日粮高铜对雏鸡法氏囊影响的研究

本试验旨在研究高铜对雏鸡法氏囊的影响。选用1日龄艾维茵肉鸡健雏420只,随机分为7组,分别喂以对照日粮（Cu 11 mg/kg）和高铜日粮（Cu 100 mg/kg,高铜Ⅰ组;Cu 200 mg/kg,高铜Ⅱ组;Cu 300 mg/kg,高铜Ⅲ组;Cu 400 mg/kg,高铜Ⅳ组;Cu 500 mg/kg,高铜Ⅴ组;Cu 600 mg/kg,高铜Ⅵ组）6周。结果表明：（1）高铜Ⅰ、Ⅱ组雏鸡法氏囊组织学变化与对照组比较不明显,高铜Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组雏鸡法氏囊组织结构呈不同程度的病变;（2）高铜Ⅰ、Ⅱ组雏鸡法氏囊质量、生长指数与对照组比较均增高（P〉0.05）,高铜Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组雏鸡法氏囊质量、生长指数均不同程度地降低;（3）高铜Ⅰ、Ⅱ组雏鸡法氏囊细胞周期中增殖指数（PI）在试验期间均高于对照组（P〉0.05）,高铜Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组雏鸡法氏囊细胞周期中增殖指数（PI）不同程度地降低;（4）各高铜组雏鸡法氏囊细胞凋亡率在试验期间与对照组比较均增高,与日粮含铜量呈正相关,其中高铜Ⅰ、Ⅱ组与对照组比较差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。由本试验可见,日粮铜含量在11-200 mg/kg能够促进雏鸡法氏囊的发育,而高于300 mg/kg时不同程度地抑制了雏鸡法氏囊的发育,导致雏鸡体液免疫功能受损。     

早期鸡胚发育过程中增殖细胞核抗原在法氏囊的表达

法氏囊是鸟类特有的器官,是B淋巴细胞成熟的场所.本研究分析了鸡胚早期发育过程的中法氏囊形态变化及增殖细胞核抗原PCNA表达变化.结果表明鸡胚6.5 d(E6.5)时,法氏囊开始出现在鸡胚泄殖腔的最深处,从最开始E6.5的一些小的囊泡发育成E8的一个大腔,E8～E10,法氏囊继续发育.从E11开始,法氏囊开始出现一些小的皱褶,E11～E18,这些小的皱褶逐渐变得清晰,并贯穿整个法氏囊.在E9时,法氏囊轮廓形成,可以发现在表皮层和基膜层PCNA有着广泛的表达.统计分析表明表皮层的PCNA阳性率在100％左右,在整个发育早期几乎没有变化;而基层的阳性率随着胚胎的发育逐渐下降,在E9、E10、E11、E12、E14和E18表达率分别是97％、93％、71％、55％、56％和20％.     

禽类法氏囊结构与功能发育研究进展

法氏囊为鸟类特有的中枢免疫器官,是B淋巴细胞成熟与分化的场所。论文从法氏囊组织结构发育、发生与退化、相关传染性疾病及病理机制进行综述,并着重从存在于法氏囊中的相关免疫活性因子来阐述其生理功能的发育,同时提出了增强法氏囊免疫生理功能的几点措施,为今后对法氏囊生理功能的进一步研究提供基础资料。     

亚慢性铝中毒对雏鸡脾脏、法氏囊生长发育和形态结构的影响

采用连续腹腔注射固定体积不同浓度梯度三氯化铝法,建立不同程度的鸡亚慢性铝中毒模型,测定雏鸡脾脏和法氏囊生长指数并应用光镜和透射电镜技术观察其结构.结果表明:(1)铝中毒组雏鸡脾脏和法氏囊生长指数均显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)低于对照组,且存在剂量-效应关系;(2)光镜下,中、低剂量染铝组无明显病理变化,高剂量染铝组.脾脏出现凋亡,法氏囊小结生发中心增生;(3)电镜下,低剂量染铝组无明显病理变化,中、高剂量染铝组,脾脏淋巴细胞核膜破裂,线粒体肿胀、嵴断裂或消失,粗面内质网肿胀,网池增宽,融合成空泡状,出现典型的凋亡形态;法氏囊淋巴细胞核膜破裂,核溶解,有髓样小体形成,胞质内细胞器明显减少.上述结果说明,铝中毒严重抑制雏鸡脾脏和法氏囊生长发育,并对其造成明显的病理损伤.     

1994年2—5月份福建省鸡法氏囊病调查

本文应用单克隆抗体光荧光免疫技术检测来自省内产分鸡场，珍珠鸡场，山鸡场和鹧鸪场的送检病死鸡病料，结果表明：法氏囊病阳性率为２９．６５％，发病日龄介地７到９０日龄之间，死亡率０－１５％，应用单克隆抗体治疗效果良好。     

鸭胚腔上囊的组织结构发育动态研究

对孵化15-25日龄的鸭胚腔上囊进行连续动态研究，结果表明，从腔上囊形成开始到出壳的鸭胚尚法治形成较完整的具体体液免疫功能的组织结构；非炎性状态下腔上囊淋巴滤泡内出现的嗜异形细胞在腔上囊的分化发育中起着重要的组织改建作用。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病的诊断

传染性法氏囊病是法氏囊病毒引起的鸡的一种急性、高度接触性传染病.感染本病会造成免疫抑制,并易继发多种疾病,从而给养殖户带来巨大的经济损失.现将几起典型病例的诊断情况报道如下.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病二价弱毒细胞苗的研制

鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)的预防主要靠接种疫苗,我国目前使用的IBD疫苗种类繁多,大多数为IBD血清I型毒株制备的鸡胚组织苗和细胞苗.     

禽类腔上囊增龄性退化的研究进展

腔上囊是禽类的中枢免疫器官,也是B淋巴细胞发育、分化、成熟的场所。性成熟时,禽类的腔上囊结构退化并覆以富含血管和脂肪的结缔组织。对禽类腔上囊的组织结构特征、增龄性退化及退化的神经内分泌调节方面的研究进展进行了综述,以期为进一步阐明禽类腔上囊的增龄性退化机制提供理论依据。     

禽法氏囊三肽囊素免疫生物学及其同功能单链抗体研究进展

法氏囊（BF）是禽类特有的免疫器官，为B细胞发育、成熟提供微环境，是免疫球蛋白基因转变场所；其免疫活性物质为三肽囊素（Bursin)；它不仅分布于BF，还存在于胸腺Hassall小体、哈德氏腺、脾脏、BF T细胞区及骨髓；它能诱导家禽和哺乳动物B细胞前体分化；其靶器官是BF，能够拮抗IBD疫苗对BF的损伤，提高ND弱毒疫苗及油苗产生抗体水平；人工合成Bursin作用的靶器官也是BF，可促进BF发育、抗体的产生、维持母源抗体作用。     

The Vascularization of the Bursa cloacalis (of Fabricius) in the Duck

The morphological and structural features of the vascular component of the bursa of Fabricius in the duck are described. By means of an intravasal perfusion of suitably colored neoprene Latex or Microscopaque, or a perfusion of Indian ink, it was possible to follow visually the routes of arteries, veins and the microcirculation; this last represents a major characteristic of the bursal follicle in the duck. The microcirculation has its origins in several roots arising from the follicular arterioles, which in the region of the cortex constitute an open vascular layer. From these pre-capillary arterioles, adjacent to the limiting layer between cortex and medulla, a dense capillary network is formed. With the aid of an electron microscope the presence of a cortico-medullary barrier of an epithelio-reticular nature was revealed; close to it there are the terminal branches of the intrafollicular network. The barrier appears to be structurally more compact than that of the cortical capillaries of the mammalian thymus.     

胚胎及胚后发育期鸭腔上囊淋巴细胞增殖与凋亡的研究

采用PCNA免疫组化法和TUNEL染色法,并结合光、电镜技术研究天府肉鸭胚胎及胚后发育期腔上囊淋巴细胞增殖与凋亡的动态变化规律。结果显示胚胎期腔上囊淋巴细胞增殖明显,其滤泡淋巴细胞增殖指数（PIF）随胚龄增加而逐渐增高,26d胚龄达峰值。胚后期各组滤泡皮质淋巴细胞增殖指数（PIC）和髓质淋巴细胞增殖指数（PIM）均呈下降趋势;各组PIM均明显高于PIC。胚胎期腔上囊滤泡淋巴细胞凋亡指数（AIF）随胚龄增大而逐渐增高。胚后期O～3周龄滤泡髓质淋巴细胞凋亡指数（AIM）继续增高,滤泡皮质淋巴细胞凋亡指数（AIC）则无明显变化;AIC和AIM在5周龄下降,17周龄明显升高,29周龄达峰值。胚后0～14周龄,各组AIM均明显高、于AIC,而17～29周龄AIM则明显低于AIC。凋亡淋巴细胞核呈现多种形态,线粒体肿胀,嵴断裂。结果提示淋巴细胞增殖与凋亡在鸭腔上囊胚胎及胚后发育的整个过程中普遍存在,具有明显增龄变化特性,二者协同参与腔上囊发育和退化过程。     

法氏囊组织在鸡淋巴细胞性白血病发生发展中的变化

用鸡淋巴细胞性白血病病毒ＲＡＶ－１株接种３５只１日龄伊莎鸡雏,于接毒后不同批次扑杀,采取法氏囊做组织学、免疫细胞化学、透射电镜观察。结果：接毒后１个月,法氏囊滤泡髓质淋巴细胞开始转化,接毒后２～５个月更明显,在法氏囊滤泡髓质区形成淋巴细胞克隆增殖灶。接毒后６个月,法氏囊萎缩。ＢＡ法染色表明法氏囊一直存有病毒和群特异性抗原,以接毒后３～４个月含量最高。电镜观察,在接毒后１～４个月的实验鸡法氏囊滤泡髓质淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和网状细胞中观察到ＬＬ病毒粒子。组织学、免疫细胞化学和电镜观察都表明法氏囊是该病毒的主要靶器官,法氏囊决定鸡淋巴细胞性白血病的发生发展。     

ChMDA5通路参与传染性法氏囊病病毒致雏鸡法氏囊损伤的研究

传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）为dsRNA病毒,可造成雏鸡法氏囊损伤进而发生免疫抑制;MDA5是能够特异性识别dsRNA病毒的模式识别受体。为研究鸡MDA5（chMDA5）信号通路在IBDV致雏鸡法氏囊病理损伤中的作用,试验选取50只14日龄SPF雏鸡随机分为IBDV感染组和空白对照组,每组25只,IBDV感染组雏鸡通过点眼、滴鼻感染IBDV JIC7株病毒液,0.6 mL·只^-1,空白对照组雏鸡经相同途径给予相同剂量无菌PBS,感染IBDV后第1、4、7、21及35天采集雏鸡法氏囊。采用qRT-PCR方法检测法氏囊中IBDV载量,chMDA5及chMDA5信号通路衔接蛋白（chIPS-1）、转录因子（chIRF3和chNF-κB）、下游产物细胞因子（chIFN-β、chTNF-α、chIL-1β、chIL-6） mRNA水平变化;间接免疫荧光法检测chMDA5蛋白表达变化,传统病理学方法检查法氏囊病理组织学变化。结果发现,雏鸡感染IBDV后,其法氏囊中chMDA5、chIPS-1、chIRF3、chNF-κB、chIFN-β、chTNF-α、chIL-1β、chIL-6的表达量均显著高于对照组,且法氏囊组织发生形态损伤,上述变化趋势与IBDV载量变化基本一致。结果表明,雏鸡法氏囊chMDA5及其信号转导通路可被IBDV激活,参与到IBDV感染雏鸡法氏囊损伤与抗损伤过程中。     

The Anatomy of the Cloacal Bursa (Bursa of Fabricius) in the Helmeted Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris galeata)

The cloacal bursa (bursa of Fabricius) in the guinea fowls appeared either as an oval blind sac with a short thick stalk in one group or had a pointed cranial blind end with a slightly bulging middle part that was followed by a thick caudal stalk in the other group. Both groups of bursae originated from the proctodeal wall of the cloaca and were placed dorsal to the rectum. The average length of the bursa was 18 mm while the average width at die mid section was 15 mm. The internal surface showed about 12 – 14 primary folds. Histologically, the outline of the bursa was well established by day 18 of incubation. The primary folds had also been formed. Lymphocytes had already been encountered within the framework of the bursa at this day. The epithelium bordering the tunica propria was composed principally of two layers of cuboidal cells. Epithelial buds had also formed and some were already detached from the epithelial lining. The blood vessels present were positioned just beneath the outer covering. At day 19 of incubation, most of the epithelial buds had two layers of cells arranged in a circumscribed manner while a few had three layers of cells. Blood vessels had increased in number and were deeper placed inside the bursa than previously. At day 20, the cells of the upper layer of the epithelium were dorsoventrally flattened and stained paler than the cells of the lower layer. It was possible to distinguish the cortex from the medulla and the basement lining between both zones was distinct. Tiny vesicles within the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells at the mucosa and follicles were observed. Macrophges were also observed within the gland. At day 21, blood vessels were observed in the cortex of the follicles. The maximum number of primary folds (14) had been formed. At day 22, serveral follicles had severed connections with the mucosal epithelium. The mucosal lining had dropped to a single layer of cells in some areas. Goblet cells were observed amongst the mucosal cells. A plasma cell had first appeared. By day 25, dead cells had increased quite in number and there was also an increase in number of medium and small-sized lymphocytes within the gland. By day 26, the upper layer of the surface epithelium was composed primarily of tall columnar cells with numerous large vacuoles. Macrophages had suddenly increased within the thin interfollicu-lar spaces and most of them were crowded internally with various sizes of debris. By day one post-hatch, each fold was completely filled with follicles that were separated by thin connective tissue strands.     

法氏囊在鸡淋巴细胞性白血病发生发展中的作用

用鸡淋巴细胞性白血病病毒ＲＡＶ－１株接种３５只１日龄伊莎鸡雏,于接毒后不同批次扑杀,采取法氏囊做组织学、免疫细胞化学、透射电镜观察。结果：接毒后１个月,法氏囊滤泡髓质淋巴细胞开始转化,接毒后２～５个月更明显,在法氏囊滤泡髓质区形成成淋巴细胞克隆增殖灶。接毒后６个月,法氏囊萎缩。生物素－亲和素（ＢＡ）法染色表明法氏囊一直存有病毒和群特异性抗原,以接毒后３～４个月含量最高。电镜观察,在接毒后１～４个月的实验鸡法氏囊滤泡髓质淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和网状细胞中观察到淋巴细胞性白血病（ＬＬ）病毒粒子。组织学、免疫细胞化学和电镜观察都表明法氏囊是该病的主要靶器官之一,法氏囊在鸡淋巴细胞性白血病的发生发展中起一定的作用     

米糠多糖对免疫抑制鸡脾脏和法氏囊细胞周期和抗细胞凋亡作用

为探讨米糠多糖(RBS)对免疫抑制鸡免疫调节作用的机理,作者采用流式细胞术检测了健康雏鸡、环磷酰胺(CTX)和传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV)诱导的免疫抑制雏鸡在给予RBS[剂量150 mg/(kg·d)]和不给予RBS情况下脾脏和法氏囊细胞的DNA含量、细胞周期及细胞凋亡率.结果显示:(1)CTX+RBS组雏鸡脾脏S期细胞比例和PI值显著高于CTX组(P<0.05),该2组鸡的法氏囊细胞周期没有显著差异(P>0.05).(2)IBDV+RBS组雏鸡脾脏S期、G2期细胞比例和PI值、法氏囊的S期细胞和PI值均高于IBDV组(P<0.05);(3)CTX+RBS组和IBDV+RBS组雏鸡脾脏和法氏囊细胞的凋亡率分别低于CTX组和IBDV组(P<0.05).结果表明:RBS能够促进CTX处理鸡脾脏细胞和IBDV感染鸡脾脏和法氏囊细胞DNA复制,对CTX和IBDV诱导鸡的脾脏和法氏囊细胞凋亡过程均有一定的拮抗作用.     

不同日龄火鸡腔上囊组织形态结构的研究

为了探讨火鸡腔上囊的组织形态结构及其发育规律,为火鸡的免疫接种和疾病研究提供理论基础。分别取不同日龄火鸡的腔上囊,常规石蜡组织制片,显微镜下进行对比观察,比较不同日龄火鸡腔上囊的组织形态结构。研究结果表明,火鸡腔上囊的基本组织结构与其它禽类基本相似,从内至外依次由黏膜、黏膜下层、肌肉和浆膜4层组成。与其它禽类腔上囊相比,火鸡腔上囊的黏膜和黏膜下层所形成的纵行皱襞和小皱襞要发达得多;黏膜上皮全部为假复层柱状上皮,黏膜的固有膜内腔上囊小结也相对发达。火鸡腔上囊随着日龄的增加而逐渐发育,母火鸡至208日龄时达最大,公火鸡则迟于母火鸡几周,以后又逐渐退化。