铜矿区土壤重金属污染与耐性植物累积特征

在铜陵矿区研究了4种植物:商陆(Phytolacca acinosa),鸭跖草(Commelina communis),菌陈蒿(Artemisia capillaries),农田紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)对重金属的富集特征及土壤重金属污染情况。采用ICP-MS分析了土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的重金属全量及植物对As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的积累情况。并计算了四种植物对重金属的生物转移系数BTC(Biological Transfer Coefficient)。结果表明:铜陵狮子山铜矿废弃地鸭跖草(Commelina communis)、菌陈蒿(Artemisia capillaries)群落的土壤养分状况相对较好,农田紫云英的养分状况次之,杨冲山尾矿库分布商陆(Phytolacca acinosa)的土壤养分状况最差。商陆耐瘠薄土壤、尾矿区与附近农田土壤重金属全量分析表明,杨山冲尾矿库附近农田土壤(种植紫云英)铜、镉、铅、锌总量均超过国家农业用地土壤二级标准,尾矿废弃地分布鸭跖草、茵陈蒿的土壤全铜含量超过国家工业用地土壤二级标准,土壤受Cu污染最严重。菌陈蒿、鸭趾草对高含量的土壤铜表现出很好的耐性。鸭跖草对砷和铅的转移系数大于1,茵陈蒿对镉与锌的转移系数大于1。鸭跖草、茵陈蒿、商陆都可以作为矿区生态恢复的先锋植物。     

Critical Toxic Ranges of Chromium in Spinach Plants and in Soil

ABSTRACT

Long-term irrigation with untreated industrial sewage effluents causes accumulation of high concentrations of chromium (Cr) and other heavy metals in soil and subsequently in crop plants (especially leafy vegetables), which can be phytotoxic to plants and/or a health hazard to animals and humans. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Cr application on the growth of spinach (Spinacia oleracia L.) and to develop critical toxic ranges of Cr in plants and in soil. The study involved growing of spinach variety ‘Punjab Green’ in a greenhouse on silty clay loam and sandy soils equilibrated with different levels of applied Cr (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 mg Cr kg^{? 1} soil). Plants were harvested at: three growth stages 45, 60, and 90 days after sowing (DAS). Critical toxic ranges were estimated by regressing and plotting data on ammoniumbicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (AB-DTPA) extractable Cr in soil or Cr concentration in plants versus dry-matter yield (DMY) of spinach at the three growth stages. Toxic ranges, i.e., slightly toxic (80%–90%), moderately toxic (70%–80%), and extremely toxic (< 70%) in terms of DMY relative to the attainable maximum DMY, were established for both soils and for plants at all three growth stages. There was no germination of spinach with applied Cr at 320 mg Cr kg^{? 1} rate in silty clay loam soil and at 40 mg Cr kg^{? 1} rate in sandy soil due to Cr toxicity. Roots accumulated more Cr in comparison with shoots. Chromium concentrations of 0.47–1.93 mg Cr kg^{? 1} soil in silty clay loam soil, 0.13–0.94 mg Cr kg^{? 1} soil in sandy soil, 1.08–5.40 mg Cr kg^{? 1} plant DM in silty clay loam soil and 0.54–11.7 mg Cr kg^{? 1} plant DM in sandy soil were found to be toxic. The critical toxicity ranges of Cr thus established in this study could help in demarcating Cr toxicity in soils and in plants such as spinach and other leafy vegetables due to irrigation of soils with untreated sewage water contaminated with chromium.     

Growth,Biomass Production,and Nutrient Composition of Eucalyptus Seedlings Irrigated with Municipal Effluent in Loamy Sand Soil of Indian Desert

Abstract

An experiment comprised of five treatments [T₁ = municipal effluent @ 1 PET (without plant), T₂ = municipal effluent @ (1/2) PET, T₃ = municipal effluent @ 1PET, T₄ = municipal effluent @ 2 PET, and T₅ = good (canal) water @ 1 PET] was carried out with Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The aim was to utilize sewage water in growing tree plantation and to increase the supply of fuel wood to the growing urban population. Height, collar diameter, and number of branches were monitored periodically. Biomass and leaf and root growth were recorded at 24 months of age. Mineral composition and uptake were monitored to observe their removal from the soil. Increase in rate of municipal effluent application was associated with better tree growth compared to irrigation with canal water. At 24 month age, the T₄ was the best treatment in which E. camaldulensis attained 393 cm height and 6.6 cm collar diameter. Height and collar diameter of T₂ seedlings did not differ (P > 0.05) with respective parameters in T₅ treatment. Collar diameter increased by 1.2 times in T₃ treatment. Number of leaves and biomass increased with increase in quantity of municipal effluent. Modeling of total biomass against quantity of municipal effluent application produced better result with non‐linear fitting than the linear one. Mineral composition and accumulation in different parts of the seedling was high and varied with the quantity and nutrient composition of irrigation water. Concentration of total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) was high in the municipal effluent irrigated seedlings compared to the good water irrigated seedlings. However, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were high in the seedlings of T₅ compared to T₂ and T₃ treatments. Municipal effluent did not show any toxicity to the seedlings up to 24 months age. Conclusively, the municipal effluents could be recommended as a good source of water and nutrient for tree biomass production to fulfill the requirement of fuel need in the suburban area.     

Impact of Distillery Effluent on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in a Vertisol of Central India

Distilleries produce a huge quantity of effluents, popularly known as spent wash (SW), which when bio-methanated produce post-methanation effluents (PME). A field experiment on soybean–wheat system was conducted for five consecutive years in a Vertisol of central India to evaluate the effect of distillery effluent (DE) on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Ten treatment combinations consisting of control, 100% NPK + Farmyard Manure (FYM), and graded level of SW and PME were applied. Total carbon content of soil increased significantly with applications of FYM and DE. SW was found superior in enhancing carbon content of soil in comparison to PME. Farmyard Manure contributed more carbon toward the recalcitrant pool, whereas DE contributed more carbon toward the active and slow pool. Nitrogen (N) availability was significantly improved with the application of DE. Balanced application of DE may act as amendment for increasing C and N stocks in Vertisol.     

煤炭工业小型矿井水土流失影响指数研究

为提高煤炭工业小型矿井水土流失影响指数的可靠性,选取21个小型煤矿项目,按单位产能水土流失影响因子值分析得出小型煤矿项目影响因子极值参数和水土流失影响指数。并对不同建设性质煤矿的影响指数进行分析,提出相应的水土保持防治措施与建议,为小型煤矿水土流失防治以及水土保持方案的编制提供了参考。     

Ameliorative Effect of Calcium Nitrate on Cucumber and Melon Plants Drip Irrigated with Saline Water

Abstract

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Orlando) and melon (Cucumis melo cv. Ananas) were field grown to investigate the effects of supplementary calcium nitrate applied to irrigation water on plant growth and fruit yield of salt stressed and unstressed cucumber and melon plants. Treatments were (1) control: normal irrigation water (C); (2) normal irrigation water plus supplementary 5 mM Ca(NO₃)₂ added to the irrigation water (C + CaN); (3) salt treatment: C plus 60 mM NaCl added irrigation water (C + S); and (4) supplementary Ca(NO₃)₂: C + S plus supplementary 5 mM Ca(NO₃)₂ added to the irrigation water (C + S + CaN). Plants irrigated with water containing high NaCl produced less dry matter, fruit yield, and chlorophyll than the control treatments of both species. Supplementing irrigation water with Ca(NO₃)₂ resulted in increases in dry matter, fruit yield, and chlorophyll concentrations over plants irrigated with saline water. Membrane permeability increased with C + S treatment for both species. Supplementary Ca(NO₃)₂ restored membrane permeability. Sodium (Na) concentration in plant tissues increased in leaves and roots in the elevated NaCl treatment. Concentrations of Ca and N in leaves were decreased in the high salt treatment and fully restored by supplementary Ca(NO₃)₂. These results clearly show that supplementary Ca(NO₃)₂ can partly mitigate the adverse effects of saline water on both fruit yield and whole plant biomass in melon and cucumber plants.     

Monitoring of Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals in the Impact Zone of Copper-Nickel Smelter on the Kola Peninsula

The results of landscape monitoring of the concentrations of acid-extractable Ni, Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn in soils of the local impact zone of the Severonikel industrial complex on the Kola Peninsula are discussed. The aim of monitoring studies was to reveal the spatial and temporal regularities of variation in the degree of soil contamination by heavy metals. In 2001–2011, the concentrations of acid-extractable compounds of the elements in the upper part of organic soil horizons around this plant exceeded their background concentrations by two orders of magnitude for Cu and Co and by three orders of magnitude for Ni. The degree of topsoil contamination with Ni, Cu, and Co generally corresponded to the distance of the plots from the contamination source and to the modern technogenic load. However, because of the long period of the emissions, their extreme amounts, and complex composition, indirect factors—the degree of technogenic soil degradation, the loss of soil organic matter, saturation of the surface soil layers by the contaminating metals, and competitive relationships between the elements—also affect soil contamination level. The concentrations of all the studied metals in the topsoil are characterized by considerable (1.5 to 7 times) variability in their long-term dynamics. The most important factors of this variability for Ni, Cu, and Co are the organic matter content of the samples and the amount of atmospheric precipitation in the year preceding the sampling. An inverse relationship between element concentrations in the soils and the amount of atmospheric precipitation attests to the dynamic nature and reversible character of the accumulation of heavy metals in the soils.     

油田废弃核桃壳滤料的污染物分析及其对土壤的影响研究

核桃壳滤料广泛应用于油田污水处理,每年因此产生大量的废弃核桃壳滤料,由于将其露天堆砌在地面上,滤料上的污染物在降水、风力、地表径流等的作用下发生迁移,直接影响到堆砌场地周边的土壤、大气、水源的质量。采用标准方法对油田废弃核桃壳滤料上的污染物组成进行分析的结果表明,主要污染物为原油、CaCO3和Cd2＋、Pb2＋重金属离子,污染物总含量较高,与原油组成相比,废弃核桃壳滤料上的芳烃含量增加较多,饱和烃和胶质有所减少。借助一维对流-弥散方程建立了模拟石油类污染物在土壤中迁移转化规律的数学模型,通过室内土柱实验确定模型参数,同时验证模型的准确性。将实验及模拟的结果相结合可知,该模型可以用来模拟石油类污染物在土壤中的迁移规律,符合y=y0＋A1exp（-x/t1）＋A2exp（-x/t2）规律。研究结果为油田废弃滤料对土壤环境的影响及治理提供了参考。     

长期施肥对灌漠土团聚体及其稳定性的影响

利用设计在武威的长期定位试验研究了单施氮肥或有机肥、有机肥与氮肥配施等措施对灌漠土团聚体及稳定性的影响。结果表明,与不施肥相比,单施氮肥不能显著提高各粒级水稳性团聚体有机碳的含量,而单施有机肥或者与氮肥配施能够显著提高各粒级水稳性团聚体有机碳的含量。其中0.25~2 mm粒级水稳性团聚体的有机碳浓度高于其它粒级。相关分析表明,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量与土壤有机碳水平呈显著正相关。不同处理的0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量依次为:农肥、绿肥和秸秆的处理CK、农肥+氮肥、绿肥+氮肥和秸秆+氮肥的处理氮肥处理(P0.05)。可见,单施有机肥能促进0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的形成,而单施氮肥或者与有机肥配施不利于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的形成。     

神府矿区复垦土地土壤微量元素有效性影响因素研究

为了研究矿区不同复垦条件下,复垦土地土壤中有效微量元素与土壤环境的关系,采用实地试验与实验室分析相结合的方法,研究了不同复垦时间和复垦措施条件下土壤有效铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)4种微量元素有效态含量与土壤环境之间的关系。结果表明,研究区内土壤有效微量元素含量总体属于极低水平;土壤环境整体呈碱性,土壤pH值均在8.5以上,且变异系数属于小变异;土壤有机质无论是在不同恢复年限条件下,还是在不同治理措施条件下,其变异系数均属于高度变异。土壤环境与土壤有效微量元素相关关系分析结果表明,土壤pH值与土壤有效微量元素呈负相关关系,有效锰、有效铜与土壤pH值的相关性较高;土壤有机质与土壤有效微量元素呈正相关关系,其中有效锌、有效铜与土壤有机质含量的相关性较高。     

化学融雪剂对区域环境的影响及累积、扩散特点

使用化学融雪剂清除道路积雪具有操作简便、价格低廉、效果优良等特点,对缓解交通压力,减少因积雪产生的交通事故的发生率,方便人们出行均具有积极意义,但大量使用此类融雪剂亦会对环境造成严重危害。根据近年来的相关研究进展,阐述了融雪剂对区域土壤、水体及植被的影响及其在环境中的分布特点、影响因素,以期为融雪剂环境效应的科学评价、污染防治提供科学依据。     

The Impact of an Abandoned Uranium Mining Area on the Contamination of Agricultural Land in its Surroundings

This paper focuses on the influence of uranium tailing piles on the contamination of their immediate surroundings. The monitoring was carried out on arable land near Pribram in Central Bohemia, Czech Republic. The monitored arable land is located 600 m northeast of the bottom of the piles. In addition, the high uranium (U) content in the topsoil ranged from 40 to 220 ppm. A former portion of it was found in an exchangeable fraction (49%). Both of these facts make this land unsuitable for agricultural use. The sequential extraction discovered a shift in the U content among sample spots situated in and outside the path of the predominant wind direction. In the first group, uranium binds mainly to Fe/Mn oxides, while in the other samples, U is accumulated in the more mobilizable fractions.     

Effect of pH on Potentially Toxic Trace Elements (Cd,Cu, Ni,and Zn) Solubility in Two Native and Spiked Calcareous Soils: Experimental and Modeling

The effect of soil pH on solubility of the potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) [cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn)] was assessed using two native and spiked calcareous soils. Multiple PTEs solutions were added to soils and equilibrated (aged) for 40 days. Then, PTEs solubility was measured at different pH level (1–3 units below and above the pH of native soils). In native soils, all PTEs displayed a V-shaped pH-dependent solubility pattern with important releases at pH 4 and 10 (native soil 1) and 5 and 11 (native soil 2). In spiked soils, the general tendency for the pH where solubility started was in the order Cd > Ni > Zn > Cu. Solubility of added trace elements increased with a decrease in pH. Solubility of PTEs occurred at a lower pH in the soil with a higher carbonate content than the other soil (both native and spiked). In order to predict the effect of soil pH on solubility of PTEs, surface complexation and ions exchange models of PHREEQC program were used. The model simulated the PTEs solubility in soils very well. Comparison of experimental and simulated data indicated that ions exchange and surface complexation were the main mechanisms for predicting PTEs solubility in soils. Environmental implications concerning PTEs mobility might be derived from these findings.     

有机无机肥配施对灌耕灰钙土碱性磷酸酶和土壤磷素的影响

在有机无机肥配施下,对灌耕灰钙土土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、速效磷、土壤全磷及其相关性进行研究。结果表明,土壤中碱性磷酸酶活性,剖面分布0~10 cm土层>10~20 cm土层>20~40 cm土层,有机处理明显高于无机处理,休闲(F)处理极显著高于无机处理,秸秆(S)、秸秆+NP肥(SNP)处理较高,N肥、NP肥处理显著高于对照(CK),NPK肥处理低于对照(CK),P肥处理活性较低;小麦苗期和灌浆期高于分蘖期和拔节期,收获期低于播种前。小麦收获期,在0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm土层中,土壤全磷含量施肥处理比对照(CK)分别减少0.06~0.18 g kg-1、增加0.02~0.14 g kg-1、增加0.02~0.14 g kg-1,秸秆+NP肥(SNP)和NP肥处理土壤全磷含量显著高于其他处理。土壤速效磷含量,各处理大小顺序依次是:NP肥>P肥>NPK肥>羊粪+NP肥>秸秆+NP肥,秸秆(S)>羊粪(M),小麦生育期呈先减小后增加又减少的趋势,在灌浆期和分蘖期较高。各个施肥处理,土壤碱性磷酸酶与土壤速效磷达到极显著直线正相关,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性可以反映土壤速效磷含量,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性可以作为指示灌耕灰钙土土壤磷素状况的灵敏指标。     

Changes in the Abundance of Vascular Plants under the Impact of Industrial Air Pollution: A Meta-analysis

We applied a meta-analytic approach to improve an understanding of the effects of pollution on the primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. We identified 73 data sources reporting changes in the abundance of vascular plants (measured as the percentage of ground cover, biomass per unit area, canopy closure and stem basal area) around 75 polluters located in 18 countries (137 effect sizes). The overall effect was negative but varied among the vegetation layers and types of polluters. The strongest detrimental impact on productivity was due to non-ferrous smelters. The abundance of trees was decreased around both acidifying and alkalifying polluters, whereas the abundance of shrubs and field-layer vegetation decreased only near acidifying polluters. Overall, a decline of vegetation was observed in boreal and temperate forests but not in treeless biomes (deserts, tundra or grasslands). The magnitude of the detrimental effects on trees increased with the duration of the polluters?? impact around acidifying polluters but decreased around alkalifying polluters. Adverse effects on the field layer became more severe with increasing community productivity; in combination with the conclusions of previous meta-analyses, this result indicates that diverse and highly productive communities are likely to be the most susceptible to pollution impacts. In general, the pollution effects on the abundance of vascular plants were less detrimental than the effects on their growth and diversity, indicating that primary productivity in polluted ecosystems is maintained by the preferential growth of several pollution-tolerant species.     

Comparison of Eluate and Direct Soil Bioassay Methods of Soil Assessment in the Case of Contamination with Heavy Metals

Eurasian Soil Science - We compared the advantages of eluate and direct soil bioassay methods to reveal the overall toxicity of contaminated soils in a case study with (i) Eutric Fluvisols...     

土壤硫的氧化还原及其环境生态效应

硫在土壤中的氧化还原不仅直接影响其在水、大气、生物、岩石圈的交换和循环,而且对生态环境产生影响。综述了土壤中发生的硫的氧化还原过程及硫的氧化还原过程产生的环境生态影响,最后展望了硫的氧化还原及其相关过程的研究前景。     

当归药材与产地土壤中无机元素的相关分析研究

采用ICP-MS和AAS测定了95批当归药材及其产地土壤中8种重金属元素和7种其他无机元素含量,研究药材与产地土壤中无机元素的相关性。结果表明,当归药材中的特征性无机元素是Fe、Mn、Mg、As、Cr及Ni,土壤中的特征性无机元素是Zn、Mn、Pb、Cr及Ni;当归药材中,无机元素Mn与Zn、Cr、Fe、Cu,Ni与Fe、Cd、Sb、Zn,As与Sb、Pb、Cr、Mn,Cu与Mg、Pb、Zn,Cr与Fe、Pb,Mg与Sb、Zn,以及Ca与Na呈显著正相关,而K与Na、Pb、Cd呈显著负相关;当归对土壤中的Na有富集作用;无机元素Sb、Ca和Na在当归药材与土壤中呈显著正相关。研究发现,中药当归含有丰富的有益无机元素,有害重金属元素含量极低,符合相关标准,在国际贸易及GAP种植方面具有明显的优势和广阔的发展前景。     

滨海盐碱地刺槐白蜡混交林土壤酶与养分相关性研究

研究了刺槐、绒毛白蜡纯林及其混交林中不同土层在不同季节的土壤养分含量、土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明：各林分间的土壤养分含量和土壤酶活性在各个季节和土层均表现出差异。经统计分析．土壤酶活性和土壤养分含量在不同季节呈显著相关关系。土壤酶活性和土壤养分含量在土层中的分布有一定的规律性,总的来说,随着土层逐渐加深,土壤酶活性逐渐减弱,土壤养分含量逐渐下降。混交林中各土层的pH值和含盐量都低于纯林相应值,并且在树木生长、土壤养分和土壤酶活性上．混交林优于纯林。     

低丘红壤开发与复合农林业对土壤侵蚀的影响

在低丘红壤的开发利用中,通过复合农林业技术达到植树种草、增加地面覆盖率、发展当地经济植物促进畜牧业发展,探索低丘红壤开发利用的新模式,科学合理地开发红壤资源,实现开发中保护。经过2年的试验表明:选择适宜的植物种类对于有效地发挥生物措施与复合农林技术的功效是极其重要的,各试验块的植被覆盖度分别是湿地松18%,茶叶23%,柑橘34.6%;覆盖度大小顺序依次为柑橘>茶叶>湿地松;低丘红壤开发的第1年土壤侵蚀量一般都超过土壤允许侵蚀量500t/km2.a,第2年就减小到350t/km2.a左右,各类型的土壤平均侵蚀量次序为柑橘>湿地松>茶叶;各处理的平均N素流失量为湿地松138.8 kg/km2,茶叶450.1 kg/km2,柑橘182.4 kg/km2;N素流失大小顺序为茶叶>柑柑橘>湿地松。在试验区采样分析结果表明:随着土壤侵蚀的逐步升级,土壤容重、田间持水量、土壤粉粒、土壤团聚体、土壤pH、土壤盐基饱和度、土壤盐基交换量均相应降低,而土壤交换性酸对应增加。验证了水土流失直接导致土壤结构、土壤物理性状退化、变差的结果。