影响农杆菌介导旱稻转化效率主要因素的研究

针对旱稻在基因工程中转化效率低这一难题,以4个旱稻品种为对象,对农杆菌介导的遗传转化的各个步骤进行了优化试验,结果表明NB(N6 macro elements;B5 micro elements and vitamins;proline 500 mg L^-1,L-Glutamine 500 mg L^-1,casamino acid 300 mg L^-1,sucrose 30 g L^-1,2,4- D 2 mg L^-1,agar 8 g L^-1,pH 5.8)培养基适合于旱稻愈伤组织诱导;AAM-AS (Na₂HPO₄·2H₂O 339.2 mg L^-1; KCl 2.95 g L^-1; MgSO₄·7H₂O 500 mg L^-1; CaCl₂ 114.4 mg L^-1; MnSO4·4H₂O 10 mg L^-1; H₃BO₃ 3 mg L^-1; ZnSO₄·7H₂O 2 mg L^-1; KI 0.75 mg L^-1; NaMO₄ 0.25 mg L^-1;CuSO₄·5H₂O 0.0387 mg L^-1;CoCl₂·6H₂O 0.025 mg L^-1; VB1 0.5 mg L-1;VB6 0.5 mg L^-1;烟酸0.5 mg L^-1;肌醇100 mg L^-1; 甘氨酸7.5 mg L^-1;精氨酸174 mg L^-1;谷氨酰铵876 mg L^-1; casamino acid 500 mg L^-1; 蔗糖68.5 g L^-1; 葡萄糖35 g L^-1; AS 200 µmol L^-1 pH 5.2)是农杆菌的最佳重悬液;对NPT(new plant type, NPT)这种侵染后易水渍化品种, 滤纸法共培养可将其抗性愈伤发生率提高15倍以上;筛选及分化前对抗性愈伤组织进行2 d的干燥培养可显著加快愈伤组织分化进程;在分化培养基中加入AgNO₃有助于提高分化率;而短期高浓度的CuSO₄处理可显著提高分化率。利用此体系获得了一大批PCR鉴定阳性的转基因株; Southern blot检测证明外源基因大多数以单拷贝形式整合在转基因植株中。     

培养基和培养时间对水稻成熟和胚培养力的影响

本试验研究了10种不同成份的培养基以及延长诱导培养时间对水稻成熟种胚培养力的影响。结果表明,水稻品种对不同培养基的反应是不同的。以∠S—5(∠S基本培养基+1.5mg/L2.4—D+1mg/1 KT+2%蔗糖+0.8%琼脂,pH5.8)培养基的愈伤组织诱导率为最高,诱导的愈伤组织质量较好。诱导的愈伤组织其绿苗分化率也较高,诱导培养60天其愈伤组织仍具有较高的分化能力。     

新疆棉花4个主栽品种的体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生

以新疆4个主栽棉花品种新陆中20、新陆早24、新陆早33和03298为材料, 通过不同浓度的激素组合成功地诱导获得了体细胞胚并进一步发育成苗。研究发现, 所用的4种激素组合均能有效诱导愈伤组织, 其中又以0.02 mg L^-1或0.10 mg L^-1 KT和0.1 mg L^-1 2,4-D组合的诱导效果最佳; 两个诱导措施有利于胚性愈伤组织的产生, 即沿中柱纵切棉花下胚轴切段, 并以纵切面接触培养基; 愈伤组织诱导培养基中KNO₃用量加倍。挑选黄绿色、灰绿色或浅绿色的质地疏松的愈伤组织继代于无激素且KNO₃含量加倍的培养基中可产生胚性愈伤组织, 并在高比例KT/2, 4-D(0.05 mg L^-1或0.10 mg L^-1 KT和0.01 mg L^-1 2,4-D)促进下发育成胚。借助在培养基上垫滤纸产生干燥作用, 并间隔使用强透气效果的棉塞对培养三角瓶进行透气处理, 体细胞胚可成熟发育并产生根系发达的正常再生植株。应用此法, 4个实验材料在6~8个月内即可获得大量再生苗。     

普通油茶花药培养再生不同倍性愈伤组织

花药离体培养是获得单倍体的重要途径之一。为了优化油茶花药培养技术体系,本研究以普通油茶品种‘华金’、‘华硕’、‘华鑫’的花药为试材,探讨不同浓度的NAA、KT对油茶花药愈伤组织诱导的影响,以及不同培养基配方对胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响,并对再生的愈伤组织进行倍性检测。结果表明：‘华金’、‘华硕’、‘华鑫’花药愈伤组织诱导最佳激素组合分别为0.5 mg/L NAA+2 mg/L KT、2 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L KT、1 mg/L NAA+2 mg/L KT,花药愈伤组织诱导率分别达到94.80%、47.78%和75.00%;诱导胚性愈伤组织最佳配方为MS (去NH₄⁺)+3%蔗糖+0.8%琼脂+5μmol/L 2,4-D+5μmol/L KT+800 mg/L谷氨酰胺+200 mg/L丝氨酸,对‘华金’‘、华硕’‘、华鑫’花药胚性愈伤组织的诱导率分别是36.00%、56.33%、8.25%;倍性检测结果表明,获得的117份愈伤材料中,67份为四倍体,14份为六倍体,24份为八倍体,11份为十倍体,还有1份混倍体。     

天蓝苜蓿花药愈伤组织诱导及再生体系的建立

为获得天蓝苜蓿单倍体再生植株,本研究以野生天蓝苜蓿花药为外植体,采用正交设计L₁₆(4⁴)筛选适宜天蓝苜蓿愈伤组织诱导培养基,比较不同基本培养基及生长调节剂组合筛选适宜的分化培养基,并用1/3MS、1/2MS和MS添加不同浓度的NAA研究不定生根。结果表明:天蓝苜蓿现蕾15~25 d的花药其愈伤组织诱导效果最好,高达60.5%。4℃低温预处理2~4 d有利于愈伤组织诱导,诱导率达77.2%。适宜花药愈伤组织诱导的培养基为NB+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+TDZ 1.0 mg/L,诱导率达78.5%。比较不同基本培养及生长调节剂的不同组合发现,NB培养基愈伤组织分化效果优于B₅和MS,NB+NAA0.5 mg/L+6-BA 2.0 mg/L适宜愈伤组织的分化,分化率为66.3%。不定芽在1/3MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L中培养,生根率最高,为86.55%。本研究建立了天蓝苜蓿花药培养再生体系,获得了单倍体植株,为天蓝苜蓿的育种实践及基因组学研究提供基础材料。     

BN对小麦花粉愈伤组织诱导频率的影响

BN对小麦花粉愈伤组织诱导频率的影响结果表明，在W14＋2.0mg/l 2,4-D KT0.5mg/l 11%蔗糖诱导培养基中添加BN可以明显缩短出愈时间，提高花药愈伤组织诱导率。BN在低浓度1.0-1.5μg/l时对愈伤组织诱导起促进作用，提高花药愈伤组织诱导率1．7－4．2个百分点；而当浓度升至10．1μg/l时，则有抑制愈伤组织形成的趋势。     

水稻花药悬浮培养中愈伤组织增殖方式的分析

Wernjcke等人(1976)将烟草花药放在液体培养基中进行悬浮培养，成功地获得了比琼脂培养基中更高的再生植株。其后很多人相继用水稻、油菜、大麦和小麦等的花药进行了悬浮培养试验，从而确认这种悬浮培养比琼脂培养能诱导更多的愈伤组织。然而，水稻、小麦和大麦等作物的花药进行悬浮培养时虽然能获得大量的愈伤组织，但是从愈伤     

宁夏主栽水稻品种高频再生体系的建立

通过对宁夏多个主栽水稻品种愈伤组织的培养,结果表明,诱导水稻愈伤组织的最适培养基是:N6+2mg/L 2,4-D+0.5/L水解酪蛋白+0.5g/L L-脯氨酸+8g/L琼脂+30g/L蔗糖;水稻愈伤组织最适分化培养基是:MS+2mg/L 6-BA+0.5mg/L NAA;水稻的最适生根培养基为:MS+0.5mg/L NAA.筛选出了诱导愈伤组织和愈伤组织分化的最适激素浓度配比和最适分化条件.     

不同预处理对白菜型油菜花药愈伤组织诱导的影响

本试验以白菜型春油菜品种——‘天祝小油菜’为试验材料,研究不同花蕾部位、不同诱导培养基及不同低温等预处理时间对花药愈伤组织诱导率的影响。无预处理时,筛选不同花蕾部位接种到不同诱导培养基的最佳组合,结果表明：以主花序蕾盘中盘青绿色、长度2～3 mm的花药为接种材料,在添加1.5 mg/L2,4-D、1 mg/L KT的B5培养基上培养,其花药愈伤组织诱导率最高为27.26%,均高于内盘、外盘花蕾花药与其他诱导培养基组合诱导率。预处理结果表明：4℃预处理4 d对花药愈伤组织诱导最有效,诱导率为60.27%,显著高于同期对照1.21倍;0.2 mg/L甘露醇培养4 d对花药愈伤组织诱导率为48.07%,显著高于对照和其他甘露醇溶液处理。花蕾在0.1 mol/L蔗糖溶液浸泡处理30 min后,花药愈伤组织诱导率为54.8%,显著高于对照和其他蔗糖溶液处理。综上以白菜型油菜主花序蕾盘、中盘青绿色,长度2～3 mm的花药为接种材料,4℃预处理4 d后接种在添加1.5 mg/L 2,4-D、1 mg/L KT的B5培养基上愈伤组织诱导效果最好。     

4个新品种玉簪愈伤组织的诱导及组培扩繁研究

为建立4个玉簪新品种的组培再生体系,以MS为基本培养基,添加不同质量浓度6-BA和2,4-D,研究其外植体组培苗的愈伤组织诱导以及继代扩繁的最适生长培养基。愈伤组织的诱导中,高浓度的6-BA(≥3.0mg/L)与低浓度的2,4-D(≤0.1mg/L)配比有利于愈伤组织的生成。MS+1.0mg/L6-BA+0.3mg/LNAA+35g/L蔗糖+12g/L琼脂的培养基可以使HostaBigDaddy（编号H1）和‘金鹰’（编号H2）的增殖倍数分别达2.54和2.78,而MS+1.0mg/L6-BA+0.2mg/LNAA+30g/L蔗糖+11g/L琼脂可以使‘小黄金叶’（编号H6）的增殖倍数达3.01,而最适宜H15增殖的培养基则是MS+3.0mg/L6-BA+0.1mg/LNAA+30g/L蔗糖+12g/L琼脂。研究结果为4个新品种玉簪愈伤组织的诱导及组培扩繁研究提供了有利数据依据,在此方法下愈伤组织诱导率最大,并且扩繁增殖倍数最大。     

Anther culture of recalcitrant indica × Basmati rice hybrids

Fertile, green, di-haploid plants were obtained at high frequencies from several indica × Basmati rice F₁ hybrids and/or F₂ plant populations using an improved anther culture procedure. Anthers from cold-pretreated (10 ^°C for 10 d) panicles of six indica (HKR120, HKR86-3, HKR86-217, PR106, Gobind andCH2 double dwarf) and two Basmati rice (Basmati 370,Taraori Basmati) varieties and 14 heterotic indica ×Basmati F₁/F₂ hybrids were cultured in modified agarose-solidified N6M, Heh5M and RZM media. Best callus induction frequencies (2.6–78%) were obtained in RZM medium containing 4% (w/v) maltose,2,4-D, NAA and kinetin. F₂ plants compared to F₁ hybrids and parental rice varieties, were more responsive to anther culture. Androgenesis frequencies of 31–78% were obtained for indica × Basmati F₂ plants in RZM medium in just 30 d which are comparable to or higher than that reported for japonica rice varieties and hybrids involving japonica rice parent(s). Agarose (1.0% w/v)-solidified MS medium containing 3.0% maltose, kinetin, BAP, and NAA, induced green shoot regeneration in 0–51% of the anther-derived callide pending upon the genotype. High plant regeneration frequencies (67–337 green plants per 1000 anthers)were obtained from anther calli of several F₁hybrids (Gobind × Basmati 370 and HKR120 ×Taraori Basmati) and F₂ plants (Gobind × Basmati370, Gobind × Taraori Basmati, HKR86-3 × TaraoriBasmati). A sample of 498 plants obtained from the above hybrids, were transferred to pots with>90% survival; 8–78% of these plants had >5%spikelet fertility and were diploid. In addition,18% of the haploid plants could be diploidized by submerging in 0.1% colchicine solution for 16–18 h. The improved anther culture procedure reported here, resulted in several fold increase in the recovery of green plants from recalcitrant indica × Basmati rice hybrids compared to previous published procedures. The study may accelerate the introgression of desirable genes from indica into Basmati rice using anther culture as a breeding tool. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Phenylacetic acid stimulation of direct shoot formation in anther and somatic tissue cultures of rice (Oryza saliva L.)

The effect of phenylacetic acid (PAA) on rice (Oryza saliva L.) anther culture was investigated with six genotypes, using 2,4-D as control. In the two-step culture protocol, replacing 2, 4-D with PAA in the induction medium did not influence callus induction but significantly improved the shoot differentiation from callus, particularly in the indica cultivar Teqing. The anther-derived calli of all genotypes regenerated shoots directly on the callus induction medium containing PAA. Most of the directly-regenerated plantlets had well-developed root systems and were therefore readily transplanted into soil. The improved shoot differentiation potential and the frequency of direct regeneration depended on genotype, basal medium and PAA concentration. The one-step green shoot regeneration frequencies obtained were 1.98% with the indica cultivar ‘129’, 1.5% with the indica × japonica hybrid ‘Teqing/02428’ (F₁), and 1.98% with the indica × indica hybrid ‘Waiyin 2/C.B.’ (F₁). The PAA-based one-step method was most effective on the anther culture of indica genotypes. Three DH populations have been constructed from hybrids (F₁) via one-step culture. PAA also enhanced the one-step plantlet formation in rice somatic tissue culture.     

Use of androgenesis in intersubspecific hybrid rice breeding

Significant differences of callus induction, green plant regeneration and culture efficiency were observed among restorer lines and their hybrids in rice. Average callus induction percentage of F₁, hybrids was about twice that of their parents. Twenty doubled haploid (DH) lines that showed normal fertility with both indica and japonica CMS lines, were selected as widely compatible restorers (WCRs). TG8 derived from CPSLO17/Minghui 63 not only showed normal fertility to both indica and japonica test varieties and CMS lines, but also exhibited superior agronomic traits, in particular short plant, desired plant type, high tillerability, large panicles, good grain quality and resistance to rice blast disease. Strong heterosis for yield was observed in crosses between indica or japonica CMS lines and TG8. TG8 possessed a dominant, widely compatible gene (WCG) that was inherited from the variety CPSLO17. Results confirmed that the anther culture technique is a quick and effective way of developing widely compatible restorers in rice and that it is applicable to the direct use of intersubspecific heterosis with the three-line method.     

粳稻恢复系C418成熟胚转基因再生体系的建立

为了建立粳稻恢复系C418转基因再生体系,本研究以不同培养基、不同2,4-D浓度、不同KT浓度及不同6-BA浓度的不同组合培养基来诱导C418成熟胚愈伤组织,以获得最适C418诱导的培养基,然后以获得的愈伤组织利用农杆菌介导法进行转基因再生体系的建立。结果表明:NBD培养基为6种培养基中最适培养基;2,4-D浓度为2.0 mg/L时,诱导率最高;随着6-BA的浓度增加诱导率降低;KT对C418成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导没有影响。本研究成功建立了C418转基因再生体系。     

Anther culture of tropical japonica × indica hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary Nine japonica × indica F1 hybrids of rice involving 6 indica and 3 japonica tropical varieties, were large scale anther cultured. The frequency of callusing anthers averaged 18.7%. The microspore-derived calli produced green plants with a mean frequency of 8.7%. Albino plants represented 61% of the shoot forming calli. Monitoring of the green and albino plant regenerating capabilities of calli arising between week 4 and week 8 of incubation of the anthers showed no increase of the albino/green ratio and a slow decrease of the shoot forming ability of the transferred calli after the sixth week of culture. Spontaneous doubled haploids (SDH) represented 46% of the regenerated green plants in 4 hybrids. However, a high frequency of partially sterile regenerants was noticed among 132 SDH plants generated from a hybrid.     

水稻高效花药培养技术体系的构建

为提高水稻花药培养效果,产生大量的花粉植株,以多年的试验并结合多方面的研究结果,论述了水稻花药培养各个环节中的关键技术,创建了通常情况下的一套水稻高效花药培养技术体系。本系统着重于在利用基因型的选择和基本配养基的交叉使用以提高花药愈伤组织诱导率的的前提下,在其它的每个环节,尤其是壮苗和移植管理技术方面进行了优化改进,以提高绿苗分化率和组培苗移植后的成活率。     

Development of a technique for in vitro unpollinated ovary culture in rice, Oryza sativa L.

A simple and efficient technique for in vitro unpollinated ovary culture in rice which is also applicable for indica genotypes was developed for breeding and genetic studies. Sampling explants at the auricle distance of 7–12 cm between the two uppermost leaves of a tiller, providing a chilling pretreatment and ovaries with 1/3 of the hulls intact gave optimum response to culture. For callus induction with the spontaneous breaking of ovaries, N₆ media supplemented with NAA (2 mg/l) and DMSO (0.6–0.8%) gave a mean PCI value of 3.8% and range of 0.8–12.5% among genotypes. Media combining 2,4,5-T or 2,4-D with NAA in N₆ medium also has reasonably good callus induction. For calli induced inside, 2,4-D (0.2–0.5 mg/l), NAA (2 mg/l) and KT (1 mg/l) contained media were superior. The maximum green plant regeneration (PPR) of 77.3% was found with the medium containing NAA 0.25 mg/l, IAA 0.5 mg/l and KT 2.0 mg/l. Significant genotype, medium and their interaction effects for per cent ovary survival and callus induction were observed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Influence of genotype and culture medium on callus formation and plant regeneration from immature embryos of Triticum turgidum Desf. cultivars

Twelve durum wheat cultivars were evaluated for their response to in vitro tissue culture. Zygotic immature embryos were used to induce callus formation using four different Murashige and Skoog‐based media. Each contained 9.05 μM 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid but differed in their carbon source (sucrose or maltose) and the presence of NaCl (0 mM or 40 mM). The influence of both genotype and medium on the type and percentage of callus produced was observed. Calli were either compact and frequently embryogenic, or soft and watery. Percentages ranged from 54 to 100%, depending upon genotype and induction medium. All calli were then plated on a regeneration medium containing 20 g/l sucrose, 2.68 μM 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid and 2.22 μ 6‐benzylaminopurine. The regeneration of plantlets was higher from compact than from soft calli, with a strong dependence on genotype and type of induction medium used. MSm induction medium (30 g/l maltose) and MS40s (30 g/l sucrose plus 40 mM NaCl) were best for inducing compact calli, and gave the highest proportion of regenerated plants. The in vitro response (number of total shoots from a compact callus/number of embryos plated) was higher for immature embryos of ‘Baztan’, ‘Bradano’ and ‘Don Pedro’. These cultivars are a good starting material for experiments involving transformation of calli from zygotic immature embryos.     

The Effect of Sugars and Growth Regulators on Embryoid Formation and Plant Regeneration from Barley Anther Culture

The influence of carbon source and growth regulator composition in induction medium on anther culture response was investigated using spring barley genotypes. Anthers were cultured on BAC3, Ficoll-containing medium, supplemented with one of the following carbohydrates: sucrose, maltose, cellobiosc and melibiose (6 % w/v). The use of either maltose or cellobiose resulted in a significantly higher anther response, calli and/or embryoid production and green plant regeneration compared to the incubation of anthers on a medium containing sucrose. Contrary to these results, the replacement of sucrose by melibiose in BAO medium, drastically reduced the efficiency of anther culture. As an average for the three genotypes tested, the frequency of green plants per 100 anthers plated was 9- to 22-fold higher on medium supplemented with sucrose or cellobiose than on medium containing melibiose as a sole carbohydrate. Among the growth regulators tested, the combination of auxin NAA (2 mg/l) and cytokinin BAP (1 mg/1) performed much better than the employment of auxin 2,4-D combined either with zeatin riboside or BAP as cytokinins. The beneficial effect of medium supplemented with NAA and BAP was associated with better embryoid formation compared to the other growth regulator combinations tested. The hormone-free combination gave a similar anther response and production of calli as any medium supplemented with growth regulators, but the regeneration capacity of calli produced on hormone-free medium was much lower, resulting in the drastic reduction of the number of both total and green regenerants.     

萝卜花药愈伤组织诱导及褐变因素初探

以萝卜为试材,研究了不同激素配比、供体基因型、光照与温度以及蔗糖浓度对花药愈伤组织诱导的影响,同时比较研究了花药愈伤组织褐变过程中几种抗氧化酶活性变化。结果如下：P403在2.0mg/L 2,4-D+1.0mg/L 6-BA+2.0mg/L KT的MS培养基中愈伤组织的诱导率最高,愈伤组织开始褐化的时间晚,抗氧化酶的活性较高;同时进行低温预处理、高温预培养和初期暗培养的协同效果较任何一种单独处理好;6%的蔗糖浓度有利于愈伤组织的诱导。