几种木炭持水量的测定

通过试验,测定了几个不同树种木材烧制的黑木炭的持水量、气干速度,并讨论了木炭持水量对其应用的影响     

追踪“外贸炭”——丹凤县“12．15”特大非法收购盗伐滥伐的林木案侦破纪实

“外贸炭”是用于出口的木炭，其烧制需要消耗大量的木材，属于高耗林、低附加值的产品，烧制1吨木炭需消耗10吨左右的木材，对森林资源破坏极大。2001年陕西省政府发布通告在全省停止木炭的商品性生产经营活动：2004年10月，国家商务部、海关总署、林业局联合发布公告禁止出口以木材为原料直接烧制的木炭。然而，依然有人顶风作案，在林区非法收购盗伐滥伐的林木烧制“外贸炭”。     

制取黑炭工艺

烧制木炭是林区、山区的一项致富副业.木炭由于烧制工艺的不同,产品又可分为"黑炭"和"白炭".在烧制过程中,当木材炭化完全后,隔绝氧气,木炭在窑内熄灭,使温度徐徐下降,这样得到的就是"黑炭";而当木材炭化完全后,取出炽热的木炭在窑外熄灭,使得供氧量突然增加,木炭     

张家界全面禁止木炭生产销售

为切实保护天然林资源，根据市委、市政府的要求，张家界市林业局于日前发出紧急通知，要求全面禁止木炭生产和销售。　　张家界市是一个森林旅游城市，保护和发展森林资源对全市旅游事业乃至社会经济发展具有举足轻重的作用。然而在该市一些山区，烧制木炭的陋习长期未得到有效遏制，致使大量的以栎类为主的天然阔叶林破坏严重，特别对高山陡坡、土层瘠薄、恢复非常难的天然阔叶林的破坏叫人心痛。加强天然阔叶林的保护已成为全市人民的共识。　　通知要求，立即在全市范围内停止天然阔叶林采伐，禁止烧制木炭，对生产木炭的炭窑一律无条件…     

机制木炭

机制木炭机制木炭是利用废锯末或刨花为原料,经螺旋挤压机挤压成棒状,用炭化炉炭化而成。该种炭与普通林木烧制的传统原木炭相比,具有形状规则、强度高、孔隙均匀,导热性好,发热值比原木炭高,易燃耐燃,尤其是燃烧时无烟无味,灰分少,无污染等优点,深受餐饮店、火...     

青山冒浓烟,林木遭了殃

编辑同志: 资源县中峰乡大庄田村的龙溪青山,有郁郁葱葱的林木,是资江上游有名的水源林。但是,去冬以来,附近的群众在山上开了一百多口炭窑烧制木炭。现在山上一片片的林木被砍倒,到处冒着滚滚浓烟,往返挑运木炭的人络绎不绝,每天约有一百多担木炭从山上运出,附近公路上等候运木炭的手扶拖拉机每天也有五、六架。     

木炭业产品开发及利用（Ⅱ）——特色炭和功能炭

1　前言伴随着环境意识的增强和社会需求的多样化 ,木炭业产品的开发利用扩展到许多领域。例如 ,在水质净化、土壤改良、污染物吸附、吸湿、电磁辐射阻隔、食品加工、农作物生长促进、特用燃料制备及医药品、化妆品、沐浴品、除臭剂、除虫剂、饲料添加剂等的生产方面 ,木炭 (木质热处理材料 )都有可能派上用场。因此说 ,当今木炭产品不再单指传统品种———黑炭而言 ,而是种类和功能多样化的局面。现分别特色和功能两个侧面略述其中的一部分。2　特色炭2 1　白炭白炭因其外观泛白色而得名。它与黑炭在烧制方式上有所区别。一是白炭烧制温度…     

打击非法烧炭 封堵毁林源头

由于市场上木炭价格不断上涨,近一段时期,吉林省露水河林区相继出现了许多非法烧制木炭的小炭窑,这些炭窑大多分布在乡(镇)、村(屯)与森林边缘的结合部,业主既无合法经营手续,又经常私收非法     

无污染生产木炭的新方法

澳大利亚科学家最近研究出一种无污染生产木炭的新方法。这种方法摒弃了原先在炉窑中分批烧制的传统方法,而采用了流化床焙烧技术,将有机物料放在     

烧烤“蚕食”淮河源森林

一场削瓜切菜般的毁林行为,正在淮河源头愈演愈烈。河南桐柏,承载着南水北调中线工程水源保障和淮河流域生态安全的森林,正遭受着多重产业的重击:木炭烧制、菌业发展、大树进城、坑木外运、建材加工等,     

Factors governing cesium adsorption of charcoals in aqueous solution

Cesium adsorption by commercial charcoals was examined to elucidate the mechanisms for capturing cesium ions in aqueous solution. Changes in the adsorption ability of charcoals due to water extraction (water washing) were investigated to develop practical cesium adsorptives based on charcoal. The commercial charcoals examined included mangrove charcoal (MC) and ubamegashi (Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray) bincho charcoal (BC). Data from the two charcoals were compared with those of Japanese oak (Quercus serrata Thunb. and/or Quercus crispula Blume) charcoal (OC) reported previously. Aqueous cesium chloride solution (2.50 × 10^?5 mol/L) was used as a sample solution for the adsorption study. Charcoal powder was used as an adsorbent after passing through a 60-mesh sieve. The powders were characterized using methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy. The results indicated that MC, which was manufactured at the lowest possible temperature and had the smallest specific surface area, possessed the greatest ability to adsorb cesium. The MC also had the great cesium-adsorption ability in weak acidic solution and maintained the ability even after lengthy extraction treatments.     

Requirements for in vitro rooting of Quercus robur and Q. rubra shoots derived from mature trees

Stabilized shoot cultures initiated from crown material of six adult Quercus robur L. trees and from basal epicormic shoots of a Quercus rubra L. tree showed good in vitro rooting capacity. An initial five-day dark period generally improved the rooting response but was detrimental to plantlet quality. There were clonal differences in rooting capacity. The concentration and exposure time of the indolebutyric acid (IBA) treatment were critical for root induction. In both species, best rooting efficiency was achieved by culture in medium containing 25 mg l(-1) IBA for 24 h and subsequent transfer to an auxin-free medium containing 1% activated charcoal. For all clones tested, the charcoal benefited both shoot quality and root system development, the latter being enhanced by the formation of many lateral roots. Total root system area and length, measured with a digital image analyzer, were significantly greater in medium containing charcoal than in medium lacking charcoal. Because darkening the basal part of the shoots with aluminum foil during the rooting phase only caused a small increase in rooting, we conclude that the large effect of charcoal on rooting was the result of adsorption of inhibitory compounds from the medium or the explant or both, rather than of basal darkening. Other factors affecting the rooting response of Q. robur were: (a) the position on the tree of the material from which cultures were initiated (the topophysical effect); and (b) shoot quality. Recycling the same horizontally placed explant on multiplication medium allowed three successive crops of shoots to be obtained, and rootability was typically maintained from crop to crop.     

Influence of explant source on in vitro axillary shoot formation in oak seedlings

In vitro shoot development was slower for apical shoot explants of young oak (Quercus robur L.) seedlings growing on Woody Plant Medium containing activated charcoal than for nodal shoot explants. The rate of in vitro shoot development was slowest in explants taken from seedlings that were undergoing rapid shoot elongation and most rapid in explants taken from seedlings that had stopped elongating and had fully expanded leaves. Maximum rooting was achieved on half-strength Woody Plant Medium containing activated charcoal. Rooting ability was not influenced by explant source.     

Growth and physiological responses of Quercus brantii seedlings inoculated with Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Obolarina persica under drought stress

Charcoal canker of oak is a common disease in the western regions of Iran, which has widely spread due to climate change and increasing drought in recent years. Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Obolarina persica are known as two agents of oak charcoal canker in Zagros forests causing the dieback of oak trees. The effects of charcoal disease agent pathogens on the growth and physiological response of two‐year‐old seedlings of Quercus brantii were evaluated under drought stress in greenhouse over a period of nine months. Survival was 21.7% lower in seedlings inoculated with B. mediterranea subjected to drought stress compared with control treatment. The length of lesions on stems was 68% more under charcoal pathogens in drought stressed compared with the length of lesions caused by charcoal pathogens only. On the other hand, stem lesion length caused by B. mediterranea was 25% greater than those caused by O. persica. Some morphophysiological characteristics were affected by charcoal pathogens alone and/or in combination with drought. Diameter, height and biomass decreased the most in seedlings inoculated with charcoal pathogens under drought stress. Pathogenic agents alone and in combination with drought stress reduced photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration, the maximum Rubisco activity (V_cmax), maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F_v/F_m) and xylem water potential. In general, drought increased the aggressiveness of fungus and intensification of their destructive effects in Quercus brantii. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the effect of B. mediterranea and O. persica on the morphophysiological parameters studied.     

软木细胞壁化学组分及软木材料应用探析

对栓皮栎与栓皮槠两树种的软木细胞结构、主要化学组分进行综述,并介绍了软木材料的主要应用形式,以期为进一步的软木理论研究及应用开发提供参考。     

竹炭生产和应用

本文简述了竹炭生产的现状，竹炭的一些理化性质，竹炭及副产品-竹醋液的应用，竹醋液主要成分和分离精制方法，提出了竹炭生产的开发和研究方向。     

麻栎组织培养外植体选择与灭菌方法

麻栎组织培养外植体选择与灭菌方法试验表明：以麻栎播种苗幼苗茎段和大树嫩枝作为外植体进行组培效果较好;播种苗幼苗茎段的最佳灭菌方法是：70%酒精30 s→无菌水洗3次→0.1%升汞2 min→无菌水洗3次;大树嫩枝的最佳灭菌方法是：70%酒精30 s→无菌水洗3次→0.1%升汞5 min→无菌水洗3次;幼苗茎段外植体和大树嫩枝外植体的最佳取材时间是4月,接种后的外植体污染率和死亡率低于其他月份,而芽的萌发率高于其他月份。     

Preparation of active carbons from a commercial holm-oak charcoal: study of micro- and meso-porosity

We studied the influence of the degree of gasification and the choice of activating agent (carbon dioxide, water vapour, or both carbon dioxide and water vapour acting successively) on the activation of samples of a commercial holm-oak wood (Quercus rotundifolia) charcoal. To this end, we prepared the active carbon samples using the activating agents at 800, 850, 900, and 950°C for the time required to gasify 20, 40, or 60% of the mass of the charcoal at the moment when the set gasification temperature had been reached. The active carbons were characterised by physical gas adsorption and densimetry. Those prepared with carbon dioxide or water vapour alone had textural characteristics that were better than those of the precursor charcoal. The micropore volume was greater in the samples activated with carbon dioxide than with water vapour. The activation with both carbon dioxide and water vapour successively led to a major increase in porosity, taking into account that these samples presented a 40% burn-off percentage which endowed them with good textural characteristics. In general, as the burn-off percentage increased, so did the micropore and mesopore volumes.To sum up, holm-oak wood is a good raw material, not only to get barbecue coal, which has been used as a precursor to obtain activated coal, but it also allows the activated coal to develop its microporosity and mesoporosity in a good way, which is suitable for new applications as it is absorbent in liquid phase, gas absorbent, is a constituent part of combustible batteries, etc.The main interest of this research is the preparation of activated coal and the determination of the size pore distribution obtained, given its great influence in the quality of the activated coal obtained starting from holm-oak wood, what gives a great economic and industrial value in the Southwest of Spain for this raw material.     

辽宁东部山区柞树林成熟龄的初步研究

柞树是辽东山区的主要阔叶用材树种,在天然次生林的分布中,柞树占据的面积较大,并以蒙古栎和辽东栎为多。为了充分利用该树种的经济价值,对其成熟龄进行初步研究。结果表明：柞树的数量成熟和经济成熟期,均在50年左右;工艺成熟,小径原木和车辕材55年时进入工艺成熟期,一般原木80年后才到来;柞树55年时开始心腐,随年龄增长会逐渐加重.初步认为萌生柞树的主伐龄为50年。     

我国栓皮栎分布及其生态学研究

栓皮栎作为广泛分布的树种之一,在全球气候变化的大环境下,成为研究树木生长应对气候变化的重要树种。文中分析了我国栓皮栎水平分布和垂直分布的特点及其与气候的关系,栓皮栎在不同地区的森林类型,主要包括栓皮栎纯林、松栎混交林、栎类混交林等类型;综述了我国对栓皮栎生态学、群落结构、更新等研究的最新进展和主要结论;提出今后开展栓皮栎研究的重点和方向,以期为栓皮栎生理生态学及其对气候变化响应研究提供参考。