小分子硫醇对延边黄牛体细胞核移植重组胚发育的影响

探讨了在延边黄牛体细胞核移植重组胚早期培养液中添加L-半胱氨酸和β-巯基乙醇(β-ME)两种小分子硫醇类抗氧化剂,对其后续发育的影响,以期筛选出最佳的体外培养条件。结果表明:适合延边黄牛体细胞核移植重组胚后期发育的L-半胱氨酸和β-巯基乙醇的最佳浓度分别为0.6 mmol/L和50μmol/L。     

谷氨酰胺对延边黄牛卵母细胞成熟及重组胚发育的影响

为了提高卵母细胞的成熟率及重组胚胎的发育率,在体外成熟液中添加了不同浓度的谷氨酰胺,研究谷氨酰胺对延边黄牛卵母细胞成熟的影响,并观察它对重组胚胎后续发育的影响,从中筛选出最佳的体外培养条件。结果表明,1.0 mmol/L的谷氨酰胺能够显著提高卵母细胞的成熟率,同时也能提高囊胚发育率。说明谷氨酰胺能够提高延边黄牛卵母细胞的体外成熟率,并能促进囊胚发育。     

自由基吸收类抗氧化剂对延边黄牛体细胞克隆重构胚发育的影响

为提高延边黄牛体细胞克隆重构胚发育率,研究了在体外培养液中单独添加不同浓度的自由基吸收类抗氧化剂维生素E(VE)、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)和亚硒酸钠(SS)对克隆重构胚发育率的影响。试验中选择成熟培养20～22h的卵母细胞,脱颗粒细胞后选择排出第一极体的卵母细胞进行去核与注核操作,然后将融合、激活后的重构胚在添加不同种类不同浓度抗氧化剂的体外培养液中进行培养。结果表明,在卵裂率上,VE的100μmol.L-1组显著高于其他3组(84.58%vs 57.64%、70.87%、67.64%);50和200μmol.L-1组之间无差异,但都显著高于0μmol.L-1组(70.87%、67.64%vs 57.64%)。EGCG的7.5和15μmol.L-1组显著高于加0μmol.L-1组(79.47%、81.67%vs 69.47%)且其他2组间差异不显著。SS的添加,5ng.mL-1组与0和10ng.mL-1组有显著差异(80.44%vs 70.27%、67.16%);与2.5ng.mL-1组差异不显著(80.44%vs 73.92%),且其他2组间差异不显著;在囊胚发育率上,VE的100μmol.L-1组要显著高于其他3组(26.36%vs 13.04%、18.08%、17.26%)。EGCG的15μmol.L-1组显著高于0和30μmol.L-1组(24.86%vs 8.99%、12.10%),和7.5μmol.L-1组无差异。SS的5与0组和10ng.mL-1组有显著差异(23.31%vs 10.32%、12.65%);2.5ng.mL-1组与0和10ng.mL-1l组有显著差异(19.97%vs 10.32%、12.65%)且其他2组间差异不显著。体外培养液中分别单独添加浓度为100μmol.L-1、15μmol.L-1和5ng.mL-1的维生素E,EGCG和亚硒酸钠都能够显著提高延边黄体细胞克隆牛重构胚的发育率。     

甘氨酸对延边黄牛体细胞克隆重组胚发育的影响

为了提高延边黄牛体细胞克隆重组胚的发育率,研究了在体外培养液中添加不同浓度的甘氨酸对重组胚发育的影响。分别在体外培养液中添加0、7、14、21mmol/L的甘氨酸,结果表明,在体外培养液中添加甘氨酸能够显著提高延边黄牛体细胞克隆重组胚的发育率,且以7mmol/L浓度的甘氨酸囊胚的发育率最高。     

延边黄牛体细胞核移植的研究进展

牛体细胞核移植(somatic cell nuclear transfer,SCNT)是一套极其复杂的技术体系,它包括卵母细胞的成熟、供核细胞的准备、卵母细胞的显微操作、细胞融合、卵母细胞激活和胚胎培养。因此,许多因素影响着核移植胚胎发育。虽然陆续有克隆牛出生的报道,但是克隆效率依然低下。本综述对延边黄牛体细胞核移植体系的6个方面进行简单综述,以期为探究延边黄牛体细胞克隆的最优化条件、建立最优化的培养体系、提高克隆效率提供参考。     

FSH和LH对延边黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟及重组胚发育的影响

实验主要研究促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)对延边黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟及重组胚发育的影响,从而提高延边黄牛体细胞克隆的效率。采集屠宰后延边黄牛卵巢,用抽吸法回收卵母细胞,然后在不同种类、浓度激素条件下进行卵母细胞的体外成熟培养,最后将成熟的卵母细胞进行核移植及重组胚的体外培养。实验分别比较了在0、5、10、15、20μg/mL条件下,单独使用FSH与LH和在15μg/mL的FSH与10μg/mL的LH共同作用下对延边黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟率、卵裂率和囊胚发育率的影响。结果表明:将卵母细胞单独置于加有浓度为15μg/mL的FSH和10μg/mL的LH的成熟液中培养,其成熟率及后期发育率优于其他浓度组(P<0.05);而2种最优浓度同时添加共同作用时要好于单独使用(P<0.05)。由试验可得出,成熟培养液中单独添加15μg/mL的FSH和单独添加10μg/mL的LH浓度对延边黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟及重组胚后期发育效果最好;使用最佳浓度进行协同作用时,其共同作用要好于单独使用的效果。     

6-DMAP对延边黄牛末期卵母细胞核移植的影响

为探讨6-二甲基氨基嘌呤（6-DMAP）在延边黄牛末期去核的体细胞克隆中的作用,本试验主要研究了单独使用离子霉素处理与离子霉素联合添加6-DMAP处理对体外成熟的老化延边黄牛卵母细胞的激活率的不同影响;以及不同时期添加6-DMAP对重构胚后期发育能力的影响。试验结果显示,体外成熟的老化卵母细胞,使用离子霉素单独处理后91%被激活,而在离子霉素联合添加6-DMAP处理后却没有细胞被激活,也就是没有第二极体的排出。另外,融合后使用6-DMAP处理,所得重构胚的囊胚发育率最低,而激活后的卵母细胞立即用6-DMAP处理,所得重构胚的发育能力与无6-DMAP处理的相近。综上所述,离子霉素联合添加6-DMAP可抑制老化的延边黄牛卵母细胞的激活,阻止第二极体的排出,但对重构胚的后期发育没有影响。而融合使用添加6-DMAP的培养液,抑制了重构胚的后期发育。     

免胚胎细胞核移植重组胚的发育力

以兔为模型 ,对影响胚胎细胞核移植重组胚发育力的电融合与激活参数、体外培养系统进行了探索性研究。结果表明 ,有利于重组胚发育力的适宜电融合与激活参数为 2 0 0 V/ m m的电场强度、10 0μs的脉冲宽度 ;在不同的体外培养系统中 ,TCM- 199培养液内于兔胎儿成纤维细胞饲养层 (REF feeder)上共同培养的重组胚获得了最高的 2～ 4-细胞发育率和桑椹胚或囊胚的发育率 ,分别为 6 5 .7%和 2 2 .9%;移植 111枚重组胚给 9只假孕母兔 ,其中 2只妊娠 ,1只完成足月妊娠产出 2只克隆仔兔 ,另 1只在妊娠 2 2 d流产 1只克隆死胎。     

供体细胞种类及性别对猪体细胞核移植效果的影响

本研究通过比较胎儿成纤维细胞、颗粒细胞、卵丘细胞和不同性别猪胎儿成纤维细胞的核移植效果,探讨供体细胞的种类及性别对猪体细胞核移植重构胚胎发育潜力的影响。结果表明:胎儿成纤维细胞的融合率(64.74%)高于颗粒细胞的融合率(51.05%)和卵丘细胞的融合率(56.89%),但3种细胞的卵裂率及囊胚率差异不显著(P>0.05);胎儿成纤维细胞、颗粒细胞和卵丘细胞均可作为供体细胞用于构建猪体细胞核移植的重构胚。雄性胎儿成纤维细胞核移植重构胚的融合率和分裂率与雌性胎儿成纤维细胞重构胚的融合率和分裂率相比差异不显著(P>0.05),但雄性胎儿成纤维细胞核移植重构胚的囊胚率显著低于雌性胎儿成纤维细胞核移植重构胚的囊胚率(P<0.05)。     

体外培养条件对延边黄牛受精卵体外发育的影响

从延边黄牛卵巢中采集未成熟的卵母细胞进行体外成熟培养、体外受精及受精卵体外培养。结果表明 :1将卵子用 2种不同的培养液进行体外成熟培养和受精卵体外培养 ,TCM199组的卵裂率 (5 6 .3% )极显著高于 D- PBS组(33.6 % ) (P<0 .0 1) ;TCM199组的囊胚发育率和孵化率 (15 .1%、13.7% )虽高于 D- PBS组 (10 .5 %、8.7% ) ,但 2个组之间无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。2以 TCM199作为基础培养液 ,分别用含激素培养液和不含激素培养液进行成熟培养和受精卵体外培养 ,添加激素组的卵裂率、囊胚发育率及囊胚孵化率 (81.2 %、17.5 %、15 .3% )高于没有添加激素的对照组 (75 .8%、12 .1%、10 .5 % ) ,但 2个组之间无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。 3体外受精卵与单层颗粒细胞共培养组的卵裂率、囊胚发育率及囊胚孵化率 (78.0 %、11.5 %、9.9% )显著高于非共培养组 (6 8.1%、5 .4 %、3.6 % ) (P<0 .0 5 )。     

延边黄牛卵母细胞与体细胞克隆胚胎内脂滴变化规律的研究

用苏丹Ⅳ和苏丹黑B 2种染色方法,对体外培养的延边黄牛各发育阶段卵母细胞和体细胞克隆胚胎内脂滴变化进行研究,并对2种染色方法进行了比较。结果表明,随着细胞发育阶段的不同,脂滴的含量也随之变化,从未经成熟培养的卵母细胞到8细胞期胚胎内脂滴不断增多,脂滴直径不断增大;而从8细胞期到囊胚期胚胎内脂滴不断减少,脂滴直径也不断减小。也显示苏丹IV染色效果较好,可作为测定活体细胞中脂滴的检测方法。     

Survival of embryos and calves derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer in cattle: a nationwide survey in Japan

To obtain data concerning the survival of embryos and calves derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in Japan, a nationwide survey was carried out in April, 2009. As a result, data concerning 3264 embryo transfers (ETs) with SCNT embryos which produced 301 calves were accumulated and their survival was analyzed. The present survey revealed that survival rates of transferred bovine embryos and produced calves derived from SCNT had not improved over a decade (1998–2007). A remarkable feature of the pregnancies with SCNT embryos was a high incidence of spontaneous abortions. When the decade was divided by the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in 2001, significant decreases in the ‘after BSE’ period (2002–2007) were observed in the percentages of calves born (P < 0.01), calves living at birth (P < 0.05), calves living for 24 h (P < 0.05) and 6 months (P < 0.01). Abortions that occurred during 61–99 days after ETs were significantly increased (P < 0.01) in the ‘after BSE’ period. Certain kinds of regeneration that occurred in oocytes during the 15–20 h of storage of bovine ovaries at 10–15°C as a part of BSE inspection might have had some negative effects on SCNT embryos when these oocytes were used as recipients of SCNT.     

用复合函数回归式估测延边黄牛幼牛正常生长发育曲线研究

本研究是应用复合函数回归式y^=a b(x-x0)/[k kb(x-x0)]对延边黄牛24月龄体重、体尺的平均值和上下限共66项实测资料计算回归式和各月龄估测值,结果公、母牛体重实侧值与估测值之间的Σ(y-y^)2分别为286.56、176.24,拐点偏差为0.7、0.3个月龄,比应用y^=k/(1 aebx)计算的Σ(y-y^)2低5214.23、4007.05;计算公、母牛体尺资料平均值的估测值与实测值的Σ(y-y^)2,除母牛胸宽平均值外都比应用=a bx cxk计算结果低,与实测值的吻合度较高并能克服二次回归式和布劳迪回归式所存在的缺点.     

Improved development of somatic cell cloned bovine embryos by a mammary gland epithelia cells in vitro model

Previous studies have established a bovine mammary gland epithelia cells in vitro model by the adenovirus-mediated telomerase (hTERT-bMGEs). The present study was conducted to confirm whether hTERT-bMGEs were effective target cells to improve the efficiency of transgenic expression and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). To accomplish this, a mammary-specific vector encoding human lysozyme and green fluorescent protein was used to verify the transgenic efficiency of hTERT-bMGEs, and untreated bovine mammary gland epithelial cells (bMGEs) were used as a control group. The results showed that the hTERT-bMGEs group had much higher transgenic efficiency and protein expression than the bMGEs group. Furthermore, the nontransgenic and transgenic hTERT-bMGEs were used as donor cells to evaluate the efficiency of SCNT. There were no significant differences in rates of cleavage or blastocysts or hatched blastocysts of cloned embryos from nontransgenic hTERT-bMGEs at passage 18 and 28 groups (82.8% vs. 81.9%, 28.6% vs. 24.8%, 58.6% vs. 55.3%, respectively) and the transgenic group (80.8%, 26.5% and 53.4%); however, they were significantly higher than the bMGEs group (71.2%, 12.8% and 14.8%), (p < 0.05). We confirmed that hTERT-bMGEs could serve as effective target cells for improving development of somatic cell cloned cattle embryos.     

Effects of crocin on frozen-thawed sperm apoptosis,protamine expression and membrane lipid oxidation in Yanbian yellow cattle

Glycerol is used as a bovine semen osmotic cryoprotectant that greatly improves the quality of frozen and thawed bovine sperm. However, high glycerol concentrations can have a toxic effect on frozen and thawed bovine sperm. Therefore, this experiment investigated the effect of replacing a portion of the glycerol in a cryoprotectant solution with crocin on the sperm apoptosis, protamine deficiency and membrane lipid oxidation of frozen and thawed Yanbian yellow cattle sperm. The experiment included a control group (6% glycerol) and four treatment groups: I (3% glycerol), II (3% glycerol +0.5 mM crocin), III (3% glycerol + 1 mM crocin) and IV (3% glycerol + 2 mM crocin). Computer assisted semen analysis was used to detect sperm motility, Hoechst 33,342, propidium iodide, and JC-1 staining were used to analyse sperm viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, chromomycin A3 staining was used to detect protamine deficiency and DNA damage, flow cytometry was used for sperm membrane lipid disorder detection and analysis, and real-time quantitative RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of protamine-related genes (PRM2, PRM3), sperm acrosome-associated genes (SPACA3), oxidative stress-related genes (ROMO1) and apoptosis-related genes (BCL2, BAX). Compared to the control group, replacing a portion of glycerol with 1 mM crocin significantly improved sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, membrane lipid disorders (p < .05) and viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, protamine deficiency (p < .01). The expression level of PRM2, PRM3, SPACA3 and BCL2 significantly increased (p < .05), while the expression levels of ROMO1 and BAX significantly decreased (p < .05). Accordingly, the BCL2/BAX ratio significantly increased (p < .05). In summary, the substitution of a portion of glycerol with crocin in cryoprotective solution improved the quality of Yanbian yellow cattle sperm after freezing and thawing.     

Research Advances on Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Yanbian Yellow Cattle

Bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a sophisticated technique system,including oocyte maturation,donor cell preparation and oocytes microscopic operation,fusion,activation and culture.Although the birth of cloning cattle has been reported recently,the efficiency of somatic cell cloning has remained lowly.In order to establish the optimization somatic cell nuclear transfer system of Yanbian Yellow cattle,this review summarized only from 6 main aspects mentioned above in this field.     

DNA methylation analysis on satellite I region in blastocysts obtained from somatic cell cloned cattle

Many observations have been made on cloned embryos and on adult clones by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), but it is still unclear whether the progeny of cloned animals is presenting normal epigenetic status. Here, in order to accumulate the information for evaluating the normality of cloned cattle, we analyzed the DNA methylation status on satellite I region in blastocysts obtained from cloned cattle. Embryos were produced by artificial insemination (AI) to non‐cloned or cloned dams using semen from non‐cloned or cloned sires. After 7 days of AI, embryos at blastocyst stage were collected by uterine flushing. The DNA methylation levels in embryos obtained by using semen and/or oocytes from cloned cattle were similar to those in in vivo embryos from non‐cloned cattle. In contrast, the DNA methylation levels in SCNT embryos were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than those in in vivo embryos from non‐cloned and cloned cattle, approximately similar to those in somatic cells used as donor cells. Thus, this study provides useful information that epigenetic status may be normal in the progeny of cloned cattle, suggesting the normality of germline cells in cloned cattle.