菜为材料,研究了腌制加工对叶用芥菜抗氧化物质含量(维生素C、总酚、总黄酮)和抗氧化活性(TEAC值和FRAP值)的影响。结果表明:与腌制前相比芥菜中抗氧化物质含量与抗氧化活性都有不同程度的下降。维生素C含量下降最为显著(P<0.01),幅度为40.70%~57.46%,总黄酮含量下降不显著,幅度为2.30%~10.62%,总酚介于二者之间;抗氧化活性的变化在品种间存在较大差异,雪里蕻和金丝芥腌制后抗氧化活性下降幅度未达到显著水平(TEAC 8.49%~10.83%,FRAP 9.03%~14.06%),而笋壳青菜和瘤子芥菜下降幅度达到显著水平(TEAC 14.45%~19.14%,FRAP 28.05%~35.77%,P<0.05)。总酚和总黄酮与抗氧化活性呈现极显著的正相关,总酚与TEAC和FRAP的R2分别为0.9482和0.9395,总黄酮与TEAC和FRAP的R2分别为0.8287和0.9129。维生素C与抗氧化活性的相关性较弱(TEAC,R2=0.2968,FRAP,R2=0.0979),酚类物质在腌制叶用芥菜抗氧化活性中起重要作用。     

Effect of phytocompounds from the heartwood of Acacia confusa on inflammatory mediator production

Acacia confusa Merr. (Leguminosae) is traditionally used as a medicinal plant in Taiwan. In the present study, anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from the heartwood of A. confusa were investigated for the first time. Results demonstrated that ethanolic extracts of A. confusa heartwood strongly suppressed NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Among all fractions derived from ethanolic extracts, the EtOAc fraction exhibited the best inhibitory activity. Following column chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, 13 specific phytocompounds including 5 new flavonoids (i.e., 7,8,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxyflavan-3-ol, 7,8,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone, 7,8,3'-trihydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxyflavone, 7,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone, and 7,3',4'-trihydroxy-3-methoxyflavone) were isolated and identified from the EtOAc fraction. In addition, melanoxetin (3,7,8,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavone), a major compound in the EtOAc fraction, markedly suppressed LPS-induced NO and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2) production. Moreover, melanoxetin completely suppressed gene expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at 50 and 100 microM, respectively. This is the first report to identify the inhibitory bioactivities of melanoxetin on iNOS and COX-2.     

Extract of lotus leaf ( Nelumbo nucifera ) and its active constituent catechin with insulin secretagogue activity

The effect of lotus leaf ( Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on diabetes is unclear. We hypothesized that lotus leaf can regulate insulin secretion and blood glucose levels. The in vitro and in vivo effects of lotus leaf methanolic extract (NNE) on insulin secretion and hyperglycemia were investigated. NNE increased insulin secretion from β cells (HIT-T15) and human islets. NNE enhanced the intracellular calcium levels in β cells. NNE could also enhance phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK)1/2 and protein kinase C (PKC), which could be reversed by a PKC inhibitor. The in vivo studies showed that NNE possesses the ability to regulate blood glucose levels in fasted normal mice and high-fat-diet-induced diabetic mice. Furthermore, the in vitro and in vivo effects of the active constituents of NNE, quercetin, and catechin, on glucose-induced insulin secretion and blood glucose regulation were evaluated. Quercetin did not affect insulin secretion, but catechin significantly and dose-dependently enhanced insulin secretion. Orally administered catechin significantly reversed the glucose intolerance in high-fat-diet-induced diabetic mice. These findings suggest that NNE and its active constituent catechin are useful in the control of hyperglycemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus through their action as insulin secretagogues.     

黑苦荞米黄酮提取工艺优化及其降血糖活性研究

为了获得合适的黑苦荞米黄酮提取工艺,该文采用单因素试验和响应面设计,选择乙醇体积分数、料液比、提取时间、提取温度4个因素,优化黑苦荞米黄酮提取工艺。试验结果表明,黑苦荞米黄酮的最佳提取条件是:乙醇体积分数54%,料液比1:24 g/m L,提取时间62 min,提取温度71℃。在此条件下,理论黄酮得率为2.21%,实际黄酮得率为2.20%,相对误差为0.45%。在此基础上进一步研究了黑苦荞米黄酮的α-淀粉酶抑制活性,结果表明7.5 mg/m L的黑苦荞米黄酮对α-淀粉酶活性的抑制率为54.05%,与二甲双胍(5 mg/m L)效果相当;此外,与空白对照相比,50μg/m L黑苦荞米黄酮能显著(P0.05)提高肝脏细胞Hep G2的葡萄糖消耗量(48.73%),并促进肝脏细胞糖原的合成。研究结果表明,黑苦荞米黄酮具有较好的辅助降血糖功效。     

Antimutagenic activity of polymethoxyflavonoids from Citrus aurantium

The methanol extract from Citrus aurantium showed a suppressive effect on umu gene expression of SOS response in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 against the mutagen 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (furylfuramide). The methanol extract from C. aurantium was successively re-extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, butanol, and water. A dichloromethane fraction showed a suppressive effect. The suppressive compounds in the dichloromethane fraction were isolated by SiO(2) column chromatography and identified as tetra-O-methylscutellarein (1), sinensetin (2), and nobiletin (3) by EI-MS and (1)H- and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. These compounds suppressed the furylfuramide-induced SOS response in the umu test. Gene expression was suppressed 67%, 45%, and 25% at a concentration of 0.6 micromol/mL, respectively. The ID(50) value (50% inhibition dose) of compound 1 was 0. 19 micromol/mL. These compounds were assayed with other mutagens, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), which requires liver metabolizing enzymes, activated Trp-P-1, and UV irradiation. These compounds showed of all mutagen-induced SOS response in the umu test. In addition, compounds 1-3 exhibited antimutagenic activity in the S. typhimurium TA100 Ames test.     

Cacao polyphenol extract suppresses transformation of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor in C57BL/6 mice

Dioxins enter the body through the diet and cause various toxicological effects through transformation of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Plant extracts and phytochemicals including flavonoids are reported to suppress this transformation. This paper investigates the suppression by a cacao polyphenol extract (CPE) of AhR transformation in vivo. The CPE was administered orally to C57BL/6 mice at 100 mg/kg of body weight, followed 1 h later by 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), an AhR agonist, injected intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg of body weight. CPE suppressed the MC-induced transformation to the control level by inhibiting the formation of a heterodimer between AhR and an aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator in the liver at 3 h postadministration. It also suppressed MC-induced cytochrome P4501A1 expression and NAD(P)H:quinone-oxidoreductase activity, whereas it increased glutathione S-transferase activity at 25 h. CPE constituents and their metabolites might contribute, at least in part, to the suppression of AhR transformation. The results indicate that the intake of CPE suppressed the toxicological effects of dioxins in the body.     

Molecular structures of citrus flavonoids determine their effects on lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells by primarily suppressing apoB secretion

This study investigated the underlying mechanisms of action for blood lipid lowering effects of citrus flavonoids and their methoxylated analogues (n = 19; dose range: 0-100 μM) in HepG2 cells. Cholesterol (CH) and triglyceride (TG) syntheses were assessed by measuring the incorporation of (14)C-acetate and (14)C-glycerol, respectively, whereas apoB secretion was determined by ELISA. Results show that two polymethoxylated citrus flavonoids (PMFs), tangeretin and nobiletin, potently inhibited apoB secretion (IC(50) = 13 and 29 μM, respectively) and modestly inhibited CH synthesis (IC(50) = 49 and 68 μM) and TG synthesis (IC(50) = 14 and 73 μM), without effecting LDL-receptor activity. Other PMFs (e.g., sinensetin) and non-PMFs (e.g., hesperetin and naringenin) had only weak effects on CH and TG syntheses and apoB secretion (IC(50) > 100 μM). The structure-activity analysis indicated that a fully methoxylated A-ring of the flavonoid structure was associated with a potent inhibitory activity on hepatic apoB secretion. In conclusion, this study using HepG2 cells indicates that citrus flavonoids with a fully methoxylated A-ring may lower blood CH and TG concentrations primarily by suppressing hepatic apoB secretion as a main underlying mode of action.     

Metabolic fate of glucose on 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with grape seed-derived procyanidin extract (GSPE). Comparison with the effects of insulin

In this paper we investigate the effects of a grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) on the metabolic fate of glucose in adipocytes. Differentiated 3T3-L1 cells were treated with 140 mg/L GSPE or 100 nM insulin for a short period (1 h, acute treatment) or for a long period (15 h, chronic treatment). 2-Deoxy-[1-(3)H]glucose uptake and [1-(14)C]glucose incorporation into cells, glycogen, and lipid were measured. We found that GSPE mimicked the anabolic effects of insulin but there were several important differences. GSPE stimulated glycogen synthesis less than insulin. After chronic exposure, GSPE induced a higher incorporation of glucose into lipid, mainly due to the increase in glucose directed to glycerol synthesis. Our main conclusions, therefore, are that GSPE has insulinomimetic properties and activates glycogen and lipid synthesis. However, the differences between the effects of GSPE and the effects of insulin indicate that GSPE uses mechanisms complementary to those of insulin signaling pathways to bring about these effects.     

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory and antihyperglycemic effects of polyphenols in the fruit of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb

Small crimson fruit of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. (gamazumi), a wild deciduous low tree belonging to a family of Caprifoliaceae, has strong antioxidant activity, and cyanidin 3-sambubioside (C3S) and 5-caffeoyl quinic acid (5-CQA) are identified as active compounds. The freeze-dried powder of V. dilatatum fruit juice (CEV) was orally administered to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 4 weeks repeatedly. Consequently, the elevation of plasma glucose level after oral administration of 2 g/kg glucose was suppressed by the repeated administration of CEV. The action was dependent on the dose of CEV, and plasma glucose level in rats administered 500 mg/kg of CEV was decreased significantly from that in rats without CEV. Increase of insulin secretion was not found in rats with or without administration of CEV. It was expected that CEV had some effects on glucose uptake. In five compounds identified from V. dilatatum fruit, C3S and 5-CQA showed inhibitory activity on sucrase and maltase. Inhibitory activity of cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin aglycon (Cy) was not found markedly, and so it was thought that the activity was a characteristic property in Cy diglycosides. Moreover, 5-CQA and C3S were main polyphenol in the fruit of V. dilatatum. These results suggest that V. dilatatum fruit has the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities and the antihyperglycemic action.     

Effect of alkalized magnesic salinity on soil respiration changes with substrate availability and incubation time

Effects of salinities other than NaCl-dominated on soil respiration have been rarely studied. We investigated interactive effect of alkalized magnesic salinity and substrate availability on soil respiration. Topsoil samples (S1, S2, S3, and S4, with total soluble salts 1.4, 24.7, 43.7, and 88.6?g?kg^?1, respectively) were amended without or with glucose or plant residues and incubated in the dark for 62?days at 28°C. Under no organic addition, respiration rate of saline soils (S2–S4) was suppressed in the first 2?weeks, unaffected in the following 4?weeks but stimulated in the remaining 3?weeks, compared to non-saline soil (S1). This shift from the negative to the positive effect of salinity lagged under glucose and lagged more under residue addition, compared to no organic addition. By the end of incubation, cumulative CO₂–C evolution from soils was unaffected by salinity under no organic amendment. On the contrary, cumulative CO₂–C evolution was higher from S2 and S3 but lower from S4 than from S1 under glucose addition, and it was higher from S2 but lower from S3 and S4 than from S1 under plant residue addition. We concluded that the alkalized magnesic salinity effect on soil respiration changes with substrate availability and incubation time.     

Microbial use of organic amendments in saline soils monitored by changes in the C/C ratio

An incubation experiment was carried out to investigate whether salinity at high pH has negative effects on microbial substrate use, i.e. the mineralization of the amendment to CO₂ and inorganic N and the incorporation of amendment C into microbial biomass C. In order to exploit natural differences in the ¹³C/¹²C ratio, substrate from two C₄ plants, i.e. highly decomposed and N-rich sugarcane filter cake and less decomposed N-poor maize leaf straw, were added to two alkaline Pakistani soils differing in salinity, which had previously been cultivated with C₃ plants. In soil 1, the additional CO₂ evolution was equivalent to 65% of the added amount in the maize straw treatment and to 35% in the filter cake treatment. In the more saline soil 2, the respective figures were 56% and 32%. The maize straw amendment led to an identical immobilization of approximately 48 μg N g⁻¹ soil over the 56-day incubation in both soils compared with the control soils. In the filter cake treatment, the amount of inorganic N immobilized was 8.5 μg N g⁻¹ higher in soil 1 than in soil 2 compared with the control soils. In the control treatment, the content of microbial biomass C₃-C in soil 1 was twice that in soil 2 throughout the incubation. This fraction declined by about 30% during the incubation in both soils. The two amendments replaced initially similar absolute amounts of the autochthonous microbial biomass C, i.e. 50% of the original microbial biomass C in soil 1 and almost 90% in soil 2. The highest contents of microbial biomass C₄-C were equivalent to 7% (filter cake) and 11% (maize straw) of the added C. In soil 2, the corresponding values were 14% lower. Increasing salinity had no direct negative effects on microbial substrate use in the present two soils. Consequently, the differences in soil microbial biomass contents are most likely caused indirectly by salinity-induced reduction in plant growth rather than directly by negative effects of salinity on soil microorganisms.     

Antioxidant activities and anthocyanin content of fresh fruits of common fig (Ficus carica L.)

Fig fruit has been a typical component in the health-promoting Mediterranean diet for millennia. To study the potential health-promoting constituents of fig fruits, six commercial fig varieties differing in color (black, red, yellow, and green) were analyzed for total polyphenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and amount and profile of anthocyanins. Using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC), various concentrations of anthocyanins but a similar profile was found in all varieties studied. Hydrolysis revealed cyanidin as the major aglycon. Proton and carbon NMR confirmed cyanidin-3-O-rhamnoglucoside (cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside; C3R) as the main anthocyanin in all fruits. Color appearance of fig extract correlated well with total polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity. Extracts of darker varieties showed higher contents of phytochemicals compared to lighter colored varieties. Fruit skins contributed most of the above phytochemicals and antioxidant activity compared to the fruit pulp. Antioxidant capacity correlated well with the amounts of polyphenols and anthocyanins (R2 = 0.985 and 0.992, respectively). In the dark-colored Mission and the red Brown-Turkey varieties, the anthocyanin fraction contributed 36 and 28% of the total antioxidant capacity, respectively. C3R contributed 92% of the total antioxidant capacity of the anthocyanin fraction. Fruits of the Mission variety contained the highest levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins and exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity.     

矮壮素对马铃薯中薯3号光合特征和磷素营养的影响

为进一步研究矮壮素调节马铃薯生长发育及其增产的原因,对出苗后24.d和28.d的马铃薯品种"中薯3号"植株分别喷施矮壮素(CCC)0.g/L(A1,对照)、1.5.g/L(A2)2、.0.g/L(A3)、2.5.g/L(A4)各1次,研究CCC对马铃薯中薯3号出苗后不同天数的光合特征和磷素营养的影响。结果表明:A2、A3、A4处理在出苗后36.d(B1)的叶片净光合速率均低于对照,而A2和A3处理的SPAD值高于对照;A3处理在出苗后46.d(B2)、56.d(B3)和66.d(B4)的净光合速率和SPAD值都最高。应用32P示踪技术研究表明,在植株的不同部位[叶(C1)、地上茎(C2)、地下茎(C3)和根(C4)]中,处理组合A3B1C1、A3B1C2、A2B1C3和A3B1C4对32P放射性活度的影响分别与其他相同部位的处理组合有显著差异;在出苗后36.d时,处理A3的根对磷素的吸收量最大,磷素主要运输、分配到地上茎和叶,按各部位相对含量排序,依次为地上茎>叶>根>地下茎。各CCC处理的全株吸磷率随植株的生长而增加,在56.d时全株吸磷率都达到最大值,但在66.d时对磷素的吸收量减少;处理A4、A2和A3在出苗后36.d时的全株吸磷率都高于对照;处理A3的全株吸磷率在出苗后不同天数都高于其他处理。