Zinc accumulation characteristics of some leafy vegetables

Abstract

Twelve leafy vegetables were grown on field plots treated with 0, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 pounds Zn per acre incorporated into the 0‐ to 10‐inch soil depth. At harvest maturity the edible parts of the plants were sampled and analyzed for Zn.

Of the 12 crops grown, only Swiss chard and spinach showed any tendency to be Zn accumulators. Even these crops would tolerate extremely high levels of available soil Zn before accumulating what might be considered hazardous Zn concentrations. Swiss chard and spinach were the only crops which showed visible growth depression when grown on plots treated with 800 lbs. Zn per acre.     

Protozoan predation of Escherichia coli in hydroponic media of leafy vegetables

Multiple outbreaks of food poisoning associated with fresh vegetable consumptions have occurred in many countries. Numerous reports have described human pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp., that can internalize into fresh vegetables via root or leaf surfaces. While attempting to obtain the threshold concentration of internalization of E. coli inoculated into hydroponic medium during vegetable cultivation, we observed a rapid decrease in E. coli numbers. In the present study, we determined that the rapid decline in E. coli was not due to a physiological change into a viable but non-culturable (VNC) state. The population crash was instead caused by true bacterial death, as the rapid descent was also confirmed by micro-colony fluorescence in situ hybridization, a culture-independent method that can detect VNC cells. We next monitored the number of E. coli inoculated into intact or filter-sterilized hydroponic medium after cultivation of various types of plants. We found that the number of E. coli in intact hydroponic medium decreased markedly, whereas the level in filter-sterilized hydroponic medium was completely unchanged. This result suggests that biotic factors were present that could be eliminated by filtering. Robust predation of E. coli by protozoa (ciliates and flagellates) was observed using fluorescently labeled bacteria incorporated into the hydroponic medium. Finally, morphological identification of flagellates by scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of a species of Stramenopiles. These findings suggest the importance of protozoa as bacterial feeders in hydroponic systems and hence the use of these organisms as potential control agents of human pathogenic bacteria.     

Some factors affecting regional differentiation of the soils in the Republic of Benin (West Africa)

Spatial distribution of the parent materials, color, clay-eluviated horizon thickness, textural profile type, presence and position of the ferruginous nodules and ferricretes in the profile are analyzed at a small scale using the thematic information content of the published 1:200,000 soil map of Benin. Analyses indicate that there is a regional differentiation of the soil cover which is first drawn on that of the geological provinces, sedimentary basins, great morpho-structural units, and then determined by the factors that control the preservation or the transformation and erosion of an ancient lateritic mantle. These factors are directly influenced by differential changes of the local base levels.     

Heavy metals in vegetables and their impact on the nutrient quality of vegetables: A review

Vegetables are vital to the human diet, and in particular provide the well-known nutrients to maintain normal physiological functions. The prolonged application of large amount of fertilizers and pesticides has resulted in heavy metal accumulation in vegetable gardens. Exposure to heavy metals by the consumption of contaminated vegetables and its toxicity is a serious concern. This article reviews the presence of heavy metals in different vegetables, their mechanism of absorption, impact of heavy metals on physiology, and nutrient reduction and associated impact on humans with emphasis on pregnant women based on the existing scientific literature. However, a limited number of studies was found in the data base that examined the reduction of nutrients in the vegetables due to heavy metal contamination. The heavy metals were found in 36 vegetables in 61 regions of the world and were above permissible limits in most of the vegetables. Specific study to human toxicity due to the contamination of heavy metals may be conducted with emphasis on pregnant women, children, and elderly people. Furthermore, strategy and policy should be devised to control the heavy metals in vegetables and those vegetables that are hyper-accumulators of heavy metals should be identified for awareness purposes.     

不同配方蚕沙有机无机复混肥在叶菜类蔬菜上的效果研究

通过盆栽试验,对由蚕沙作为主要有机物料研制的有机无机复混肥的不同配方在生菜和青菜上的施用效果,及其对植株吸收养分和土壤养分供应的影响进行研究。试验结果表明,施用配方1、2、3的蚕沙有机无机复混肥的青菜分别比对照增产35.1%、16.2%、42.1%;生菜增产33.0%、23.4%、38.5%。施用3个配方的蚕沙有机无机复混肥与对照相比,具有促进植株对N、P、K养分吸收的作用,长期施用蚕沙有机无机复混肥对提高和保持土壤养分是有益的。     

施肥对蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的影响

通过对山东省蔬菜面积较大的潍坊和青岛市的蔬菜进行了取样分析及有关的试验,结果表明:依据国家标准(GB18406 1—2001)在所测的所有样品中,蔬菜硝酸盐含量均没有超标。而依据FAO/WHO(1973年)规定,瓜果类和根茎类蔬菜硝酸盐含量均不超标,而叶菜类有近30%超标,超标蔬菜达到了生食盐渍不宜,熟食允许的程度;同一种类蔬菜露天栽培比保护地栽培的硝酸盐积累量少;氮磷钾合理配合施用能减少蔬菜硝酸盐积累。本文提出了控制蔬菜硝酸盐积累的施肥措施。     

泉州蔬菜硝酸盐污染的调查及探讨

调查了 1 1类型 5 9种蔬菜 ,发现泉州蔬菜硝酸盐污染普遍 ,严重超标。其NO3- 累积量一般规律是 :叶菜类 >根菜类 >薯芋类 >茄果类 >葱蒜类 >芽苗菜类、瓜类 >豆类 >水生类 >多年生类 >食用菌类。另外 ,从调查分析中 ,发现了施肥和土壤肥力水平对蔬菜体内NO3- 含量影响相当大。     

复合污染土壤上几种叶类蔬菜对Cd和As的富集效应

[目的]不同蔬菜镉、砷富集系数各异,对镉和砷污染土壤的响应也不同。研究复合污染土壤上不同叶类蔬菜对Cd和As的积累效应,为轻度中度Cd和As污染土壤的合理与安全利用提供适宜的蔬菜种类。[方法]采集了西安市12个污染程度不同的菜地耕层土壤,于2015年3月6日5月26日在西北农林科技大学资源环境学院遮雨大棚内进行了盆栽试验。供试7种叶菜,包括菠菜、油菜、生菜、油麦菜、苋菜、空心菜和茼蒿。蔬菜收获后,测量了蔬菜产量、Cd和As含量与吸收累积量,计算了蔬菜对Cd和As的富集系数等,并用线性回归模型研究了不同蔬菜栽培的土壤Cd和As安全临界值。[结果]镉污染土壤(0.6~2.4 mg/kg)对大多数蔬菜生物量有抑制效应,中、低浓度镉砷复合污染(Cd 1.0~2.4 mg/kg,As 24.9~26.8 mg/kg)对供试蔬菜生长没有叠加效应。镉污染土壤上,菠菜、油菜、苋菜叶、生菜可食部Cd含量均超出食品安全限量标准(0.2 mg/kg),其中菠菜和油菜Cd最高超标4倍以上;而茼蒿和空心菜茎秆Cd未超标。虽然供试蔬菜砷含量随着土壤砷含量增加有升高趋势,但叶菜As含量没有超标。7种蔬菜Cd富集系数为0.083~0.491,高低顺序为油菜、菠菜、生菜和苋菜叶>油麦菜、苋菜茎和空心菜叶>空心菜茎和茼蒿。菠菜、油菜、生菜、油麦菜、苋菜、空心菜和茼蒿土壤Cd安全临界值分别为0.33、0.38、0.46、1.15、0.59~1.79、1.49~8.16和8.98~17.11 mg/kg,其中菠菜、油菜和生菜阈值与现行标准(0.3~0.6 mg/kg)相当,而油麦菜、苋菜、空心菜和茼蒿均大于土壤重金属污染限量值。As富集系数为0.002~0.006,空心菜叶和茼蒿叶片As富集系数显著高于其他蔬菜。7种蔬菜的土壤As临界阈值分别为62.31、70.35、70.21、67.41、67.86~90.43、57.21~75.70和72.43~105.06 mg/kg,均高于现行标准(25 mg/kg)。[结论]中等程度的Cd和As复合污染土壤上,Cd对蔬菜的生长有显著的抑制,As与Cd没有叠加作用。不同蔬菜的产量、污染程度和安全阈值等有显著差异,因此选择低富集、抗污染蔬菜品种是利用中低重金属污染土壤的一条可行途径。空心菜和茼蒿对Cd富集系数低,可推荐在中、低污染土壤上种植。     

脲醛氮肥不影响叶菜的甲醛残留量及食用安全

【目的】研究脲醛氮肥(UF)对生菜、 上海青体内甲醛累积量、 甲醛含量的影响,评价其在叶菜上施用的安全性。【方法】采用3因素4水平完全设计分别进行第一次生菜及上海青盆栽试验。三因素为 50%尿素+50%脲醛[活性系数 (AI)=67%,UF1]、 50%尿素+50%脲醛(AI=57%,UF2)、 100%尿素(U); 施氮量设4个水平,分别是每千克土壤 N0、 100、 200、 300 mg,共 12 个处理,每个处理6个重复。采用4因素3水平完全设计进行第二次生菜盆栽试验,四个因素分别是AI分别为55%的脲醛(UF3)、 63%的脲醛(UF4)、 72%的脲醛(UF5)和100%尿素(U)(含 N 46%); 施氮量设3个水平,分别是每千克土壤 N 0、 200、 300 mg,共 12 个处理,每个处理6个重复。收获后,用乙酰丙酮法测定植株甲醛含量。【结果】无论施氮与否,生菜和上海青体内均能检测到甲醛。无氮对照在第一次生菜和上海青试验中的甲醛累积量分别为 0.21和0.35 mg/pot,在第二次生菜试验的生菜甲醛含量为 1.72 mg/kg。第一次生菜试验施 N 100 mg/kg土 时,U和 U+UF处理的生菜体内甲醛是无氮对照的 2.7~2.8 倍,但施氮处理间(U、 U+UF)无差异。在施 N 200、 300 mg/kg土时,U处理的生菜甲醛累积量明显大于U+UF处理,尿素处理甲醛累积量分别为 0.68、 0.56 mg/pot; 施 N 200 mg/kg土时,U处理的甲醛累积量比 UF1 + U和 UF2 + U 处理分别高出 26%、 33%,N 300 mg/kg土时的相应值是 30%、 24%。第二次生菜试验,两个施氮水平下,U和 UF5处理的甲醛含量最大; 施 N 200 mg/kg土时,UF3和UF4处理的生菜体内甲醛含量与无氮处理的无差异,当施氮量增加到300 mg/kg土时,活性指数为 55%的 UF3 与无氮处理的生菜甲醛含量无差异,活性指数为 63%的UF4的生菜甲醛含量甚至明显低于无氮处理。U和 UF5 处理的生菜甲醛含量范围为 4.97~5.36 mg/kg,UF3和 UF4处理的分别比 UF5处理的降低了68%和 70%,分别比U处理的的降低了69%和 71%。施氮量从 N 100 mg/kg土增加到 300 mg/kg土,均未影响叶菜体内的甲醛残留。【结论】与常规尿素相比,单独施用脲醛氮肥或尿素与脲醛氮肥混合施用,无论脲醛氮肥活性指数从 50%增加到 71%,还是氮肥用量从 100 增加到 300 mg/kg土,均不会增加叶菜体内的甲醛残留量,并且甲醛残留量处于安全范围内。     

Yam (Dioscorea ssp.) domestication by the Nago and Fon ethnic groups in Benin

Guinea yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata complex; D. rotundata Poir. and D. cayenensis Lam.) have been described as resulting from a process of domestication of wild yams of the section Enantiophyllum by African farmers. Although currently practised by few farmers, the process of yam domestication is still on-going in Benin. In order to document the practices used and the indigenous knowledge maintained by Nago and Fon farmers, 27 villages were surveyed. In total, 57 farmers domesticating yam were identified, and 68 yams newly domesticated (or in domestication) were collected. Fon and Nago farmers domesticate yam mainly to widen the genetic basis of the existing diversity or for simple curiosity. Among the three wild yams species (D. abyssinica Hochst. ex Kunth, D. praehensilis Benth. and D. burkilliana J. Miège) used, D. praehensilis is the most important and the most exploited. Tuber of the wild yams are collected either in the bush (most often near the village) or in the forests (far from the village) during hunting. The domestication process consists of bringing into cultivation selected individuals which go through intense vegetative multiplication and selection procedures (over a lengthy but variable period of time) that induce morphological and biochemical changes in the plant mainly at the tuber level. Individuals resulting from these manipulations were found to be, either similar or identical to known landraces or completely new based on both morphological and isozyme analysis. Because it leads to some new cultivars, this process of domestication has potential in yam breeding and appears to be a strategy that could be useful to breeders, while developing a methodology for participatory breeding of yam.     

天然植物提取物在果蔬保鲜中应用研究进展

农产品采后保鲜始终是关系到农业可持续发展的重要问题，采用天然植物提取物对果蔬进行保鲜可以减少化学合成杀菌剂对人类健康的不良影响，并有效防止植物病原菌的抗药性。能够应用到果蔬贮藏保鲜中的天然植物提取物主要是天然香辛料和部分中草药, 其提取物对果蔬贮藏保鲜过程中的主要病原菌具有较强的抑制作用。天然防腐保鲜剂的活性成分大多是挥发性精油，主要通过作用于微生物的细胞膜或者能量代谢途径达到抗菌效果。天然植物提取物在果蔬保鲜中的主要应用方式有浸蘸、熏蒸、喷洒或与保鲜纸及涂膜剂等载体相结合，但目前尚缺乏成熟的产业化应用技术。发展植物源果蔬保鲜剂的未来研究应集中于确定植物提取物的活性成分与构效关系，以及产业化应用的系统工程技术。     

果蔬气调包装理论研究进展

气调包装是一种可延长新鲜水果货架寿命的重要技术。气调包装的质量主要取决于包装内气体成分、温湿度的调节。建立气调包装的理论模型是保证气调包装质量、进行气调包装系统设计的关键。该文综述了国内外这方面的研究成果,着重论述了果蔬呼吸模型、呼吸速率的测定方法、包装内外气体交换模型、包装内温度与湿度变化数学模型,并分析了目前研究存在的不足,为果蔬气调包装的深入研究提供参考。     

电解水技术在果蔬采后保鲜和商品化处理中的研究应用进展

电解水技术是果蔬采后保鲜和商品化处理的热点技术,该研究对电解水抑制微生物、去除农药残留和提质延时保鲜3个方向开展技术总结和机理研究综述,并从电解水技术在采后果蔬的处理方式和专利申请方面对其应用性开展应用分析。总结发现,1）不同类型的电解水在果蔬采后保鲜领域研究不完善,酸性电解水较碱性电解水研究更丰富;2）酸性电解水是有效去除食源性致病细菌的农产品加工工程技术,但酸性电解水对果蔬腐烂真菌的抑制研究还不充分;3）电解水可以有效去除果蔬表面农药残留,在机磷农药上阐明了具体机理,对于有机氯、菊酯农药的降解研究不足;4）电解水处理可以有效提升果蔬的抗性、缓解果蔬低温贮藏冷害并抑制鲜切果蔬褐变;5）目前电解水应用方式较为单一,不适宜所有果蔬保鲜处理流程,技术专利申请较少。通过本文梳理归纳以期为电解水技术的工程技术应用拓展提供理论依据和参考。     

酵母菌对果蔬采后病害防治的研究进展

该文对酵母菌对果蔬采后病害防治的研究现状进行了综述，其中包括防治效果、防治机理、防治的优势及最新研究成果。许多酵母菌对果蔬采后病害具有明显的抑制作用，酵母菌抑制霉菌的机理主要在于营养与空间的竞争、对病原菌的直接寄生作用及诱导寄主产生抗病性。酵母菌与其它生防微生物相比，具有拮抗效果好、不产生毒素、可以和化学杀菌剂共同使用等优点。使用生物工程技术改造拮抗酵母菌从而提高其生防效果，是酵母菌对果蔬采后生物防治的最新研究领域。该文还指出了酵母菌对果蔬采后生物防治存在的问题，并对未来的研究提出了新的思路。     

Assessment of soil factors limiting growth and establishment of Mucuna in farmers' fields in the derived savanna of the Benin Republic

Mucuna pruriens was been used to control Imperata cylindrica and improve soil fertility in maize and cassava cropping systems in the derived savanna of the Benin Republic, West Africa. However, field observations showed that Mucuna had poor establishment in some farmers' fields. This could be due in part to the poor symbiotic effectiveness of Mucuna and/or its poor nutrition because of mineral deficiencies in the soil. A short-term survey was carried out in 34 farmers' fields located in four different sites (Zouzouvou, Eglime, Tchi, and Niaouli) in the derived savanna to assess the natural nodulation and mycorrhizal infection of Mucuna. This survey was followed by a nutrient-omission trial conducted in a pot experiment using soil collected from two groups of farmers' fields at Zouzouvou where Mucuna had poor establishment. Mycorrhizal infection ranged from 2 to 31% and correlated positively with nodulation and shoot dry matter production of plants grown only in one site at Zouzouvou. The number of rhizobia ranged between <0.05 (near the detection limit) and 15 cells g^-1 soil depending on the plot history and the fields. Nodulation occurred in 79% of the fields with numbers of nodules ranging from 0 to 135 plant^-1. The nutrient-omission trial showed that when N and P were absent in the complete fertilizer treatment, biomass production decreased significantly, on average by 69% (N) and 33% (P). Mg, S, K and micronutrient deficiencies did not reduce significantly the biomass production in the two groups. However, N fertilizer applied additionally each week to some treatments drastically reduced Mucuna nodulation. Strategies to enhance Mucuna establishment and growth are discussed.     

Identification of potential areas for wild palm cultivation in the Republic of Benin through remote sensing and ecological niche modeling

Wild palms contribute significantly to food security and local economy in tropical areas, and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In light of this importance, eight palm species were explored [Borassus aethiopum (L.) Mart, Eremospatha macrocarpa (G. Mann et H. Wendl.) H. Wendl., Laccosperma opacum (G. Mann et H. Wendl.) Drude, Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart, Phoenix reclinata Jacq., Raphia hookeri G. Mann et H. Wendl., R. sudanica A. Chev., and R. vinifera P. Beauv.] as targets for conservation, domestication, and cultivation in Benin. Cultivation potential was evaluated in a coarse-resolution, first-pass effort using ecological niche models to relate known occurrences of each species to vegetation indices (VEG), gross primary productivity (GPP), and soil characteristics (SOIL), and model outputs were related to human distribution and land-use patterns. Results showed that wild palms responded differentially to different suites of environmental factors: some species showed best model performance with VEG + GPP + SOIL, others with GPP + SOIL or VEG + GPP, or with a single factor. Two species had broad potential distributions across the country; others had potential areas in the north (2 species) or the south (4 species). Raphia hookeri and R. vinifera showed greatest overlap in terms of ecology and distribution, whereas L. opacum and R. sudanica had the lowest similarity. These models constitute initial steps toward a sustainable scheme for planning exploration of the possibility of cultivation of these species.     

Nitrate,arsenic, cadmium,and lead concentrations in leafy vegetables: expected average values for productive regions of Chile

High arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nitrate (NO₃^?) concentrations in soil pose a risk for the human population and compromise food safety. The goal of this study was to obtain preliminary approximations for the expected mean values of As, Cd, Pb, and N-NO₃ in three leafy vegetables (lettuce, spinach, and chard) grown in the central farming regions of Chile. Representative samples (n = 148) of these crops were collected from the Coquimbo, Valparaíso, and Metropolitana Regions. Water extraction and an ion-selective electrode were used to determine NO₃^? contents, while total As, Cd, and Pb contents were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The recorded values were 23.8%, 59.2%, and 97.9% below detection limits for As, Cd, and Pb, respectively. Furthermore, As and Cd intake by leafy vegetables reached 0.26 and 2.30% of the daily intake levels estimated by Chilean authorities. The daily NO₃^? intake by leafy vegetables was 0.44 mg per kg of bodyweight per day (kgbw^?1day^?1), or 12% of the WHO-recommended intake. No analyses were performed for Pb due to highly left-censored data. While the recorded NO₃^?, As, and Cd concentrations in lettuce, spinach, and chard do not apparently pose a health risk, further detailed studies are suggested.     

应用BP神经网络预测高压脉冲电场对果蔬干燥速率的影响

高压脉冲电场（HPEF）预处理果蔬可以提高果蔬干燥速率,改善干燥产品的品质,降低能耗。通过对白萝卜和苹果HPEF预处理干燥试验,探讨脉冲强度、作用时间和脉冲个数等预处理参数对干燥速率的影响。应用BP神经网络L-M训练法分析HPEF预处理参数与不同时间段干燥速率之间的关系。从而达到确定HPEF参数与不同时间段干燥速率之间因果关系的目的。研究结果表明,脉冲强度对干燥速率的影响比作用时间和脉冲个数对干燥速率的影响显著;建立白萝卜和苹果预处理干燥的BP神经网络仿真模型,并与实测值进行对比,用BP神经网络预测的干燥速率接近实测结果,具有较好的估计效果。