5种龙眼梢、果害虫的时间、空间、营养生态位研究

研究了为害龙眼梢、果的5种害虫(龙眼亥麦蛾、荔枝尖细蛾、荔枝蒂蛀虫、龙眼角颊木虱、荔枝蝽)的时间、空间、营养上的一维生态位宽度和重叠,在此基础上,建立了5种龙眼梢、果害虫的时间-空间-营养三维生态位,分析了5种龙眼梢、果害虫对资源的利用相似程度.并讨论了生态位在害虫预测预报和防治上的指导作用.     

大突肩瓢虫生物学特性及越冬保护技术研究

大突肩瓢虫是广西蔗区中甘蔗绵蚜的主要天敌之一,在南宁一年可完成四代发育,以第三、第四代成虫在蔗地及附近竹林越冬。此种瓢虫各虫态历期为:卵期5～6天,幼虫期10～15天,预蛹及蛹期5～8天,完成一世代发育需36～56天。越冬成虫寿命可达7～9个月。在适宜条件下,一头雌虫一生产卵量为400～700粒,最多达1235粒。冬季采集成虫保护饲养过冬,于次年甘蔗绵蚜发生初期补充散放到蔗地,是利用此瓢虫防治甘蔗绵蚜的一种有效途径。12月下旬以前采集的成虫,用适量肝糖代饲料饲养于14～18℃中,越冬存活率可达80％以上。     

卵丘细胞对牛卵母细胞体外成熟和体外受精的影响

本试验探讨了卵母细胞周围不同类型的卵丘细胞对牛卵母细胞体外成熟、受精及其随后的胚胎发育的影响。卵母细胞周围一般都含有多层卵丘细胞。按卵丘细胞的层数及形态将卵母细胞大致分为５类：（１）无卵丘细胞；（２）有２～３层卵丘细胞；（３）有４～５层卵丘细胞；（４）有６层以上卵丘细胞；（５）异常者（即卵母细胞外周有较厚的透明胶状物而无正常卵丘细胞）。以上５种卵母细胞经体外成熟培养并受精后，其卵裂率（分别为：４８．８％，７０．９％，８４．４％，８２．１％，６８．２％）及囊胚发育率（分别为：０．０％，１７．８％，３３．３％，５４．６％，２５．０％）除异常者外均随着卵丘细胞层数的增加而提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。对含有２～６层卵丘细胞的卵母细胞成熟后进行不同程度的剥离处理。然后按剥离程度分为３组：（１）全部剥离；（２）仅剩放射冠；（３）放射冠外有２～３层卵丘细胞。受精后３组间的卵裂率无显著差异（分别为：８１．７％，８５．２％，８４．４％）。而囊胚发育率（分别为：１６．８％，２３．８％，２３．４％），全部剥离组明显低于其他两组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。试验结果表明卵丘细胞对卵母细胞的体外成熟有促进作用，从而影响随后的受精及胚胎发育。     

龙眼荔枝大幅度减产的气象原因分析及对策

树体、花序受寒（冻）害和花期高温干旱,是导致１９９６年广西龙眼荔枝大幅度减产的主要气象原因。在辐射天气条件下,若最低气温＜０℃,地面最低温＜－２℃时,幼苗和嫩梢发生不同程度的霜害;最低气温≤－２℃、地面最低温≤－４℃时,分枝和幼树主干发生霜害;最低气温≤－４℃时,大分枝甚至主干被冻死。在平流天气条件下,若全冬（１２～３月）＜１２℃的有害积寒＞８０℃·ｄ、最强一次平流积寒＞４５℃·ｄ,花序和嫩梢易受寒害死亡。花期高温干旱,使授粉受精不良,是导致果实严重败育的主要原因。针对上述问题提出了相应对策。     

1996年春季（3～5月）气候对农业生产的影响

１９９６年春季（３～５月）气候对农业生产的影响娄秀荣，沙奕卓（中国气象科学研究院，北京１０００８１）春季，全国主要农区平均气温比常年同期偏低，北方主要农区大部降水量较常年同期少２～４成，局部地区少５～８成；南方大部与常年同期接近。华北、西北大部地区春...     

蚬木曲脉木虱的生物学特性及室内药效试验

蚬木曲脉木虱经鉴定为一新种。此害虫常以若虫群集于嫩芽、嫩叶上为害,在日均温度28.8℃时,卵期最短为5天,最长6天,平均5.24天。若虫期17天,脱皮4次;每雌产卵量212粒,产卵前期5～6天,产卵期8～14天,卵聚产或散产。其一生可交尾多次;完成一个世代约需30天,世代重迭,无明显越冬现象。虫口密度年消长与抽梢密切相关,春梢虫口密度达全年最高峰,与降雨量呈负相关,但不达显著。     

磁混肥肥效试验研究：I.梨树施用磁混肥的效果

试验结果表明：对梨树用磁混肥，处理３、４、５比混肥２、６和习惯用肥１处理增产，其中以处理４产量最高。糖／酸比值为６７．３；ＳＯＤ酶、Ｈ２Ｏ２酶前期活力强，有利于抗衰老，后期两种酶活性降低，有利于促进梨果成熟。春梢、花簇、果台附梢数处理４最多，有利于梨树来年增花结果。     

喷施2，4－D及环扎对沙田柚座果率的影响

在粤东山区梅县，沙田柚树盛花期，正值低温阴雨季节，日照时数少，影响座果率．本试验采用从春梢转绿期到挂果初期，对３，４年和１３年果树进行环扎和喷施５～８ｍｇ／Ｌ２，４－Ｄ，结果表明：可减轻低温阴雨的影响，提高沙田柚座果率１２．３４％～８２．５０％．     

龙眼亥麦蛾发生为害特性及综合防治研究

龙眼亥麦蛾Hypitima longanae Yang et Chen在南宁年发生5－6代。其对龙眼石硖品种及春梢、花穗、二次秋梢蛀害较严重。龙眼结果母枝或花梗受蛀害可减产60％以上。此虫蛀害龙眼新梢与龙眼鬼帚症状无因果关系。采用修剪及疏花疏果时结合剪除虫枝，合理施肥，促进新梢抽发整齐；在顶牙萌动期及新梢小叶平展率达80％左右时，各喷一次高效灭百可或巴丹与乐果混合剂等药剂保梢的综合防治措施，防治效果达90．20％。     

四种钻蛀性龙眼梢、果害虫的空间分布及种群动态

在福建省农业科学院果树所资源圃，从1999到2000年对荔枝尖细蛾（Conopomorpha litchielle Bradly)、荔枝蒂蛀虫（Conopomorpha sineusis Bradly)、龙眼亥麦蛾（Hypitima longae Yang et Chen)和桃蛀螟（Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guenee)4种钻蛀性龙眼梢、果害虫的空间分布和种群动态进行调查,结果表明，4种害虫均在向南方位分布较多；荔枝尖细蛾幼虫在5、6、10月以第1代、第2代和第8代分别在龙眼枝梢上形成3个高峰期；荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫在8、9月以第5、6、7代分别在龙眼枝梢和果穗上形成高峰期；龙眼亥麦蛾在6、7月份以第2代在枝梢和果穗上形成高峰期；桃蛀螟在8、9月份以第3、4代在龙眼成熟期数量最多。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.