光棘球海胆(♀)×中间球海胆(♂)杂交育苗试验

以光棘球海胆为母本,中间球海胆为父本进行杂交试验及苗种培育.试验结果表明,通过筛选同时得到自然成熟的父母本精、卵,在比正常海胆自交精子量高40倍以上的精子作用下,杂交受精率为2.5%.在适宜的水温、光照及饵料等的培养条件下,杂交海胆能够生长附着变态,变态时间与母本相近.培育出的杂交海胆外部颜色及棘色、棘长介于两亲本之间.杂交海胆经过6～7个月的中间暂养,出苗量为0.6×10~4个/m~3,个体壳径3～30 mm,平均壳径8.8 mm.     

中间球海胆与光棘球海胆杂交及子一代人工育苗技术

研究结果表明，虽然中间球海胆与光棘球海胆的繁殖时间有差异。但通过筛选能够同时得到自然成熟的精卵，在比正常海胆自交精子量高20-40倍的精子作用下，中间球海胆为母本，光棘球海胆为父本，杂交受精率为47.1%，而反交的受精率为1.9%，正反交受精率均低于自交组。在适宜的水温，光照及饵料等培养条件下，两杂交组均能够生长，附着变态，并且变态时间与母本相近。     

中间球海胆与光棘球海胆杂交子一代的生长比较研究

通过海胆杂交子一代与两亲本的中间育成、海上筏式养殖的生长对比,表明海胆杂交子一代具有杂交优势,养殖成活率比其母本高10%,且生长快、生殖腺指数高、颜色鲜艳。大连长海县獐子岛杂交海胆达5cm时间比大连凌水养殖的母本中间球海胆提前7个月。     

中间球海胆(♀)×光棘球海胆(♂)F1代的生殖腺特征

对中间球海胆(♀)与光棘球海胆(♂)杂交F1代的生殖腺特征进行了研究,并与母本中间球海胆进行了比较。试验结果表明,中间球海胆的生殖腺颜色一般呈橙色或橘黄色(不同发育时期有所不同),结构致密;杂交海胆中有约90%表现为橙色和橘黄色,约10%呈黄色和浅棕色,约20%的个体生殖腺结构疏松,且和发育周期及色泽无关。杂交海胆的生殖腺指数与中间球海胆的变化基本一致,并且雌雄个体差别不明显。杂交海胆在生殖腺发育的整个过程中,生殖腺指数虽然也出现周期性的变化,但组织切片观察发现杂交海胆生殖腺发育不能象母本一样有明显分期,只有个别雌性个体能产生成熟卵细胞,雄性个体未见成熟精子。     

中间球海胆（♀）X光棘球海胆（♂）F1代的生殖腺特征

对中间球海胆（♀）与光棘球海胆（♂）杂交F1代的生殖腺特征进行了研究，并与母本中间球海胆进行了比较。试验结果表明，中间球海胆的生殖腺颜色一般呈橙色或橘黄色（不同发育时期有所不同），结构致密；杂交海胆中有约90％表现为橙色和橘黄色，约10％呈黄色和浅棕色，约20％的个体生殖腺结构疏松，且和发育周期及色泽无关。杂交海胆的生殖腺指数与中间球海胆的变化基本一致，并且雌雄个体差别不明显。杂交海胆在生殖腺发育的整个过程中，生殖腺指数虽然也出现周期性的变化，但组织切片观察发现杂交海胆生殖腺发育不能象母本一样有明显分期，只有个别雌性个体能产生成熟卵细胞，雄性个体未见成熟精子。     

中间球海胆与马粪海胆杂交家系早期生长比较和亲本配合力估计

为比较中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)与马粪海胆(Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus)杂交家系间的生长差异,评估杂交家系亲本在体重上的配合力,构建了种间杂交家系共42个。采用动物模型、约束性最大似然法(REML)和最佳线性无偏预测(BLUP)等方法估计了杂交海胆250、295和340日龄体重的育种值,以及各亲本的一般配合力(GCA)和各亲本组合的特殊配合力(SCA)。采用方差分析方法,比较了体重表型值和育种值在杂交家系间的差异。结果表明,3个生长阶段杂交家系间体重的表型值和育种值差异均达到极显著水平(P0.01),体重育种值在家系间的差异大于表型值,在50%家系留种率下,育种值选择和表型值选择的家系相同率介于88.89%~94.44%,育种值选择具有0.93%~4.83%的选择效率优势;250、295和340日龄各父本的一般配合力分别介于–0.22~0.33,–0.31~0.41和–0.29~0.31,各母本的一般配合力分别介于–0.24~0.33,–0.31~0.41和–0.28~0.28,各父母本组合的特殊配合力分别介于–0.07~0.09,–0.10~0.13和–0.32~0.32,M5、M6和M17等父本的一般配合力始终较高,F9、F11和F19等母本的一般配合力始终较高,M5F9和M6F11等杂交组合的特殊配合力始终较高。     

三乙醇胺诱导中间球海胆变态的研究

就三乙醇胺对于中间球海胆幼体变态的诱导作用进行了研究。实验结果表明,三乙醇胺对中间球海胆有良好的变态诱导作用,1×10-4mol/L的三乙醇胺作用10h诱导效果最佳,在提高变态率的同时,极显著地降低了死亡率。     

光棘球海胆和中间球海胆早期发育的形态差异

球海胆属（Sh。楷叫优。ntrotu抓9海胆世界上共有十几种,光棘球海胆（S.n。;d u s）和中间球海胆（S.fll。。。。巾l。）是我国北方主要的经济品种,其营养价值和经济价值高,国际市场需求量大,开展海胆人工育苗和增养殖是海胆产业可持续发展的重要举措。而掌握其胚胎和幼虫生长发育的区别,不仪对苗种生产有帮助,而且对海胆资源的保护利用十分有利。 1卵及胚胎 光棘球海胆的卵径为106 pITI左右,黄色;中间球海胆90 pill左右,橙色,其卵径比光棘球诲胆小一点。受精膜举起后,光棘球海胆的卵径为     

盐度对中间球海胆(♀)×光棘球海胆(♂)杂交子代受精卵孵化及浮游幼体生长发育的影响

试验结果表明,盐度对中间球海胆(♀)×光棘球海胆(♂)杂交子代的受精率、受精卵的孵化率、浮游幼体的生长发育均有重要影响.水温18 ℃、盐度为31时,受精率最高,为54%;盐度为23～37时受精卵可孵化至棱柱幼体,孵化适宜盐度为29~33,其中盐度为31时,孵化率最高,为89.5%;浮游幼体期适宜盐度为29～33,最适盐度为31.     

中间球海胆生长分化相关的AFLP标记

从同一遗传背景、同环境下培养的1龄中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)中,分别选择大个体50只、小个体30只,分别组成大小2组海胆,两组之间壳径、壳高2个指标均存在显著差异。共选用6对AFLP引物组合对2组海胆进行PCR扩增,发现43个标记在大小2组海胆间存在显著的频率差异(P0.05),其中29个位点差异极显著(P0.01)。所有存在显著频率差异的位点中,2个位点在大海胆组中缺失,4个位点在小海胆组中缺失,14个位点在大海胆组中出现的频率显著高于小海胆组(P0.05),而23个位点在小海胆组中出现的频率高于大海胆组(P0.05)。这一系列谱带可能与中间球海胆生长性状之间存在一定的相关关系。遗传多样性分析结果表明,大海胆组的平均Shannon氏指数、Nei氏杂合度2个指标均显著高于小海胆组(P0.05),提示杂种优势可能与中间球海胆的快速生长存在一定联系。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.