精氨酸对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白合成的影响

本研究以奶牛乳腺上皮细胞（BMECs）为模型,研究添加不同浓度精氨酸对BMECs酪蛋白合成的影响。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,以0.70 mmol/L精氨酸（DMEM培养基中精氨酸的浓度）为对照组,试验组精氨酸的浓度分别为1.40、2.80、5.60和11.20 mmol/L,每组6个重复。采用MTT法检测BMECs的增殖率;利用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）试剂盒检测BMECs中精氨酸代谢关键酶活性;通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术检测BMECs中精氨酸代谢关键酶、酪蛋白以及哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）信号通路基因的相对表达量;运用蛋白质免疫印迹（Western Blot）技术检测酪蛋白表达量及mTOR信号通路蛋白磷酸化水平。结果表明：1）当精氨酸的浓度为2.80 mmol/L时,BMECs的增殖率显著高于对照组和其他精氨酸组（P<0.05）;当精氨酸的浓度为2.80和5.60 mmol/L时,BMECs中鸟氨酸脱羧酶活性显著高于对照组和其他精氨酸组（P<0.05）。2) 2.80 mmol/L精氨酸组BMECs中αs1-酪蛋白、к-酪蛋白、蛋白激酶B、m...     

荷斯坦奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的分离培养

目的：建立荷斯坦奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的分离培养方法。方法：采用组织块种植法培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,利用胰蛋白酶差时消化法分离、纯化上皮细胞。结果：成功培养出奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,显微镜下观察,纯化的乳腺上皮细胞呈典型上皮细胞形态,细胞之间排列紧密,呈鹅卵石铺路样,形态均一,多角形的单层聚集。通过荧光免疫细胞染色方法对细胞骨架蛋白-角蛋白18进行鉴定,呈现阳性反应。乳腺上皮细胞增殖旺盛,经25次以上传代后长势仍然良好。结论：采用组织块种植法结合胰酶差时消化法成功获得纯化的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞。     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的体外培养及蛋白含量测定

为建立稳定的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系(BMEC),进一步研究乳腺上皮细胞体外蛋白的分泌情况,本试验首先采用组织块贴壁法获得奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,用胰蛋白酶纯化细胞,并运用SDS-PAGE进行鉴定。采用MTT分析细胞活力,瑞氏-吉姆萨染色法对细胞核进行分析,并测定细胞上清液中β-酪蛋白(β-CN)含量。结果显示:本试验成功培养出较纯化的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞;细胞生长曲线呈明显"S"型,用瑞氏-吉姆萨法染色细胞,细胞核形态多为卵圆形且呈现明显蓝紫色。原代乳腺上皮细胞可连续多次传代且未出现永生化,细胞呈单层贴壁生长,证明细胞活力良好;测定其β-CN含量为3.3 mg/L。     

酶消化组织块法体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞

建立稳定培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系的方法。结合酶消化法和组织块法,在体外进行分离培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,利用胰酶消化进行纯化和传代。通过倒置显微镜观察、细胞爬片姬姆萨染色和角蛋白18免疫组织化学方法对培养的细胞进行形态学观察和鉴定。观察发现,细胞排列紧密,呈多角形或梭形,长满后呈铺路石样。胞核呈圆形或椭圆形,核仁清晰可见,多为3~5个。通过细胞角蛋白18免疫组织化学方法对乳腺上皮细胞进行鉴定,呈阳性反应。获得的乳腺上皮细胞增殖旺盛,培养至40代生长活性仍然稳定。酶消化组织块法成功培养出奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,是分离乳腺上皮细胞的一种有效方法。     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系的建立

采用组织块种植法,成功地培养了奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,并利用细胞角蛋白18的免疫荧光染色对乳腺上皮细胞进行了鉴定。通过对细胞接种存活率、群体倍增时间、生长曲线、形态学等生物学性状的检测,建立并鉴定了正常培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系,细胞传至20代以上时仍保持旺盛的增殖活力。通过对细胞传代及反复冻存,建立了奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系,获得了大量的乳腺上皮细胞。     

葡萄糖和泌乳相关激素组合添加对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白合成的影响

本研究以体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞（BMECs）为模型,探讨葡萄糖和泌乳相关激素组合添加对BMECs酪蛋白合成的影响及作用机制。试验共分为9组,分别向培养基中添加不同浓度的葡萄糖、雌激素和催乳素,其中Ⅰ组为对照组,不添加葡萄糖和泌乳相关激素,Ⅱ组添加14.0 mmol/L葡萄糖+200 ng/mL雌激素,Ⅲ组添加17.5 mmol/L葡萄糖+100 ng/mL雌激素,Ⅳ组添加14.0 mmol/L葡萄糖+100 ng/mL催乳素,Ⅴ组添加17.5 mmol/L葡萄糖+200 ng/mL催乳素,Ⅵ组添加100 ng/mL雌激素+100 ng/mL催乳素,Ⅶ组添加200 ng/mL雌激素+200 ng/mL催乳素,Ⅷ组添加14.0 mmol/L葡萄糖+100 ng/mL雌激素+200 ng/mL催乳素,Ⅸ组添加17.5 mmol/L葡萄糖+200 ng/mL雌激素+100 ng/mL催乳素,每组设置6个重复。采用四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）法检测细胞增殖率;采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法检测葡萄糖转运载体、泌乳相关激素受体、酪蛋白合成相关基因、酪氨酸激酶2/信号转导及转录激活因子5...     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的培养与鉴定

本试验通过组织块培养法获得了奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,联合运用刮除法、相差消化和相差贴壁法、单克隆法对细胞进行纯化,应用倒置显微镜和β-酪蛋白表达检测了体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的形态特征和乳蛋白表达,鉴定该细胞为上皮型细胞。     

三维模式下培养时间对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白基因表达的影响

本试验旨在研究三维模式下培养时间对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)酪蛋白基因表达的影响。采用3头健康的3～5岁泌乳黑白花奶牛的乳腺组织,将BMECs经1代纯化后进行三维培养,在三维模式下分别培养3、5、7、9 d,测定BMECs中αs1-酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白、κ-酪蛋白的基因表达量。结果表明,利用三维模式培养5 d的BMECsαs1-酪蛋白和κ-酪蛋白基因表达量极显著高于培养3、7、9 d(P<0.01);利用三维模式培养5 d的BMECsβ-酪蛋白的基因表达量极显著高于培养3、7 d(P<0.01),高于培养9 d,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果显示,三维模式下培养时间影响BMECs中αs1-酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白、κ-酪蛋白的基因表达量,本试验条件下最佳培养时间为5 d。     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的原代培养及其生物学特性分析

旨在从奶牛乳腺组织中分离原代乳腺上皮细胞（bovine mammary epithelial cells,BMECs）并传代培养后探究其生物学特性。本研究从屠宰场采集健康泌乳奶牛乳腺并采用改进的酶消化法从乳腺中分离得到原代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,通过形态学观察、免疫荧光以及染色体核型分析的方法对其进行鉴定。同时,研究第3、第6和第9代乳腺上皮细胞的生长曲线、群体倍增时间和冻存复苏活力,检测不同代次细胞分泌乳蛋白、乳脂、乳糖的功能及泌乳相关基因的表达。结果表明,所分离的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞纯度较好,细胞生长呈现S型,3个代次细胞的群体倍增时间依次为34.87、41.45和65.04 h,冻存复苏活力为88%~93%;在细胞分泌功能方面,诱导培养2 d后均能检测到酪蛋白、甘油三酯和乳糖,且各代次间无显著差异;此外,3个代次的细胞诱导后均能表达乳成分合成相关基因。本研究成功培养了原代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,并证明直到第9代细胞仍然具有正常的生物学功能,为体外探究乳腺细胞增殖与分化机制提供了良好的试验材料和技术支撑。     

牛乳腺上皮细胞的分离培养

为了对牛乳腺上皮细胞(MECs)进行分离、培养和鉴定,并研究细胞分泌功能,试验通过胶原酶消化法分离得到了牛乳腺上皮细胞,采用传代法对细胞进行纯化,对细胞标志蛋白进行免疫荧光染色鉴定,通过体外诱导和RT-PCR分析鉴定细胞的分泌功能。结果表明:分离到的牛乳腺上皮细胞具有典型乳腺上皮细胞的形态特征,表达广谱角蛋白,经诱导后可分泌β-酪蛋白。     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞和成纤维细胞的体外培养与鉴定

为体外培养纯化出稳定的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞和成纤维细胞,试验通过外科手术的方法取妊娠后期或泌乳期的荷斯坦奶牛乳腺组织,分离乳腺腺泡,用组织块法体外培养奶牛乳腺细胞,应用差时胰酶消化法和差速贴壁法将奶牛乳腺上皮细胞和成纤维细胞分别纯化出来,并用免疫组化的方法对细胞的纯度进行鉴定。结果表明:纯化的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞多为多角形,细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形,核仁清晰可见,多呈鹅卵石样或铺路石样生长,并可分泌乳滴,角蛋白-18反应阳性,波形蛋白反应阴性;纯化的奶牛乳腺成纤维细胞多为长梭形,呈旋涡状或放射状生长,角蛋白-18反应阴性,波形蛋白反应阳性;经纯化后2种细胞的纯度均可达95%以上,可满足后续试验的要求。     

Three‐dimensional culture system can induce expression of casein in immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cells

Primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) are not ideal models for long‐term studies of lactation mechanisms because these cells in a monolayer culture system cannot be polarized to simulate the physiological functions in vitro. We investigate the effects of different culture models and karyotypes on casein expression in a three‐dimensional (3D) culture system. The immortalized cells' karyotypes were analyzed at passages 10, 20, 30 and 40 to detect the effects of chromosome stability. Western blotting examined that whether or not the immortalized cells at passages 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 could induce expression of casein in a 3D culture system. The proper polarization of the acinar structures was monitored. BMECs were successfully immortalized. The cell karyotype at passage 30 remained at 60 chromosomes and the average value was 57.1 ± 0.40 after passage 40. The polarized protein's levels were up‐regulated in 3D culture compared to 2D culture. Expression of αs1, β and κ‐casein could be detectable in a passage range in 3D culture. Expression of αs2‐casein was undetectable in all experimental groups. However, all casein expressions were barely detectable in traditional 2D culture system. Therefore, 3D culture system is an important tool for the long‐term study of lactation mechanisms in vitro.     

Gene expression and hormonal regulation of adiponectin and its receptors in bovine mammary gland and mammary epithelial cells

Although the functions of adiponectin, a differentiated adipocyte‐derived hormone, in regulating glucose and fatty acid metabolism are regulated by two subtypes of adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs; AdipoR1 and AdipoR2), those in ruminants remain unclear. Therefore we examined the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of adiponectin and its receptors in various bovine tissues and mammary glands among different lactation stages, and the effects of lactogenic hormones (insulin, dexamethasone and prolactin) and growth hormone (GH) on mRNA expression of the AdipoRs in cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). AdipoRs mRNAs were widely expressed in various bovine tissues, but adiponectin mRNA expression was significantly higher in adipose tissue than in other tissues. In the mammary gland, although adiponectin mRNA expression was significantly decreased at lactation, AdipoR1 mRNA expression was significantly higher at peak lactation than at the dry‐off stage. In BMEC, lactogenic hormones and GH upregulated AdipoR2 mRNA expression but did not change that of AdipoR1. In conclusion, adiponectin and its receptor mRNA were expressed in various bovine tissues and the adiponectin mRNA level was decreased during lactation. These results suggest that adiponectin and its receptors ware changed in mammary glands by lactation and that AdipoRs mRNA expression was regulated by different pathways in BMEC.     

脂多糖诱导奶牛乳腺上皮细胞先天性免疫反应

采取荷斯坦奶牛乳腺,进行体外分离培养,并纯化细胞。用不同质量浓度(0、1、10、100mg/L)的脂多糖刺激乳腺上皮细胞,采用MTT法检测脂多糖对细胞增殖的影响,半定量PCR检测10mg/L的LPS对乳腺上皮细胞TLR4、TLR2、CD14、MD-2四个基因在不同时间(0、2、6h)mRNA表达水平的差异。结果表明,高剂量(100mg/L)的LPS对乳腺上皮细胞的增殖产生明显影响;LPS刺激乳腺上皮细胞后,导致TLR4、CD14、MD-2mRNA表达迅速升高,而TLR2mRNA弱表达。说明TLR4、CD14、MD-2参与LPS的识别,同时也说明脂多糖刺激乳腺上皮细胞后,乳腺上皮细胞能够产生先天性免疫反应。     

Effects of phenylalanine and threonine oligopeptides on milk protein synthesis in cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of phenylalanine (Phe) and threonine (Thr) oligopeptides on α_s1 casein gene expression and milk protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Primary mammary epithelial cells were obtained from Holstein dairy cows and incubated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium‐F12 medium (DMEM/F12) containing lactogenic hormones (prolactin and glucocorticoids). Free Phe (117 μg/ml) was substituted partly with peptide‐bound Phe (phenylalanylphenylalanine, phenylalanyl threonine, threonyl‐phenylalanyl‐phenylalanine) in the experimental media. After incubation with experimental medium, cells were collected for gene expression analysis and medium was collected for milk protein or amino acid determination. The results showed that peptide‐bound Phe at 10% (11.7 μg/ml) significantly enhanced α_s1 casein gene expression and milk protein synthesis as compared with equivalent amount of free Phe. When 10% Phe was replaced by phenylalanylphenylalanine, the disappearance of most essential amino acids increased significantly, and gene expression of peptide transporter 2 and some amino acid transporters was significantly enhanced. These results indicate that the Phe and Thr oligopeptides are important for milk protein synthesis, and peptide‐bound amino acids could be utilised more efficiently in milk protein synthesis than the equivalent amount of free amino acids.     

细胞因子对牛乳腺上皮细胞体外增殖作用评价

分离纯化了乳腺上皮细胞,对细胞进行角蛋白免疫组化鉴定后,比较不同细胞因子对乳腺上皮细胞生长的影响.结果显示,生长因子EGF或HGF对牛乳腺上皮细胞的增殖具有重要作用,17β-E2不能促进牛乳腺上皮细胞的增殖,但可与EGF协同促进牛乳腺上皮细胞的增殖,表明17β3-E2对EGF诱导的乳腺上皮细胞增殖具有重要作用.     

金黄色葡萄球菌对体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞PDGF-BB mRNA及蛋白表达的影响

为研究金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMEC)中PDGF-BB m RNA及蛋白表达的影响,本研究采用热灭活的不同浓度的S.aureus菌液(0、105、106、108cfu/m L)作用于BMEC,分别在不同时间点(6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h)利用荧光定量PCR和western blot方法检测PDGF-BB m RNA及其蛋白的相对表达量。结果显示,不同浓度菌液处理组的PDGF-BB m RNA相对表达量随着作用时间延长表达量升高(p0.05)。6 h处理组随着菌液浓度的升高,PDGF-BB m RNA的相对表达量呈升高趋势;12 h处理组随着菌液浓度的升高,PDGF-BB m RNA的相对表达量呈降低趋势;24 h和48 h处理组105cfu/m L菌液处理组PDGF-BB m RNA相对表达量最高(p0.05)。同时,各时间点不同浓度菌液处理组PDGF-BB蛋白的相对表达量和m RNA表达基本一致。本研究表明,热灭活的S.aureus能够促进BMEC PDGF-BB m RNA和蛋白的表达。     

Deoxynivalenol induces oxidative stress,inflammatory response and apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium graminearum. It is one of the most common feed contaminants that poses a serious threat to the health and performance of dairy cows. This study investigated the in vitro cytotoxicity of DON on bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC‐T). DON at different concentrations (0.25, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 or 2 μg/ml) inhibited the growth of MAC‐T cells after 24 hr of exposure (p < .001). DON at 0.25 μg/ml increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage (p < .05); decreased glutathione (GSH) levels (p < .001), total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC; p < .01); and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (p < .01) in MAC‐T cells after 24 hr of exposure. We also observed that DON increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cells incubated for 9, 15 and 24 hr (p < .001). DON at 0.25 μg/ml triggered oxidative damage in MAC‐T cells. Furthermore, it induced an inflammatory response in the cells incubated for 9, 15 and 24 hr (p < .05) by increasing the mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, cyclooxygenase‐2 and IL‐8. We further examined the effect of DON on apoptosis. DON prevented normal proliferation of MAC‐T cells by blocked cell cycle progression in 24 hr (p < .001). In addition, the apoptosis rate measured using annexin V‐FITC significantly increased (p < .05) with increase in the mRNA expression level of Bax (p < .01) and increase in the Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio (p < .01) in cells incubated for 24 hr. In summary, DON exerts toxic effects in MAC‐T cells by causing oxidative stress, inducing an inflammatory response, affecting cell cycle and leading to apoptosis.