磷铝耦合胁迫对玉米自交系苗期生长及矿质元素吸收的影响

为明确磷铝耦合胁迫对不同玉米自交系苗期生长及矿质元素吸收的影响,了解玉米耐低磷与耐酸铝之间的相互关系,以不同来源的8个玉米自交系作为试验材料,采用土培方法,研究不同磷、铝条件下玉米苗期生物学性状以及吸收利用P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Al等元素的特性。结果表明,玉米在耐低磷和耐酸铝特性方面存在基因型差异,自交系99320和99180既耐低磷又耐酸铝,低磷及酸铝胁迫下,这两个自交系具有较高的相对干重,99239、99327耐低磷但不耐酸铝,99003耐酸铝但不耐低磷,99152对低磷、酸铝均敏感。低磷抑制玉米对P、K、Ca、Mg的吸收。酸铝胁迫使各自交系吸收Ca、Mg、P、K、Fe的量显著下降,但加磷可缓解酸铝毒害,使各自交系吸收P、K、Fe的量有所增加。酸铝胁迫下,玉米各自交系植株地上部铝累积量与耐酸铝能力无相关关系。     

低铁胁迫对不同耐低磷玉米生长及磷、铁养分吸收的影响

用营养液培养方法研究了耐低磷和低磷敏感玉米幼苗对低铁胁迫的基因型差异。结果表明,铁处理和基因型对玉米的生长和养分吸收影响显著,铁处理和基因型之间存在互作。低铁胁迫对各基因型玉米幼苗地上部生物重的影响十分明显,对低磷敏感基因型玉米地上部生物重的抑制作用显著大于耐低磷基因型。铁在玉米植株中集中分布在根部,与耐低磷特性无关。低铁胁迫显著降低了各基因型玉米幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量,但基因型间无明显差异。低铁胁迫对根系生长有一定的促进作用,可以诱导地上部同化产物向根系转运,促进根系代偿性伸长。     

低氮胁迫对不同小麦品种苗期性状的影响

研究了低氮0.1mMNO3胁迫对6个不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状的影响.研究结果表明,低氮胁迫处理对小麦根系性状的影响大于地上部性状,不同苗期性状受低氮胁迫影响的程度分别为:根系鲜重＞根系干重＞最长根长＞地上部鲜重＞苗长＞地上部干重.6个供试小麦品种中,中国春对低氮胁迫最为敏感,而埃及红的耐低氮性相对较强.     

玉米根系活力与耐铝性的关系

铝胁迫可提高耐铝自交系根系还原力，而铝敏感自交系TTC还原强度则显著下降,表明自交系根系TTC相对还原强度与耐铝性具有很好的一致性。耐铝自交系根系活跃吸收面积，尤其是根系活跃吸收面积占总吸收面积的比例相对较高。铝胁迫可维持或略提高铝自交系根系氧化力，而敏感自交系根系氧化力则有所下降，说明耐铝自交系在铝胁迫下仍可维持较高的呼吸代谢活性。铝胁迫可造成玉米自交系伤流量减少，且敏感自交系降幅较大。     

盐胁迫下玉米苗期农艺性状和脯氨酸含量变化的研究

玉米是重要的粮食和饲料作物,但在盐碱地上很难获得高产,盐胁迫是最主要的限制因子。研究玉米在盐胁迫下的性状表现,建立玉米耐盐筛选的技术指标体系,对耐盐机理及分子育种研究有重要意义。本研究采用室内沙培盆栽的方法,对3个不同玉米自交系进行苗期的NaCl梯度胁迫处理,对出苗时间、苗高、地上部鲜重,根系鲜重及游离脯氨酸含量等性状进行考察,分析各性状与盐胁迫处理浓度之间的相关关系。结果表明,3个不同品种中,黄早四和TL94B的耐盐性相对较强,87-1的耐盐性相对较弱;100￣120mM为玉米盐胁迫筛选的下限临界浓度,200￣220mM为玉米盐胁迫筛选的上限临界浓度;出苗时间、苗高、地上部鲜重、根系鲜重、脯氨酸含量等指标与盐浓度的相关性均达到P<0.01的极显著水平,都可作为玉米的耐盐性鉴定的依据;研究还发现,游离脯氨酸含量随盐胁迫浓度升高而升高,但盐浓度超过临界上限后,脯氨酸含量反而下降。     

萌芽期玉米自交系耐苏打碱的等级评价

为研究苏打碱胁迫对不同玉米自交系种子萌发特性的影响,以实验室前期获得的玉米萌芽期苏打碱筛选浓度(170mmol/L)对120份玉米自交系进行碱胁迫下发芽试验,测定各自交系种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数,并计算相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对发芽指数,利用隶属函数法对玉米自交系耐碱性进行评价。结果表明,120份玉米自交系被分为高耐、耐、中等、敏感和高感5个等级,其中H旅28和春油30-1属于高耐自交系,JN 45、东156等4个自交系为耐碱性,龙98、叶单4等99个自交系对碱胁迫表现高敏感。该实验结果可为培育耐碱性玉米新品种提供种质资源。     

锌胁迫对不同耐低磷玉米生长及磷、锌养分吸收的影响

用营养液培养方法研究了不同耐低磷玉米幼苗对缺锌胁迫的适应性差异.结果表明,低磷敏感基因型在缺锌时植株各部位锌含量和吸收量显著下降,且变幅均明显高于耐低磷基因型.缺锌处理影响玉米幼苗的磷含量,低磷敏感基因型地上部磷含量较对照显著上升,根系磷含量变幅不大;耐低磷基因型地上部磷含量变幅较小,根系磷含量则显著下降.低磷敏感基因型在缺锌时地上部磷利用率显著下降,根系磷利用率无明显变化,而耐低磷基因型的变化情况正好相反,根系磷利用率受影响的程度大于地上部.     

两种磷水平下玉米产量性状的变化及其QTL定位

为了解低磷胁迫下玉米产量性状的影响及其遗传基础,以玉米重组自交系为研究材料,分别在低磷处理和正常条件下,比较供试群体的产量及构成性状的变化,并运用复合区间作图法对其进行QTL定位。结果表明,单株产量、穗重和轴重等性状受低磷胁迫影响较大,出籽率、穗行数和粒深等性状受低磷胁迫影响较小;通径分析表明,低磷胁迫主要通过影响行粒数、百粒质量和粒深构成性状导致了单株产量的损失。在2种磷水平下共检测到23个产量及其构成性状QTL;单个QTL可解释的表型变异为4.32%~14.77%;其中,标记区间bnlg666~umc1141和umc1108~bnlg1258分布了不同性状的多个QTL。这些成簇分布QTL的染色体区域和低磷胁迫条件QTL,可为开展玉米耐低磷分子育种提供参考。     

四川盆地及盆周山区玉米地方种质耐低磷胁迫研究

以来自四川盆地及盆周山区的22个玉米地方种质为材料,在低磷胁迫下对苗期缺磷症状,成株期株高、穗行数、百粒重、行粒数以及穗粒重等性状表现进行了研究。结果表明,低磷胁迫对玉米的主要农艺、经济性状均有不同程度的影响,其中对苗期缺磷症状及成株期穗粒重的影响最大,且不同玉米地方种质在苗期和成株期对低磷胁迫的反应不同,以苗期缺磷症状和成株期穗粒重的耐低磷胁迫系数的平均值作为耐低磷综合指数,能较好地反映玉米地方种质的耐低磷胁迫能力。将耐低磷综合指数按最短距离法进行聚类,可将22个玉米地方种质划分为三类。其中,第一类材料包括:汉源红包谷、汉源白包谷、汶川二白、江北大板牙,占鉴定总数的18.2%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.81以上,属于对低磷胁迫不敏感基因型;第二类材料包括南充秋子等4个玉米地方种质,占鉴定总数的18.2%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.73~0.77之间,属于对低磷胁迫反应中间型;第三类材料包括小金金皇后等14个地方种质,占鉴定总数的63.6%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.73以下,属于对低磷胁迫敏感基因型。     

低磷胁迫对不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状的影响

为研究低磷胁迫对小麦苗期性状的影响,在对照(200 μmol/L KH2PO4)和低磷(5 μmol/L KH2PO4)条件下比较了6个不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状指标。结果表明,小麦根系和地上部对低磷胁迫的反应不同,低磷诱导小麦根系伸长,根系生物量（根鲜重和根干重）增加,供试的6个小麦品种在低磷条件下的根系鲜重和干重与对照相比差异均达到显著或极显著水平。低磷处理对地上部则表现出抑制作用,但对不同品种的影响程度差异较大。总体来看,低磷胁迫处理对小麦根系性状的影响大于地上部性状,不同苗期性状受低磷胁迫影响的程度分别为：根系鲜重>最长根长>根系干重>地上部鲜重>地上部干重>苗长。6个供试小麦品种中,‘中国春’对低磷胁迫最为敏感,而‘京411’的耐低磷性相对较强。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.