The Public Participation in the Urban Planning

The policy of public participation in urban planning was first practiced in Europe in the 1960s. After 40 years of development, the policy has become the essential step of city planning in Western countries where as is just at the elementary step in China. For the purpose of knowing the situation about the policy performing in local cities and discussing the feasibility of public participation in urban planning, several kinds of investigation have been done. From the investigation, it is found that although the public participation has already been the important step of urban planning in some city during just several years,there are still many problems. This paper shows a panorama view of this issue. Th describe the future of public participation in e authors will offer some solutions according to the problems and the urban planning.     

Public Participation in Community Landscape Planning and Design: A Case Study of Public Participation in Planning of Danny Woo Community Park in Seattle

This paper, based on a case study of public participation in Danny Woo Community Park in Seattle, explored public participation in community landscape planning and design and analyzed the present situation, main forms and problems of public participation in development planning of community setting in China, so as to provide constructive reference for public participation in Chinese community planning and design that involves public interests.     

参与式发展研究方法在村级发展规划中的应用 ——以保定市两渔村为例

参与式发展研究是农村发展工作者与农民一起共同分析现状、共同制定和执行发展规划的一种研究方法。运用参与式方法制定的发展方案能够充分体现农民的意愿和想法，使农民在实施中具有很高的积极性，保证方案实施的可持续。采用参与式发展研究方法，按照“参与”、“互动”、“讨论”、“研究”的原则，提出了近期两渔村村级发展规划。     

运用参与式发展方法建立西藏新农村建设的发展机制刍议

参与式发展理论起源于对传统发展模式的反思,成长于对发展中国家援助的国际发展实践中,为解决农村发展问题提供了一个新的理论视角。党的十六届五中全会提出建设社会主义新农村的重大历史任务,这是一项长期而艰巨的社会系统工程,需要社会的广泛参与和支持。通过借鉴参与式发展理论的合理内核,探讨西藏新农村建设中面临的新问题,从两个方面提出了如何建立西藏新农村建设的参与式发展机制。     

An Integrative Approach to Value‐Added Planning: From Community Needs to Local Authority Revenue

The concept of value‐added planning (as part of the Valuing Attractive Landscapes in the Urban Economy, INTERREG IVB North West Europe Project) is introduced in this paper to facilitate integrative planning, focusing on the benefits that use and non‐use green spaces can provide to an urban area. The aim is to stress the need to plan for, and protect, green spaces in urban areas by determining the economic values connected to the green spaces and relate that values to community benefit and local authority revenue. The paper identifies tools that can be used to determine the economic value of green spaces based on the environmental, social, and economic benefits. The first section (value) refers to the social value of green spaces as determined from the public perspective and introduces the workbench method as a tool to assist with participatory planning and capturing of the social benefits of green spaces. The second section (added) refers to the environmental benefits of green spaces and, by means of the Green Credit Tool, introduces ways to ensure the protection of the green resources in an area. The final section (planning) refers to the economic benefit of green space, bringing use values and non‐use values of green spaces together. The paper concludes with an integrative framework for value‐added planning, incorporating all the tools presented in the paper, capturing the social, environmental, and economic benefits of green spaces and relating it to community benefit and local authority revenue.     

Collaborative and consultative participatory plant breeding of rice for the rainfed uplands of eastern India

We describe a participatory plant breeding (PPB) programme in rice for the rainfed uplands of eastern India. Collaborative participation (farmers grew and selected in segregating materials in their fields) and consultative participation (farmers selected among progenies in researchers' plots) were used. The PPB was started with only two crosses and, of these, Kalinga III/IR64 was the most successful and produced two released varieties: Ashoka 200F from collaborative breeding and Ashoka 228 from consultative breeding. Both yielded significantly more than control varieties, including Kalinga III, in research trials and in participatory trials in farmers' fields. Qualitative data from participatory trials was highly informative, statistically analysable, and cheaper to obtain than quantitative data. In low-yielding research-station and on-farm trials the two new upland varieties showed no significant genotype × environment interaction with the check varieties. However, in higher-yielding All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project trials, both varieties were more adapted to low yielding environments than the national check variety. Farmers liked the varieties for their early maturity, improved lodging resistance, higher fodder and grain yield, long-slender grains and excellent cooking quality. Before certified seed production, farmer groups have produced large quantities of seed that have spread widely through informal channels. The returns from PPB, compared to conventional breeding, were higher because it cost less, the genetic gains per year were higher, and the benefits to farmers were realised earlier. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

乡村景观规划设计理论及实践研究

以乡村景观规划设计为研究对象,运用SWOT分析方法,分析黑龙江省现阶段农村景观现状存在问题,并以黑龙江省明水县永吉村为例,分别从居住建筑用地景观、公共设施用地景观、道路广场用地景观、水域和其他用地景观4个方面展开相关的研究,寻找景观利用现状中存在的主要问题,并针对问题提出合理的解决方案和设计策略,研究成果为区域美丽乡村建设提供参考。     

Research on the Construction of Chinese National Park System Based on Sustainable Development Theory

To make full use of Chinese natural heritage resources and achieve their sustainable development, it is imperative and necessary to construct Chinese National Park System. Based on the theory of sustainable development and the connotation of national park, this paper will discuss the signifi cance of establishing Chinese National Park System and then propose some measures. Chinese National Park System can be constructed from four levels, including policy, management, economic and social levels, and through such ways as reconstructing the national conservation system, making laws and regulations, establishing planning system, setting up independent and specialized regulatory agency, adopting way of franchising, innovating funding investment mechanisms and establishing mechanisms of public participation.     

Framework Construction for Planning and Design of Tropical Leisure Agricultural Park

Leisure agriculture in Hainan Province has remained in the development stage,so it is necessary to construct the framework for the planning and design of tropical leisure agricultural park.On the basis of analyzing planning conditions for the tropical leisure agricultural parks in Hainan,planning principles,overall concept,land use and functional layouts,spatial organization and landscape features,road system,comprehensive pipeline design and vertical planning,the framework for the planning and design of tropical leisure agricultural parks in Hainan is constructed.     

Urban poverty alleviation strategies in Yogyakarta,Indonesia: Contrasting opportunities for community development

A multidimensional understanding of poverty includes the access of poor groups to decision‐making processes based on their needs and aspirations. However, the realisation of this ‘right to make decisions’ faces multiple obstacles. Over the last 20 years in Indonesia, in a context of a more democratic political environment and policy decentralisation, poverty alleviation policies have followed institutional arrangements to provide communities with opportunities for greater participation in development projects. Poverty data show a clear improvement in the living conditions of urban poor citizens in Indonesia; however, it is unclear whether poor communities have become stronger and more independent from public grants and better able to make their own decisions. This research analysed two urban poor communities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and found that some communities working on participatory poverty alleviation strategies still face obstacles to becoming more independent and making their own decisions because they remain part of an historical legacy of top‐down approaches to poverty, highly dependent on government support and working only within ‘invited spaces’. Conversely, those communities with more limited access to government funding have been more innovative in their strategies and have created ‘invented spaces’ for collective action that allows them to be more independent and empowered.     

Pondering on Public Participation in Decision - Making of Public Projects

The necessity of the public's participation in decision-making of public projects,the functions of the public's participation,and the current characteristics of the public's participation in China were discussed firstly.Then,three suggestions are brought forward to improve the public participation in decision-making of public projects: the first one is to ensure the legal status of the public's participation,the second is to detail contents of entity and process and the third is to set up the public hearing system of public projects.     

Reflection on the Development of Real Estate in the Context of Block System Reform

Last year, the State Council issued the Several Opinions on Further Strengthening the Management of Urban Planning. The guideline on urban planning has sparked heated debate among Internet users over opening up gated residential communities to public road system. This paper, based on the analysis of the background and contents of block system reform, explored the problems of the implementation of the block system reform and the impact of the block system reform on the real estate in China from 3 aspects, the selling points of the high-end communities, future property management and the community elderly care model.     

全国高等院校农村区域发展本科专业建设的主要经验研究

我国高等院校农村区域发展专业在建设中积累了大量的经验。这些经验主要包括:因地制宜设定了本专业人才培养的目标,优化课程体系,以核心教材和区域性特色教材开发为突破口,积极加强教材建设,推行参与式教学方法,制定了科学的专业发展规划。     

The Optimization for Crop Planning and Some Advances for Water-Saving Crop Planning in the Semiarid Loess Plateau of China

The establishment of water-saving crop planning is an inevitable choice of the water-saving agriculture for the water-deficiency region in the arid and semiarid Loess Plateau of China and the world. The water-saving crop planning refers to the planting structure that centres the adjustment of the crop's adaptation to water, the optimization of temporal and spatial layout for crops, the local natural resources, marketing resources, human resources and financial input to enable region or basin with limited water resources to achieve the maximum economic, social and ecological benefits of planting industry under certain technology and economy. After the analysis on the research progress of optimization theory, optimization goals, optimization methods of water-saving cultivation structure and macro-control measures, it is pointed out that the main deficiencies of the current research of water-saving cultivation pattern optimization are lacking of a strong theoretical basis, and the immaturity of optimization technologies. The future crucial research direction will focus on five aspects such as the special optimization theory system, the division methods by studying the watershed unit and using 3S technology, optimization model based on multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, evaluation of rationality and macro-control measures on the basis of the public participation.     

日本农产品批发市场考察报告

详细介绍了东京大田农产品批发市场和名古屋批发市场在果菜、水产、花卉方面的交易情况，并对日本批发市场的设置程序和交易原则进行了简要阐述，最后提出发展中国批发市场的几点建议。     

Comparing farmers and breeders rankings in varietal selection for low-input environments: A case study of rainfed rice in eastern India

A number of breeding institutions developed a project to assess importance of participatory plant breeding approaches for rainfed rice improvement in eastern India. The results of the first two years of participatory varietal selection are reported here. The objective was to evaluate the respective effects of participation of farmers in varietal evaluation and decentralization of varietal testing from breeding stations to farmers' fields on varietal ranking. Fields representing various hydrological situations were chosen in two to three villages at four rainfed lowland sites and one upland site. Sets of 15 to 25 varieties were tested both in farmers' fields and on-station in 1997 and 1998 and ranked by both farmers and breeders. The effect of participation was judged by comparing the rankings attributed by farmers and breeders to a given set of material in a given trial. The effect of decentralization was determined through comparisons between individual breeders' rankings across trials. Farmers' rankings were not randomly allocated, but agreement within the farmers' group was not always very strong. Except at one site, concordance among breeders' ranking was high, but, because of the limited number of breeders involved, it was seldom significant. In about two-thirds of the trials, there was a good agreement between farmers' and breeders' mean rankings. The consensus was particularly strong when severe constraints induced contrasting behavior in the genotypes. The decentralization effect appeared to be moderate, but variations due to a breeder effect were recorded. The part of genotype by environment interactions for grain yield due to location within one site and year was evaluated through various methods, showing more effect of G × E interactions at some sites than at others. Crossover interactions inducing changes in ranks represented a limited part of the yearly G × E interactions at all sites. Both farmer participation and decentralization of varietal testing in farmers' field would help in best matching the varieties to the needs, although their combined contribution would be more useful in some sites than in others. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

阜康市城市土地供给侧政策绩效综合评价

旨在剖析阜康市城市土地供给侧结构方面存在的难题,从城市土地供给侧政策的结构效益、经济效益和公平效益三视角,运用主成分分析模型构建阜康市城市土地供给侧政策综合绩效评价体系。结果表明2009—2013 年阜康市城市土地供给侧政策绩效虽呈波动状态,但评分总体较好,土地供给侧政策实施效果整体良好。在供给结构调整方面,阜康市城市土地供给结构还需进一步调整,工矿仓储用地占用比重较大,商服和住宅用地比重较小;在经济效益方面,保持着较高的土地供给率和土地市场公开出让率,但土地投资强度较低;在公平效益方面,城市人均道路面积、人均公共管理与公共服务用地面积、经适房比重得到一定程度的扩大,但总体仍处于较低水平。最后,为阜康市土地供给侧结构调整优化提出优化供地结构、注重存量土地内部挖潜、转变低效供地利用、以“三规合一”为导向等建议,以实现未来城市土地供给的可持续发展。     

农村公共产品的供给与需求——基于安徽省364份调查问卷的分析

农村公共产品的供给对新农村建设具有重大意义,农村公共产品的需求决定了农村公共产品供给的优先顺序。本文运用安徽省的抽样调查资料,对农村公共产品的供给状况和需求进行了统计描述和分析。研究表明,安徽省农村的基础设施条件较差,公共产品供给的缺口较大。农民对农村公共产品投资需求顺序依次为农村道路、农田水利、技术服务和培训、村庄改造、搞好村建设规划、幼儿园及小学建设、合作医疗及统筹养老保险等。因此,政府在进行公共产品投资决策时,应根据农民需求考虑投资优先顺序,有所侧重并逐步推进。     

发达国家发展现代农业的若干作法

本文从战略定位与发展思路、国家立法扶持、政府统一管理与服务、政策保护与支持方法、国际化市场体系建立、组织规模化生产、生产要素集约化投入、贸工农产业化经营、专业化分工与优势产品区域布局、工业化装备武装农业、社会化服务体系建设、财政投入与农村金融体系建设、农业科技创新体系与支撑、农民教育与培训、一二三产业互动发展等发展现代农业的主要方面系统介绍了美国、日本、荷兰与德国等发达国家的经验与作法。     

The Construction Strategy of Small Towns Based on Ecological Concept

Based on the perspective of ecological concept,this study first interpreted the background of ecological civilization construction,and combed the relationship between ecological concept and small town planning.Second,it expounded the ecological problems of natural resources,economic development,landscape system,social humanities and other aspects in the construction of contemporary small towns.According to the study,the construction of small towns based on the ecological concept should establish the concept of "ecology first",practice "multiple compliance",coordinate the relationship with other planning,make reasonable planning and design in the aspects of town scale,functional orientation,structural form,road traffic,landscape style and features,humanistic characteristics,and strengthen the implementation,supervision and management of planning.Finally,summary and outlook was made,hoping that the study will be of reference value and guidance to the planning and construction of small towns.