采用双峰驼重链抗体特异的抗血清检测不同抗原免疫骆驼过程中血清重链抗体的水平

为了探究重链抗体在骆驼免疫保护中的生物学作用,本研究利用Protein G和Protein A亲和层析纯化新疆双峰驼血清中总IgG和重链抗体IgG2,并免疫昆明小白鼠制备抗双峰驼总IgG和抗双峰驼重链抗体IgG2的多抗血清;通过ELISA检测双峰驼在体液免疫应答过程中针对spaA-N、溶菌酶和蒜氨酸酶3种抗原的重链抗体的滴度变化。结果从新疆双峰驼血清中亲和层析纯化出天然重链抗体IgG2,蛋白质分子质量约为46 ku;免疫昆明小白鼠后获得抗双峰驼总IgG多抗血清的效价为1∶204800,抗双峰驼重链抗体IgG2多抗血清的效价为1∶6400。在spaA-N免疫骆驼诱导的体液免疫应答过程中,重链抗体IgG2出现延迟反应。3种蛋白均能诱导抗原特异的IgG2亚类重链抗体的产生。     

双峰幼驼组织中矿物元素含量的分布

对双峰幼驼及胎儿组织矿物元素的含量进行了分析。结果表明，所测样品矿物元素的分布规律与成年双峰驼基本一致，幼驼和成年驼组织元素含量无明显差异，而胎儿组织Cu含量显著低于幼驼和成年驼，肝脏Zn含量则较高。     

野生双峰驼幼驼人工哺育方法研究初探

为探究野生双峰驼幼驼的人工哺育方法,试验将野生双峰母驼产后弃之不管的1峰幼驼,用儿童奶瓶以市售新鲜牛奶添加鱼肝油、食盐和青链霉素等作为替代乳饲喂,同时在15日龄后,根据幼驼食量变化并辅以稀饭、馒头和苜蓿等作为辅助饲料进行饲喂。结果表明:采用该方法人工哺育的幼驼,体重、体长及体高增长迅速,生长发育良好,效果明显优于母驼哺育的幼驼。虽然人工哺育幼驼在哺育期间出现腹胀及腹泻症状,但通过药物治疗恢复健康,最终成功将1峰雄幼驼人工哺育长大。试验初步建立了野生双峰驼幼驼的人工哺育方法,为今后进一步开展野生双峰驼幼驼人工哺育研究奠定了基础。     

幼驼的护理与培育

幼驼培育的好坏,关系到养驼生产的发展和经济效益的高低。因此,在幼驼出生后应尽早使其吃到初乳。初乳是指母驼产后20日内的鲜奶,它是新生幼驼不可缺少的非常理想的天然食物,幼驼吃到初乳后,能获得丰富的营养和免疫物质,能增强对外界的抵抗力。如果母驼一胎产双羔母乳不够吃时,可寄养给产奶多的其它母驼或人工哺乳。人工哺乳每天给奶总量以不超过幼驼体重的10％为宜,分2～3次瓶饲或盆喂,     

内蒙古地区健康及患阴道蝇蛆病双峰驼的主要血液指标比较分析

旨在了解内蒙古地区健康及患阴道蝇蛆病双峰驼的主要血液指标之间的差异。从内蒙古阿拉善左旗等地采集健康及患阴道蝇蛆病双峰驼血液样本107份,采用瑞氏染色法和吉姆萨染色法对制备的血液涂片进行染色,观察并比较健康及患病双峰驼血液的红细胞与白细胞的形态特征;利用血液细胞分析仪测定血液样本的血细胞含量,并对相同及不同地区的健康及患病双峰驼的主要血常规指标进行统计学分析;应用比值方法估计血液样本的血浆含量。结果表明,患病驼血液中的嗜碱性粒细胞含量较少,嗜酸性粒细胞含量较多,且血小板含量较健康驼多;来自相同地区的患病驼与健康驼的各种血细胞含量无显著差异（P〉0.05）;不同地区的健康驼血细胞含量趋于平稳,但不同地区的患病驼血细胞含量变化存在较大波动;双峰驼的血浆含量为0.349 0-0.736 5,患阴道蝇蛆病的双峰驼血浆含量普遍高于健康双峰驼。     

犊牛饲喂经巴氏消毒的初乳对其体内乳铁转运蛋白和嗜中性细胞过氧化物代谢的影响

试验用8头荷斯坦牛公犊,确定饲喂经巴氏消毒的初乳对其血清IgG、乳铁转运蛋白和嗜中性细胞过氧化物浓度的影响。给初生4小时的犊牛饲喂新鲜冷冻的初乳或巴氏消毒处理(76℃,15分钟)的初乳,喂初乳前和喂初乳24小时后采血,分离血清IgG、乳铁转运蛋白和嗜中性细胞过氧化物,用免疫印迹分析、快速免疫测定确定血清中IgG、乳铁转运蛋白、嗜中性细胞过氧化物的浓度。结果表明:饲喂新鲜冷冻初乳的犊牛24小时后血清中IgG、乳铁转运蛋白和嗜中性细胞过氧化物浓度,均高于饲喂经巴氏消毒初乳的犊牛在24小时后血清中IgG、乳铁转运蛋白和嗜中性细胞过氧化物浓度。因此表明:经76℃,15分钟巴氏消毒的初乳影响了蛋白的持续转运与嗜中性细胞过氧化物的功能。     

驼初乳的营养成分浅析

介绍了不同泌乳时间驼初乳的基本化学成分,蛋白质和脂肪含量,氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,矿物质和维生素含量,以及主要生物活性蛋白的动态变化;强调驼初乳应首先保证新生驼羔饮用,以满足其生长发育需要。还对新疆市售"驼初乳粉"真伪进行剖析,并提出规范驼乳制品市场、加强驼初乳基础研究等建议。     

超滤法对牛初乳中IgG含量和活性的影响

本文研究了超滤分离牛初乳乳清中IgG的方法，测定不同超滤温度和压力条件下IgG含量和活性的变化情况。结果表明：通过超滤可将乳清中IgG含量提高一倍左右；超滤压力增加，IgG含量相应增加．IgG活性基本不变。在压力0．08MPa时，IgG含量为45．98mg／mL，活性未变，仍为1024；超滤温度增加，初乳中的IgG含量先有较小增加然后减少，IgG活性则下降。在超滤温度40℃时，IgG含量最高，达到46、85mg／mL，IgG活性未有变化。     

双峰驼体尺性状的影响因素分析

为了探讨双峰驼体尺性状的影响因素,试验采用SPSS 17.0软件中的方差分析和多重比较模块,分析了品种、性别、年龄、毛色对双峰驼的体高、体长、胸围、管围、体重的影响。结果表明:阿拉善沙漠双峰驼和青海双峰驼的体高、体长、体重显著高于阿拉善戈壁双峰驼和苏尼特双峰驼(P0.05),青海双峰驼的胸围和管围显著高于阿拉善沙漠双峰驼、苏尼特双峰驼、阿拉善戈壁双峰驼(P0.05)。除了公驼的管围极显著高于母驼(P0.01)外,公驼的体高、体长、胸围和体重均显著高于母驼(P0.05)。毛色为红色和黄色的双峰驼体高显著高于白色(P0.05),毛色为白色的双峰驼体长显著高于褐色(P0.05),毛色为黄色和棕色的双峰驼体重显著高于褐色(P0.05)。10岁双峰驼的体高和体长显著高于1~8岁及11~15岁双峰驼的体高与体长(P0.05),13岁双峰驼的胸围、管围、体重明显高于其他年龄双峰驼。     

免疫单扩散法检测牛初乳IgG含量方法改良及牛初乳样品的检测

采用改良后的琼脂免疫单扩散法检测本地荷斯坦奶牛产后7d的初乳样品中IgG含量。结果表明，母牛产犊后7d内。乳汁中IgG含量变化很大，变动范围为118．59～0．86mg／mL。每次挤乳IgG含量下降都很快，特别是前三次挤乳，每次IgG浓度下降率近50％；到第8次，已经降到10mg／mL以下。所以生产乳制品应以前7次挤出的初乳为原料最佳，若笼统地以3d、5d或7d内初乳为原料，产品中IgG含量不仅低，而且每批次差异很大。     

Ultrastructure features of camel cornea--collagen fibril and proteoglycans

Introduction The uniform distribution of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans maintain the transparency of normal cornea. We describe the ultrastructural features of camel cornea including collagen fibrils and proteoglycans (PGs). Methods Camel corneas (of 6‐, 8‐, and 10‐month‐old animals) were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde containing cuprolinic blue in sodium acetate buffer and processed for electron microscopy. The ‘AnalySIS LS Professional’ program was used to analyze the collagen fibril diameter. Results The camel cornea consists of four layers: the epithelium (227 μm), stroma (388 μm), Descemet’s membrane (DM), and endothelium. The epithelium constituted 36% of the camel cornea, whereas corneal stroma constituted 62% of the corneal thickness (629 μm). The PGs in the posterior stroma were significantly larger in number and size compared with the anterior and middle stroma. The collagen fibril diameter was 25 nm and interfibrillar spacing 40 nm. Fibrillar structures are present throughout the DM. Conclusion The structure of the camel cornea is very different from human and other animals. The unique structure of the cornea might be an adaptation to help the camel to survive in a hot and dry climate. The camel cornea may also be a good model to study the effect of hot and dry climates on the cornea.     

Epidural ketamine in the dromedary camel

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical and physiological effects of epidural injection of ketamine in camels.Study designRandomized prospective study.AnimalsTen healthy immature male dromedary camels.MethodsKetamine was administered epidurally at doses of 1 and 2 mg kg^?1 (five animals in each treatment). The drug was injected into the first intercoccygeal epidural space. Anti-nociception, sedation, ataxia, and effect on cardiopulmonary, rectal temperature and some selected haematological parameters were recorded at different intervals before (baseline) and after the drug administration. Data were analyzed by anova or U Mann–Whitney tests, as relevant and significance was taken as p < 0.05.ResultsEpidural ketamine at the 2 mg kg^?1 dose produced complete anti-nociception in the tail, anus and perineum, whilst the 1 mg kg^?1 dose produced complete anti-nociception only in the tail. Epidural ketamine resulted in mild to moderate sedation at the 1 mg kg^?1 dose and deep sedation at the 2 mg kg^?1 dose. Ataxia was observed in all test subjects and was severe, resulting in recumbency, in the 2 mg kg^?1 group. Respiratory rate and rectal temperature did not change significantly after injection of either treatment. Following epidural injection of 2 mg kg^?1 of ketamine, heart rate increased significantly from the pre-injection baseline of 55 ± 2 to 76 ± 4 (mean ± SD) beats minute^?1, but after the lower dose changes were not significant. The only significant changes in measured haematologic parameters were decreases in total erythrocyte count at 45 minutes and total leukocyte count from 45–75 minutes, in the 2 mg kg^?1 group.ConclusionEpidural ketamine injection was associated with caudal anti-nociception, sedation and ataxia in the dromedary camels; the intensity and duration of which was dose dependant.Clinical relevanceNeither of the doses of epidural ketamine injection in our study was applicable for standing surgical procedures in dromedary camels.     

Potential of Pakistani camel for dairy and other uses

Camels have the potential for milk, meat and draught power and can contribute a handsome share of the production of these commodities. The potential of this wonderful animal has never been realized and it could be harnessed as a prospective milk producing animal. The future of animals that can thrive under harsh environmental conditions, the camel being at the top of the list, is bright. The camel is still a neglected species in Pakistan and has not received the proper attention of researchers and scientists. The population explosion, urbanization and industrialization have expanded agricultural activities to produce more food for the rapid growing human population of the country. Cultivated areas are shrinking, thus reducing the fodder production area for buffalo and cattle. Under these circumstances we have to search for other available sources to enhance milk production. The environmental changes occurring on the earth and the water shortage in the region have also adversely affected the production potential of buffalo, cattle, goats and sheep. Under these changing ecological circumstances, rearing camel is the best option for more milk production and the proper utilization of the vast unused lands of this country. Most studies also have named the camel as an animal of great socioeconomic importance in large tracts of the industrializing world. The camel serves as a cheaper source of power for drawing water from wells, plowing and leveling land, working mini extraction mills (extracting from oil seeds), grinding wheat, corn and other grains and crushing sugarcane and pulling carts for the transportation of goods as well as people.     

Coronary arterial anatomy of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius)

The detailed coronary arterial anatomy of seven camels was studied and compared with that of horses and cattle. In camels, there is a bilateral coronary supply, the right coronary artery being the larger. The left coronary artery follows the same pattern as that in horses. The ramus collateralis proximalis in camels separates off some distance away from the origin of the ramus interventricularis paraconalis, as in horses, whereas it separates off very quickly in cattle. The ramus collateralis distalis has two branches in camels, whereas the left distal ventriculi ramus does not branch. The ramus angularis is also absent but the left distal atrii ramus is present.Abbreviations LCR left ramus circumflexus - RCR right circumflexus ramus - RIS ramus interventricularis subsinosus - RIVP ramus interventricularis paraconalis     

不同环境温度条件下双峰驼血浆蛋白质组学差异

根据不同环境温度条件下双峰驼血浆中蛋白表达的差异,探讨环境高温对双峰驼的差异蛋白在环境适应性中的作用机制。采用二维凝胶电泳（2-DE）结合MADIL-TOF-TOF串联质谱的方法对环境高温双峰驼的血浆进行蛋白质组分析鉴定。结果显示,4种蛋白的表达上调,分别是免疫球蛋白重链的恒定区,结合珠蛋白,载脂蛋白AIV,纤维蛋白原β链前体。1种蛋白的表达下调即血清白蛋白。结果表明,环境高温引起内分泌系统变化,从而使一些蛋白的表达发生变化。这些蛋白主要与机体急性期应答、免疫反应、物质运输及物质代谢等相关。     

双峰驼肾近曲小管和远曲小管的体视学研究

应用光镜和电镜技术,测算了双峰驼肾近曲小管和远曲小管微细结构的体视学参数,并与黄牛进行了比较.结果显示,双峰驼肾近曲小管刷状缘体积、微绒毛表面积、吞饮小泡和溶酶体体积均显著大于黄牛;远曲小管上皮细胞的线粒体体密度、侧基底面质膜面密度和周界长度也明显大于黄牛.这些结构的差异表明,双峰驼肾脏重吸收水分的能力更强大.     

Screening for reproductive biomarkers in Bactrian camel via iTRAQ analysis of proteomes

Bactrian camel is an ancient and precious species of livestock; that is, unique resources exist in the desert and have important economic and scientific value. In recent years, the number of Bactrian camels has declined sharply. Due to its long reproductive cycle and seasonal oestrus, the mechanism of oestrus is unknown. To identify candidate biomarkers of reproduction, we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis of serum from Bactrian camel in oestrus and non-oestrus, using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 359 proteins, of which 32 were differentially expressed: 11 were up-regulated and 21 were down-regulated in samples from camels in oestrus. We validated the differential expression of a subset of these proteins using qPCR and Western blot. Gene ontology annotation identified that the differentially expressed proteins function in cellular processes, metabolic processes and immune system processes. Notably, five of the differentially expressed proteins, PCGF5, histone H1.2, RBP4, FOLR1 and ANTXR2, are involved in reproductive regulatory processes in other animals. KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated significant enrichment in several cardiac-related pathways, such as ‘dilated cardiomyopathy’, ‘hypertrophic cardiomyopathy’, ‘cardiac muscle contraction’ and ‘adrenergic signalling in cardiomyopathy’. Our results suggest that candidate biomarker (PCGF5, histone H1.2, RBP4, FOLR1 and ANTXR2) discovery can aid in understanding reproduction in Bactrian camels. We conclude that the profiling of serum proteomes, followed by the measurement of selected proteins using more targeted methods, offers a promising approach for studying mechanisms of oestrus.     

Retardation of quality changes in camel meat sausages by phenolic compounds and phenolic extracts

Impact of tannic acid (TA), date seed extract (DSE), catechin (CT) and green tea extract (GTE) on lipid oxidation, microbial load and textural properties of camel meat sausages during 12 days of refrigerated storage was investigated. TA and CT showed higher activities in all antioxidative assays compared to DSE and GTE. Lipid oxidation and microbial growth was higher for control sausages when compared to other samples. TA and CT at a level of 200 mg/kg were more effective in retarding lipid oxidation and lowering microbial count (P < 0.05). Sausages treated with TA and DSE were found to have higher hardness, gumminess and chewiness values compared to other treatments (P < 0.05). Addition of different phenolic compounds or extract did not influence the sensory color of sausages. Furthermore, sensory quality was also found to be superior in TA and CT treated sausages. Therefore, pure phenolic compounds (TA and CT) proved to be more effective in retaining microbial and sensorial qualities of camel meat sausages compared to phenolic extracts (GTE and DSE) over 12 days of storage at 4°C.     

双峰驼肾小体的体视学研究

应用体视学方法 ,观测了双峰驼肾小体的光镜结构与电镜结构 ,求出相应参数 ,并与黄牛进行比较。结果表明 ,双峰驼肾小体的体积与黄牛差异不显著 ,但肾血管球毛细血管线密度、体密度、平均长度和平均体积明显小于黄牛 ,而且双峰驼肾血管球毛细血管基膜也明显比黄牛的厚。表明双峰驼肾血管球毛细血管较稀疏 ,总长度较短 ,过滤膜的基膜层较厚。这些结构特征与双峰驼血管球低滤过率的机能特性相适应     

Seasonal morphology and immunoreactivity of cytokeratin and atrial natriuretic peptide in dromedary camel poll glands

Poll glands are characteristic feature of dromedary camels; although they yield a yellowish offensive secretion, especially during rutting (breeding) season, their function is not yet exactly specified. The present study shows the seasonal morphology and immunoreactivity of cytokeratin (CK) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the camel poll gland; the result could clearly specify the role of the gland in camel reproduction. Poll glands are compound tubulo-alveolar in structure. During rutting season, the secretory units showed wide lumina and simple squamous epithelium surrounded by myoepithelial cells; the lumina became narrower and the epithelium changed to simple cuboidal during non-rutting season. Many glandular lobules showed abundant interlobular connective tissue with fewer and smaller secretory units during non-rutting season compared to rutting season. Positive CK and ANP immunoreactivity was detected in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of secretory units and ducts together with the myoepithelial cells and blood vessels. Although CK immunoreactivity was more intense during rutting season in comparison to non-rutting season, there was no seasonal variation in ANP immunoreactivity. During both seasons, while the glandular capsule, connective tissue septa, interstitium showed negative CK immunoreactions, they reacted moderately to ANP. In conclusion, the poll gland undergoes annual structural and functional changes which are suggested to correlate with the male seasonal sexual behaviour. Further, the biological role of CK and ANP proteins together with their immunohistochemical expression in the camel poll gland suggests a stimulatory effect in the glandular secretory cells, and hence, they might modify camel sexual activity.