酵母铬对围产前期奶牛抗氧化能力的影响

研究在日粮中添加不同水平的酵母铬对围产前期奶牛抗氧化性能的影响。选用20头体况和预产期相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,对照组为基础日粮,3个处理组在基础日粮中分别添加2.4、4.8和7.2g/d的酵母铬。结果显示,与对照组相比,添加酵母铬可以提高血清中总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）的活力（P〈0.01）;在4.8g/d铬水平下,与对照组相比饲喂酵母铬奶牛血清丙二醛（MDA）含量显著降低（P〈0.01）。结果表明,基础日粮添加酵母铬,0.4mg Cr/kg干物质（DM）可提高围产前期奶牛抗氧化能力。     

酵母铬对围产前期奶牛免疫功能的影响

选用20头体况和预产期相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,对照组喂基础日粮,3个处理组在基础日粮中分别添加2.4、4.8、7.2g/d的酵母铬。结果显示,与对照组相比,添加酵母铬可以提高外周血淋巴细胞转化能力,提高了IgM、IgG和IgA的含量(P0.01)。结果表明,基础日粮添加2.4g/d的酵母铬,使DM铬添加水平为0.4mg/kg时,效果较好。     

酵母铬对围产后期奶牛抗氧化能力的影响

选用20头胎次相近和分娩期相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,对照组为基础日粮,3个处理组在基础日粮中分别添加3．0、6．0和9．0g／a的酵母铬。试验期为2周,从分娩当天持续到产后14d。结果表明,（1）与对照组相比,添加酵母铬可以提高血清中总抗氧化能力（T—AOC）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶（GSHPx）的活力（P〈0．01）,降低丙二醛的浓度;（2）酵母铬降低了皮质醇含量,提高了胰岛素活性。本试验条件下,发现基础日粮添加9．0g／d的酵母铬,使铬添加水平为0．8mgCr／kg时,效果较好。为研究在日粮中添加不同水平的酵母铬对围产后期奶牛抗氧化性能的影响提供依据。     

吡啶羧酸铬对热应激期奶牛体温、呼吸率、产奶量及乳成分的影响

试验旨在研究奶牛日粮中添加不同梯度的吡啶羧酸铬对热应激期奶牛体温、呼吸率、产奶量和牛乳中铬及乳成分的影响,为吡啶羧酸铬在奶牛热应激期的安全应用提供依据。选择20头荷斯坦泌乳牛,采用单因子区组设计,分为对照组和处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个试验组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在此基础上分别添加吡啶羧酸铬4、8和12mg/(头·d),试验期60d。结果表明,奶牛在热应激状态下,日粮中添加吡啶羧酸铬4、8、12mg/(头·d)对牛奶中铬含量影响不显著(P>0.05);对牛奶常规成分(乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、总固形物)无显著影响(P>0.05);添加8、12mg/(头·d)水平的吡啶羧酸铬对减缓奶牛热应激、提高产奶量有显著作用(P<0.05)。     

酵母培养物对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能及乳品质的影响

为了研究酵母培养物对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能及乳品质的影响,探讨酵母培养物在改良饲料风味、提高奶产量与乳品质方面的应用效果.本试验选取20头体况接近的奶牛配对分成两组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组用1.38%酵母培养物替代等量精料,预试期9 d,正试期30 d,测定试验组与对照组的采食量、产奶量及乳品质变化情况.结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加酵母培养物30 d后采食量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、非脂固形物和乳密度分别提高了2.90%、0.61%、0.66%、1.25%、0.80%和2.69%(P>0.05),标准乳产量显著提高了3.70%(P<0.05).奶牛日粮中添加酵母培养物对促进奶牛采食及泌乳效果明显,能一定程度提高泌乳奶牛的生产效益.     

日粮中添加酵母培养物对奶牛产奶量和日粮消化程度的影响

为探索日粮中添加酵母培养物(YC)对泌乳奶牛产奶量和日粮消化程度的影响,研究开展3个试验。试验一:选择40头1~6胎次、产奶量20~35 kg及泌乳天数60~100 d的泌乳盛期奶牛,根据泌乳天数、产奶量和胎次随机分为酵母培养物添加组和对照组2个处理组;试验二:选择60头1~6胎次、产奶量20~35kg及泌乳100~200 d的泌乳中期奶牛,根据泌乳天数、产奶量和胎次随机分为酵母培养物添加组和对照组2个处理组;试验一和试验二的对照组共50头牛集中饲养于牛舍Ⅰ,饲喂基础TMR日粮;试验一和试验二的试验组共50头牛集中饲养于牛舍Ⅱ,饲喂在基础TMR日粮中添加200 g酵母培养物(奶师博);试验三:选择牛舍Ⅱ所有牛只个体,进行200 g酵母培养物添加效果试验,监测牛只个体日产奶量和平均采食量,并在试验前后进行粪便分析。结果表明:奶牛泌乳盛期添加酵母培养物可改善日粮消化,提高产奶量,利于泌乳高峰期的到达;奶牛泌乳中期添加酵母培养物可改善日粮消化率,减少应激对奶牛产奶量的影响,稳定生产性能;泌乳奶牛添加酵母培养物可有效改善泌乳盛期和中期奶牛的日粮消化率和日粮干物质转化率。     

日粮添加酵母培养对荷斯坦奶牛乳品质的影响

本实验主要研究中国荷斯坦奶牛日粮中添加不同水平的酵母培养物,分析酵母培养物对于奶牛乳品质的影响状况。选用体况良好、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的奶牛作为研究对象,共80头,随机分成4个处理组,每组10个重复,每个重复2头奶牛。试验各组基础日粮中添加0（对照组）、0.5%、1%、2%酵母培养物,试验28 d。结果显示,中国荷斯坦奶牛日粮中添加不同水平的酵母培养物对奶牛平均日干物质采食量、乳糖、体细胞数、乳尿素氮、非脂乳固体、总固形物等乳品质指标未产生显著的影响（p>0.05）。与对照组相比,1%和2%酵母培养物组奶牛的产奶量显著提高了4.37%、4.76%(p <0.05);1%酵母培养物组牛乳中的乳脂率比对照组显著提高了9.86%(p <0.05)。研究结果显示,酵母培养物对改善乳品质来说有重要作用,在荷斯坦奶牛日粮中的最适添加量为1%。     

热应激情况下奶牛日粮中添加铬螯合物对奶牛泌乳性能和血相参数的影响

沙特阿拉伯利雅得营养和技术服务部门的Arabia研究在热应激情况下奶牛日粮中添加铬螯合物对奶牛的泌乳性能和血相参数的影响。试验采用160头经产的荷斯坦奶牛（产后120～130d）分为2组，饲喂2种日粮。试验Ⅰ组为对照组，饲喂全混日粮，不加铬螯合物：试验Ⅱ组为试验组，饲喂基础日粮，而且每头牛每天添加4g铬螯合物。     

甜菜碱和酵母铬对高温环境中肉牛生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究甜菜碱和酵母铬对高温环境中肉牛生产性能的影响。试验选择32头胎次相同、体重相近的中国西门塔尔牛,随机分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组、2组和3组在基础日粮的基础上分别添加21 g/d.头的甜菜碱,0.8 mg/kg酵母铬,以及21 g/d.头甜菜碱和0.8 mg/kg酵母铬的混合物。试验期为42 d,结果表明:(1)添加甜菜碱和酵母铬对肉牛的呼吸频率和直肠温度影响不明显(P>0.05);(2)与对照组相比,试验1组肉牛采食量提高了17.22%,试验3组提高了4.38%,试验2组降低了1.81%,但均不显著(P>0.05);与对照组相比,试验1组,2组和3组日增重分别提高39.66%、31.03%和8.93%(P>0.05);料肉比试验1组,2组和3组分别比对照组降低16.04%、25.07%(P<0.05)和0.79%。     

热应激期奶牛日粮酵母铬的添加效应

铬不仅是动物必需的微量元素,而且铬对动物应激的缓解作用也逐渐被人们所认识。本研究以酵母铬为原料,系统研究铬制剂对热应激期奶牛进食量、生产性能和生化指标的影响,以及铬在乳中的残留,以探索应激期奶牛日粮铬制剂的添加效应。本试验根据胎次、泌乳期和产奶量,按随机分组方法将44头泌乳120天、日均产奶量27.70kg的奶牛分为4组,每组11头。预饲期15天,正试期45天,试验期温湿指数T(H I)为81.5。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ及Ⅲ组在此基础上每千克精料分别添加酵母铬0.40m g、0.80m g和1.20m g。结果表明:1.试验组产奶量较对照组均有不…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.