气候变化对内蒙古荒漠草原牧草气候生产力的影响

根据内蒙古荒漠草原1961~2007年11个气象站点的年平均气温、年降水量资料,采用Thornthwaite Me-morial模型计算牧草气候生产力,运用气候诊断分析、相关分析等方法分析荒漠草原年平均气温、年降水量、牧草气候生产力的时空变化特征及趋势,并探讨了不同气候变化情景对内蒙古荒漠草原牧草气候生产力的影响。结果表明:(1)近47年来内蒙古荒漠草原年平均气温呈极显著的上升趋势,荒漠草原东北部和西部增温幅度相对较大;年降水量总体变化趋势不明显,但东北部地区年降水量明显减少。(2)牧草气候生产力总体为不显著的线性增加趋势,其中荒漠草原中部牧草气候生产力增加显著。(3)未来"暖湿型"气候可使牧草气候生产力提高,"暖干型"气候使牧草气候生产力降低,"冷湿型"气候也有利于牧草气候生产力的增长。(4)年降水量与牧草气候生产力有极其显著的相关性,降水是影响内蒙古荒漠草原牧草气候生产力的关键因子。     

近二十三年贵南县草地净第一性生产力与气候变化的响应

根据气候相关模型计算了贵南县草原生态净第一性生产力(NPP),且通过地上生物量实测值对模型结果进行验证,分析比较了模型在同一个植被类型区域的预测结果。结果表明,近二十三年贵南县草原生态植被气候生产力呈现出增加趋势,当地的气候生产力取决于温度和降水的有效结合,其中影响牧草生长的主要气候限制因子是降水,温度变化对NPP值的影响较弱,因此,降水是共和盆地植被气候生产力的主要限制因子。     

三江源兴海县草地生态环境变化的气候背景分析

利用青海省三江源区兴海县气象站近47年的气温、降水、冻土等气象资料的变化及其对该地区草地生态环境的影响作了分析。结果表明:近47年来,三江源区兴海县的气温呈明显上升趋势,降水呈不明显的上升趋势,干燥指数呈极不显著的上升趋势,年最大冻土深度明显上升,20世纪90年代以来极端天气事件增多。鼠虫害、牲畜存栏数的不断增加、滥采乱挖和工矿业的迅速发展造成兴海县植被生产力下降、草原退化严重。进入21世纪后,该地区的气候呈暖湿化发展,牧草产量和牧草高度呈上升趋势,提高了草地生产力,为发展畜牧业提供了良好的条件。     

三江源兴海县草地生态环境变化的气候背景分析

利用青海省三江源区兴海县气象站近47年的气温、降水、冻土等气象资料的变化及其对该地区草地生态环境的影响作了分析.结果表明:近47年来,三江源区兴海县的气温呈明显上升趋势,降水呈不明显的上升趋势,干燥指数呈极不显著的上升趋势,年最大冻土深度明显上升,20世纪90年代以来极端天气事件增多.鼠虫害、牲畜存栏数的不断增加、滥采乱挖和工矿业的迅速发展造成兴海县植被生产力下降、草原退化严重.进A.21世纪后,该地区的气候呈暖湿化发展,牧草产量和牧草高度呈上升趋势,提高了草地生产力,为发展畜牧业提供了良好的条件.     

内蒙古典型草原植物物候变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

利用1961～2006年内蒙古典型草原锡林郭勒牧业气象试验站1961-2006年的气候资料及1982～2006年植物物候资料,采用统计分析及趋势倾向率方法,分析了锡林浩特气候变化特征、植物物候变化特征及物候变化特征对气候变化的响应。结果表明：（1）锡林浩特地区近50年气温呈上升趋势,气候变暖的季节性差异明显,冬季增温最为显著;年降水变化为“少-多-少-多-少”趋势;日照时数呈线性增加趋势,夏季明显。（2）锡林浩特地区植物春季物候开始期延迟,秋季物候期提前或推后,生长季相对缩短。（3）在气候变化的大背景下,锡林浩特地区春季物候与其前旬平均气温呈显著正相关,即气温升高,春季物候推后;秋季物候与气温的关系表现为显著负相关,即气温升高,秋季物候期提前;降水和目照对植物各物候期没有显著影响。     

贵南县23年草原生态系统净第一性生产力与气候变化趋势

根据气候数据,采用相关模型计算了贵南县草原生态系统净第一性生产力(NPP),且通过地上生物量实测值对模型结果进行验证,分析比较了模型在同一个植被类型区域的预测结果。结果表明:23年贵南县草原生态植被呈现出增加的趋势,当地的气候取决于温度和降水的有效结合,其中,影响牧草生长的主要气候限制因素是降水,温度变化对NPP值的影响较弱。因此,降水是植被主要限制因素。     

玛曲草原生态补偿机制初探

随着全球气候变暖、人口增长和放牧家畜数量的增加,草原荒漠化危机已成为我国主要生态环境问题,国内虽然已开展了生态补偿理论的研究,但是对于草地领域的研究却是一片空白.因此,本文通过对草原生态补偿原则、标准、主体、对象及方式等的探讨,提出确保草原生态补偿顺利实施的建议,希望能为玛曲草原生态系统的可持续发展提供科学的依据.     

2000年以来甘南植被变化趋势及原因分析

归一化植被指数(NDVI)可表征植被生长状况,利用2000-2014年EOS/MODIS-NDVI及同期气温、降水资料、2000-2012年载畜量资料分析了甘南州植被时空变化及气象因子、人类活动对其影响.结果表明,1)近15年来,甘南整体植被稳定性呈增加趋势,林地稳定性大于草地,植被空间变异主要由草地的空间变化引起.2)15年来甘南州植被整体趋于好转,局部有显著减少趋势(P＜0.05),研究区70％的区域植被呈增加趋势,21％的区域呈恶化趋势,恶化以草地为主,占总恶化面积的75％,主要分布在玛曲、碌曲及迭部.3)植被主要恶化区(玛曲、碌曲和迭部)气温有升高趋势;载畜量舟曲呈显著减少趋势(P＜0.05),其它各县市均呈极显著增加趋势(P＜0.01);载畜量逐年增加,过度放牧是引起甘南州局部植被趋于恶化、空间离散、分布不均的主要原因.     

伊犁河谷植被物候变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

本文基于2001—2021年MODIS NDVI数据和气象数据,利用TIMESAT软件提取伊犁河谷植被物候参数,结合Sen趋势分析、M—K检验和偏相关分析等方法,研究伊犁河谷植被物候变化特征及其对气候(气温、降水)变化的响应。结果表明：伊犁河谷植被生长季始期(Start of the growing season, SOS)、生长季末期(End of the growing season, EOS)、生长季长度(Length of growing season, LOS)主要集中在45～113 d, 290～335 d, 186～279 d,海拔每上升100 m, SOS约推迟1.9 d, EOS提前1 d, LOS缩短2.9 d。SOS呈提前的像元占79.91%;EOS呈推迟的像元占81.64%;LOS呈延长和缩短的像元占31.89%,26.39%。1 000 m以下草原SOS最早且提前天数最多(61.5 d);1 000 m以上草原EOS提前天数最多(34.8 d),阔叶林仅提前7.6 d。SOS受2,3月气温及1,2月降水影响,3月气温升高使SOS提前;EOS与8月气温正相关,与...     

同德县气候变化特征与草原生态环境效应

通过分析青海省同德县气候变化特征及其对草原生态环境的影响,发现同德地区气候变化的显著特征是:一年四季的平均气温都呈现升高趋势,但变化的幅度却不相同,年平均气温呈增高趋势,平均每10年增高0.37℃ ,冬季气温呈明显上升趋势,平均每10年气温升高0.50～0.88 ℃ ,是气候变暖最突出的时段;1987年以来同德县相继出现14个暖冬,是近45年来最暖的时期.年降水量以每10年10.5 mm的趋势减小,90年代降水量最少.并由此引起无霜期延长,积雪、冰雹、雷暴、大风、沙尘暴日数的减少,气候变化一方面使同德地区草原的生态环境有所好转,另一方面也是近几年蝗虫泛滥的主要原因之一.当前存在的草原退化现象主要应归咎于不合理的人为活动.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.