人工湿地去除病原菌的途径及影响因素分析

水卫生安全问题愈演愈烈,如何有效去除生活污水中的病原菌显得至关重要。文章分析了人工湿地去除病原菌的相关途径,包括自然灭活、基质吸附过滤、微生物吞噬及植物根部分泌的杀菌剂等过程;重点讨论了影响人工湿地去除病原菌的主要因素气候季节、植物和填料种类,pH,溶解氧及水力停留时间,并对人工湿地去除病原菌的研究前景进行了展望。     

人工湿地系统在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用

人工湿地是一种很有前途的废水处理方法,具有对污染物的去除能力强、基建和运行费用低、维护管理方便、耐冲击负荷能力强等优点。对人工湿地系统在垃圾渗滤液处理中的表现进行了分析,结果表明,其对有机物、氮磷和金属元素均具有较高的去除率,利用人工湿地处理垃圾渗滤液的方法具有广阔的应用前景。     

人工湿地在处理污水中的应用

介绍了人工湿地的构成和特点,阐述了人工湿地的净化机理和应用及对废水中的污染物质氮、磷、有机物的去除过程,提出人工湿地这种处理污水的方法具有良好的实用价值和应用前景。     

人工湿地在景区生活污水处理中的应用

在中国旅游业迅速发展的的同时,景区内天然河流的污染日益严重,成为影响中国旅游业发展的亟待解决的问题。通过对人工湿地生态系统的构造及对生活污水中悬浮物质、有机物、氮、磷等去除机理的研究,表明人工湿地生态系统作为处理景区生活污水新技术既与周围环境相协调又具有投资少、运行费用低、运行维护方便、管理简单等优势,具有广泛的应用前景。     

组合家庭人工湿地系统处理北方农村生活污水

该文对组合家庭人工湿地系统处理北方农村生活污水进行了为期10个月的试验研究（包括冬季）。湿地床上部铺设了0.5 m的生物质保温层,使在冬季最低气温-15℃的低温下,系统温度仍维持在7℃以上,保证了系统的正常运行。结果表明,化学需氧量（CODcr）、生化需氧量（BOD5）、氨氮（NH3-N）、总磷（TP）、总固体悬浮物（TSS）和浊度的平均去除率分别为93.0%、96.0%、88.4%、87.7%、97.0%和89.6%,出水体积质量平均值分别为36.0、11.8、3.5、0.6、3.8 mg/L和浊度9.1 NTU,满足国家排放二级标准。组合家庭人工湿地系统是一种适合农村分散式家庭污水处理的新途径。     

波式潜流人工湿地对生活污水中磷的去除效果研究

通过试验测定波式潜流人工湿地（W—SFCW）与潜流人工湿地（SFCW）中基质、介质填料、植物在污水处理中所截留的磷含量,分析湿地各组成部分对磷的吸收作用,并对各组成部分的去除效果进行比较研究。试验进一步明确了W—SFCW和SFCW对磷的净化机理,从而为优化设计提供了基础。结果表明,在相同试验条件下,W—SFCW对TP的去除率比SFCW高。两种湿地系统中土壤和湿地植物截流吸附了较多的磷,石头填料对污水中的磷也有一定的吸附作用。其中,湿地植物芦苇比美人蕉对污水中磷的吸附作用更为明显。     

4种湿地植物的生理性状对人工湿地床设计的影响

野外调查分析了4种常见湿地植物的最长根长,根系体积,植物密度,植株的氮、磷和锌含量等对人工湿地去除污染物、人工湿地设计和人工湿地使用寿命的影响。结果表明,最长根长以美人蕉为最长（43.73cm）,芦苇其次（32.50cm）,黄花鸢尾最短（12.57cm）;根系体积以美人蕉最大（66.72cm^3）,芦苇其次（17.42cm^3）,黄花鸢尾最低（4.70cm^3）;密度以芦苇最高（257株·m^-2）,美人蕉其次（61株·m^-2）,茭白最低（54株·m^-2）;单位面积上芦苇、美人蕉、茭白和黄花鸢尾地上部分生物量分别是4.27、2.12、0.94和0.78kg·m^-2。相应地,单位面积上植物地上部分对氮、磷和锌的吸收量以芦苇最高,美人蕉其次,黄花鸢尾最低。不同植物对人工湿地的使用寿命没有显著影响,但植物的最长根长和密度可作为人工湿地基质深度设计和植物数量配置的依据。     

人工湿地中氮代谢微生物的共存策略及机理

人工湿地中氮元素的脱除主要依靠多种微生物的联合作用,因此氮代谢微生物的和谐共存成为人工湿地高效脱氮的基础。本文分析回顾了氨氧化细菌、亚硝酸盐氧化菌、反硝化细菌及厌氧氨氧化菌等主要氮代谢微生物的共存策略及反应机理。     

人工湿地在我国农村生活污水治理中的应用

分析了我国农村生活污水发生量、排放特点及治理现状;介绍了人工湿地类型、特点及污染物净化机理;结合我国农村现状,阐述了不同类型的人工湿地处理生活污水的适用条件及场所。     

湿地甲烷生物化学过程及影响因素的研究进展

湿地具有极其特殊的生态功能,是地球上最重要的生命支持系统,也是CH4的重要排放源。CH4作为备受关注的温室气体之一,许多国内外学者都对湿地CH4产生、氧化和排放进行了深入研究,并取得了大量研究成果。本文综述了国内外湿地CH4产生、氧化和排放的研究现状,总结了湿地CH4排放的影响因素以及CH4排放的模型估计,并对今后湿地CH4研究提出了展望。     

Performance of Phragmites Australis and Cyperus Papyrus in the treatment of municipal wastewater by vertical flow subsurface constructed wetlands

The use of constructed wetlands to treat municipal wastewater reduces energy consumption and therefore economic costs, as well as reduces environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was to compare the purification capacity of domestic wastewater using two species of plants sown in subsurface constructed wetlands with vertical flow built on a small scale that received municipal wastewater with primary treatment. The species used were Phragmites Australis and Cyperus Papyrus. For this purpose, a constant flow of 0.6 m³ day⁻¹ was fed from the primary lagoon to each of the two wetlands built on a pilot scale with continuous flow. Each unit was filled with granite gravel in the lower part and with silicic sand in the upper part of different granulometry, the porosity of the medium was 0.34, with a retention time of 1.12 days and a hydraulic load rate of 0.2 m day⁻¹. To analyze the purification capacity of wastewater, physical, chemical and biological parameters were monitored during three months. Samples were taken at the entrance and exit in each experimental unit. The results obtained in the experimental tests for the two species of plants, indicated that the Cyperus Papyrus presented a greater capacity of pollutants removal as biochemical oxygen demand (80.69%), chemical oxygen demand (69.87%), ammoniacal nitrogen (69.69%), total phosphorus (50%), total coliforms (98.08%) and fecal coliforms (95.61%). In the case of Phragmites Australis retains more solids. The species with greater efficiency in the treatment of municipal wastewater for this study was Cyperus Papyrus.     

厌氧池-潜流人工湿地处理低浓度农村生活污水的研究

研究了厌氧池-潜流人工湿地系统（anaerobic tank-subsurface flow constructed wetland systerm,AT-SFCW）对江苏省常熟市农村生活污水的处理,探讨了该系统对生活污水中主要污染物的去除效果,并将厌氧池部分与湿地部分的处理效果进行了比较。结果表明,该系统对化学需氧量(CODcr)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)、硝氮(NO3--N)的总平均去除率分别达到44.3%、42.7%、73.9%、45.6%、37.5%,出水平均浓度分别为16.9、5.2、0.1、3.3、1.4 mg/L,达到国家城镇污水处理厂污染物排放一级A类标准（GB18918-2002）。系统中厌氧池部分对CODcr、TN、NO3--N的去除率分别达到17.4%、6.7%、57.7%。TP经厌氧池后有较明显的上升,升高率达到15.3%。系统中湿地部分对TP、NH3-N、TN、CODcr的去除起主要作用,去除率分别达到89.2%、44.5%、36.0%、26.9%。该系统对农村生活污水的处理效果较好,建设运行成本低廉,维护管理方便,适合农村地区生活污水处理的运用与推广。     

多级串联表面流人工湿地净化生活污水效果

农村生活污水已经成为农业面源污染的主要来源之一。为了研究如何在经济发展水平不高的农村建立能有效治理农村生活污水,且建设成本低、运行维护简单的人工湿地系统,该文通过在桂林市青狮潭灌区构建了多级串联的表面流人工湿地系统,研究分析了不同子系统的水质净化效果及相关检测指标浓度的沿程变化规律。研究结果表明,湿地系统对氮磷的去除效率总体呈现出随时间推移逐渐下降的趋势,同时湿地的表面积越大,其对氮磷的去除率越高。研究还发现,该湿地系统对高浓度进水具有快速、稳定的去除效果,而对低浓度进水的营养盐去除则表现得较为平缓和持久。通过对湿地系统沿程氮磷浓度衰减的拟合及回归分析,建立了与湿地系统进口浓度有关的TN、NH4+-N和TP浓度的沿程衰减模型,相关分析表明其最佳的拟合模型均为指数衰减模型。该湿地系统在整个试验时期内均表现出了良好的净化效果,有效地减轻了农村生活污水对外界水环境的破坏,指数衰减模型的建立也为后续湿地设计及排水水质预测提供了理论分析依据。     

Emissions of nitrous oxide from a constructed wetland using a groundfilter and macrophytes in waste-water purification of a dairy farm

 In less populated rural areas constructed wetlands with a groundfilter made out of the local soil mixed with peat and planted with common reed (Phragmites australis) are increasingly used to purify waste water. Particularly in the rhizosphere of the reed, nitrification and denitrification processes take place varying locally and temporally, and the question arises to what extent this type of waste-water treatment plant may contribute to the release of N₂O. In situ N₂O measurements were carried out in the two reed beds of the Friedelhausen dairy farm, Hesse, Germany, irrigated with the waste water from a cheese dairy and 70 local inhabitants (12 m³ waste water or 6 kg BOD₅ or 11 kg chemical O₂ demand (COD_Mn) day^–1). During November 1995 to March 1996, the release of N₂O was measured weekly at 1 m distances using eight open chambers and molecular-sieve traps to collect and absorb the emitted N₂O. Simultanously, the N₂O trapped in the soil, the soil temperature, as well as the concentrations of NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃ ^–-N, NO₂ ^–-N, water-soluble C and the pH were determined at depths of 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm. In the waste water from the in- and outflow the concentrations of COD_Mn, BOD₅, NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃ ^–-N, NO₂ ^–-N, as well as the pH, were determined weekly. Highly varying amounts of N₂O were emitted at all measuring dates during the winter. Even at soil temperatures of –1.5  °C in 10 cm depth of soil or 2  °C at a depth of 50 cm, N₂O was released. The highest organic matter and N transformation rates were recorded in the upper 20 cm of soil and in the region closest to the outflow of the constructed wetland. Not until a freezing period of several weeks did the N₂O emissions drop drastically. During the period of decreasing temperatures less NO₃ ^–-N was formed in the soil, but the NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations increased. On average the constructed wetlands of Friedelhausen emitted about 15 mg N₂O-N inhabitant equivalent^–1 day^–1 during the winter period. Nitrification-denitrification processes rather than heterotrophic denitrification are assumed to be responsible for the N₂O production. Received: 28 October 1998     

Root zone microbial populations, urease activities, and purification efficiency for a constructed wetland

In order to investigate the effects of microorganisms and their urease activities in macrophytic root zones on pollutant removal, four small-scale plots (SSPs) of vertical/reverse-vertical flow wetlands were set up to determine: a) the relationship between the abundance of microorganisms in the root zones and water purification efficiency; and b) the relationship between urease activities in the root zones and pollutant removal in a constructed wetland system. Total numbers of the microbial population (bacteria, fungi, and actinomyces) along with urease activities in the macrophytic root zones were determined. In addition, the relationships between microbial populations and urease activities as well as the wastewater purification efficiencies of total phosphorus (TP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), biochemical oxygen demand in 5 days (BOD₅), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were also analyzed. The results showed that there was a highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.9772, P < 0.01) between the number of bacteria in the root zones and BOD₅ removal efficiency and a significant negative correlation (r = -0.9092, P < 0.05) between the number of fungi and the removal efficiency of TKN. Meanwhile, there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.8830, P < 0.05) between urease activities in the root zones and the removal efficiency of TKN. Thus, during wastewater treatment in a constructed wetland system, microorganism and urease activities in the root zones were very important factors.     

半咸水人工湿地净化越冬养殖循环水的效果

为拓展人工湿地在水产养殖上的应用,该文研究了半咸水人工湿地的循环水越冬系统中暗纹东方鲀越冬养殖效果和净化效能。结果表明,经过166d越冬养殖,暗纹东方鲀越冬成活率(76.94±13.87)%,饵料系数5.49±1.77。在无任何外源能源加温的情况下,系统水温保持在暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的生存最低温度以上。在半咸水环境下(7.6‰～9.9‰),人工湿地对养殖水有良好的净化效果:总氮去除率为30.5%、总氨氮为69.6%、亚硝酸盐为96.1%、硝酸盐为9.7%、总磷为18.4%、COD为38.8%、总悬浮物为79.7%,循环水经过人工湿地后水质符合国家渔业用水标准;越冬期间,越冬养殖池水质状况良好;除TN和NO3-N在越冬期间的去除率比在夏季的明显低外,其他主要污染物的去除率与夏季比较没有明显变化。在试验负载范围内,系统去除量随进水污染负载量的增加而增加;通过建立预测模型预测出湿地养殖面积比值0.36～0.97,与实际值1.26相比,养殖密度尚有提高的空间。因此,人工湿地能持续有效地去除暗纹东方鲀越冬循环水养殖系统中的主要污染物,说明该系统能在越冬养殖生产实际应用。     

复合厌氧折流板反应器-廊道式人工湿地系统运行效果

该文采用复合厌氧折流板反应器-廊道式人工湿地（Combined Anaerobic Baffled Reactor and Corridor Constructed Wetland,简称CABR-CCW）系统进行生活污水处理试验,系统分析了CABR-CCW系统的COD去除效果、脱氮除磷效果及水生植物在人工湿地系统中的作用。监测了2006年4月到2007年1月期间复合系统的运行效果,结果显示：CABR-CCW系统稳定运行后,污水日处理量为5 m3,HRT约为50 h,夏秋季CODCr平均去除率为78.9%,NH3-N平均去除率为89.29%;在不改变日处理量的情况下,冬季CODCr平均去除率约56.6%,NH3-N去除率下降幅度较大,但保持在47%以上。由于CCW采用了煤渣、页岩等高吸附磷的基质,磷去除率始终保持在83.6%以上,夏秋季由于CCW水生植物吸收,去除率高达92.3%,表明磷的去除主要依靠CCW基质的吸附,而且基质吸附能力仍未达到饱和,但已表现出下降趋势。廊道式人工湿地水生植物的长势对NH3-N的去除有显著影响,对磷的去除效果影响不大。     

基于复合垂直流人工湿地的循环水养殖系统净化养殖效能与参数优化

该文对基于复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)的循环水养殖系统的净化效率、养殖效果和系统优化设计进行了研究.结果表明,在420 mm/d的水力负荷下,湿地可有效地去除循环水中的总悬浮物(去除率85%)、CODCr(去除率50%)、BOD5(去除率44%)、总氨氮(去除率53%)、亚硝酸盐(去除率83%)和硝酸盐(去除率54%),能够满足养殖用水的要求,整个试验期间系统实现了零污水排放.经过5个月的养殖,成功地将斑点叉尾鲴(Ictalurus punctatus)鱼苗(1.8 cm,0.08g)培育成鱼种(15.9 cm,33.9 g),成活率达到92.6%.在养殖容量、病害控制、成活率以及鱼体生长速度等方面均优于常规池塘养殖模式.建立了一个预测湿地与养殖池塘面积配比的数学模型,为实际应用和优化设计提供依据.     

人工湿地中沸石和土壤的氮吸附与再生试验研究

鉴于常用填料吸附能力的理化再生方法存在运行费高以及不利于植物生长和微生物活性的缺点,探索低价且生态友好的填料吸附位的再生方法非常重要。该文研究了处理农业污水的人工湿地中的沸石和土壤的氮的解吸附性能、沸石的动态吸附和曝气再生。结果表明：填料的氨氮吸附量受填料的种类、使用时间、填充方式和填充位置的影响。土壤的氨氮吸附量为沸石的3倍以上;沸石使用时间越长,氨氮吸附量越低;前置沸石的氨氮吸附量大于表铺沸石。使用22个月的前置沸石带在0～90 cm深度范围内的氨氮吸附量相近;浅层(0～10 cm)土壤的氨氮吸附量为中层(10～20 cm)和深层(20～40 cm)土壤的2倍以上。植物的供氧作用利于土壤的氨氮转化,停留时间的增长利于沸石对氨氮的动态吸附,曝气对已吸附一定量氨氮的沸石有再生作用。     

秋茄人工湿地净化循环海水养殖废水效果

为了深入研究采用人工湿地方法处理循环海水养殖废水的可行性及其运行特性,以红树林植物秋茄(Kandelia candel)为湿地植物构建耐盐人工湿地,对循环海水养殖废水进行生物处理。该文对比研究了秋茄人工湿地与无植物人工湿地的处理效果,在系统启动17d后的稳定运行阶段,秋茄人工湿地对化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)和氨氮(NH4+-N)的去除率分别在66.4%～73.8%和64.3%～72.4%,明显高于无植物人工湿地对COD56.7%～62.4%的去除率和对NH4+-N51.2%～57.5%的去除率;在总磷(total phosphorus,TP)去除方面,秋茄人工湿地和无植物人工湿地的去除率分别为55.7%～61.7%和54.3%～60.4%,两者并无明显差别。对人工湿地基质酶活性的分析发现,秋茄人工湿地的基质脲酶活性和磷酸酶活性均明显高于无植物人工湿地;同时在秋茄人工湿地基质床中,根系分布最多的表层0～5cm区域基质酶活性明显高于其他区域,表明秋茄的根部对于提高人工湿地基质床的生物活性及其去污能力发挥了显著的作用。对秋茄人工湿地水力条件的研究表明,表面水力负荷对系统去除有机物和氮有较明显的影响,表面水力负荷控制在0.1m3/(m2·d)及以下时,出水水质可达到国家渔业水质标准的要求。该文研究结果为循环海水养殖废水提供了一种生物处理途径。