气候变化对中国森林生产力的影响 Ⅰ.中国森林现实生产力的特征及地理分布格局

本文从生产力与环境关系角度,比较分析了森林第一性生产力的地理分布特征,阐述了层的生产力与环境间的关系以及种生产力与群落结构间的关系。结果表明:森林净生产力,地上部年凋落量随纬度和海拔高度的增加而减少,而凋落物现存量呈相反的变化趋势,森林生产力的地理分布与环境水热条件密切相关;森林生物量无明显的地理规律性变化,但多物种复杂结构的成熟天然林生物量较高;层的生产力随环境条件产生相互排斥或补充各异变化;种的生产力反映了种在群落中的地位和作用,决定群落的结构特征。     

气候变化对中国森林生产力的影响Ⅱ．中国森林第一性生产力的摸拟

在中国森林第一性生产力地理分布规律研究的基础上，根据生产力与气候环境变量间的相关关系，筛选有代表性的生产力数据和与其相应的气象资料，构建了中国森林生产力气候模型，模拟出中国森林第一性生产力的分布格局；借助气候环境信息制图软件，绘制了中国森林生产力图。     

气候变化对中国森林生产力的影响Ⅱ．中国森林第一性生产力的摸拟*

在中国森林第一性生产力地理分布规律研究的基础上，根据生产力与气候环境变量间的相关关系，筛选有代表性的生产力数据和与其相应的气象资料，构建了中国森林生产力气候模型，模拟出中国森林第一性生产力的分布格局，借助气候环境信息制图软件，绘制了中国森林生产力图。     

亚热带两类森林群落产量结构及生产力的比较研究

通过湖南会同林区亚热带常绿阔叶林和杉木人工林典型林分生物量的测定，比较了这两类森林群落生物量积累，产量分配特征，生产结构，生产力特征和凋落物分解状况之间的差异和格局，并初步分析了形成这些差异的部分原因，为这两类森林生态系统的经营管理提供必要的科学依据．     

森林生物量与生产力研究综述

森林生态系统在维护全球碳平衡中有着重要作用，其生物量和生产力是研究生态系统碳平衡的基础数据，进一步推动了森林生物量和生产力的研究。阐述了森林生物量和生产力形成的生理生态学基础，不同森林类型的生物产量、区域分布格局，森林经营对生物产量的影响、研究方法和模型等。在多尺度上，采用先进的研究手段，围绕资源环境等热点问题来研究森林生物量和生产力，实现数据共享和网络化是森林生物量和生产力研究的发展趋势。     

云南省森林生物量与生产力研究

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,生物量是反映森林生态系统功能的重要指标.通过利用最新的(2002年)森林资源清查数据,以生物量与蓄积量之间的关系模型为基础,对云南省的森林生物量及生产力进行了估计,为碳汇研究及森林生态系统评价提供重要依据.     

冀北山地油松林净生产力与相关立地因子关系模型的研究

为推测林分生产力,提高森林经营水平,在对冀北山地油松林标准地进行调查的基础上,建立树高随林龄的增长而变化的导向曲线模型,通过模型给出各标准地的立地指数;建立油松单株生物量与单株胸径树高关系模型,导出各标准地林分生物量;建立林分生物量与林分密度、林龄及立地指数关系模型,进而建立林分净生产力与林分密度、林龄及立地指数关系模型。     

华北落叶松人工林生物生产力研究

以华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,选择18a、22a、38a等3个不同林龄的林分,每个林龄林分设置15块样地。通过样地调查,对华北落叶松人工林的林分生物量、林下植被层生物量、林分净生产力进行研究,以揭示其生物生产力。结果表明：华北落叶松人工林林分生物量随着林龄的增加而增加,18a、22a、38a的林分生物量分别为94．58t／hm2、101．19t／hm2、216．25t／hm2。各器官的生物量分配,以干材所占的比例最大,达到51．36％以上;华北落叶松人工林林下植被层中凋落物层与灌木、草本层的生物量也随着林龄的增加而不断积累;华北落叶松森林净生产力表现为乔木层的净第一生产力、不同林龄阶段的华北落叶松人工林植被净生产力均较高,达到4．60t／（hm2·a）以上,其中干材的净生产力积累最快,为2．36～3．20t／（hm2·a）。     

森林生态系统碳蓄积研究方法进展

作为陆地生态系统的主体,森林生态系统的碳循环与碳蓄积对研究陆地生态系统碳循环起着重要作用.生物量、生产力、土壤有机质以及凋落物量及其分解等相互关系决定了森林生态系统的碳库量和碳交换量.本文简单地介绍了在碳蓄积研究中森林生物量和生产力的几种研究方法,并对研究过程中的问题(大尺度生物量的精确估算,地下生物量的研究,森林生态系统土壤碳库估算)进行了探讨.     

喀斯特森林植被自然恢复中凋落物现存量 及其碳库特征演化

采用空间代替时间的方法,研究了茂兰退化喀斯特森林自然恢复中凋落物现存量及其碳库特征.结果表明:随群落恢复凋落物现存量呈减少趋势,早期减幅大,中后期减幅小;随群落恢复凋落物现存量演化受地貌因子、群落生活史、土壤微生物的影响较大,受水热条件的影响较小;凋落物现存量生物量与其分解失重率、表层土壤微生物量碳有较强的负相关关系;凋落物分解失重率与表层土壤微生物量碳呈极强的正相关关系;随群落恢复凋落物现存量含碳率变化不显著,凋落物现存量碳密度变化规律与凋落物现存量变化规律一致,单位面积凋落物碳储量表现为碳源效应,且早期碳源效应较强、固碳能力不稳定,中后期碳源效应较弱、固碳能力稳定;凋落物碳密度(Y)与其现存生物量(x)的关系:Y=b.+b1x(b0、b1为常数).     

杉木蓝果树混交林林分生产力及生态效应研究

从林分结构、生物量、群落特征、生产力、培肥土壤、涵养水源及林内小气候等方面对不同混交模式的杉木蓝果树混交林及其纯林进行的研究结果表明:杉木蓝果树是具有较高生产力和协调种间关系能力的针阔混交树种。7年生3︰1杉木蓝果树带状混交林蓄积量和生物量分别比杉木纯林提高7.24%和18.22%,同时混交林还表现出比杉木纯林更好的培肥土壤、涵养水源、改善林内小气候等生态功能。结果表明:3︰1杉木蓝果树带状模式是值得南方林区大力推广的杉阔混交模式。     

Productivity of temperate broad-leaved forest stands differing in tree species diversity

? Understanding the effects of tree species diversity on biomass and production of forests is fundamental for carbon sequestration strategies, particularly in the perspective of the current climate change. However, the diversity-productivity relationship in old-growth forests is not well understood.

? We quantified biomass and above-ground production in nine forest stands with increasing tree species diversity from monocultures of beech to stands consisting of up to five deciduous tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia spp., Carpinus betulus, Acer spp.) to examine (a) if mixed stands are more productive than monospecific stands, (b) how tree species differ in the productivity of stem wood, leaves and fruits, and (c) if beech productivity increases with tree diversity due to lower intraspecific competition and complementary resource use.

? Total above-ground biomass and wood production decreased with increasing tree species diversity. In Fagus and Fraxinus, the basal area-related wood productivity exceeded those of the co-occurring tree species, while Tilia had the highest leaf productivity. Fagus trees showed no elevated production per basal area in the mixed stands.

? We found no evidence of complementary resource use associated with biomass production. We conclude that above-ground productivity of old-growth temperate deciduous forests depend more on tree species-specific traits than on tree diversity itself.

     

物种多样性与生产力研究进展

物种多样性作为生物多样性重要组成之一,与生产力密切相关。文中围绕目前物种多样性与森林生产力存在的4种相关关系展开论述。在大量草地生态系统中物种均匀度和丰富度的增加更有利于促进生产力,而在群落结构和组成起决定作用的自然群落中,生产力不受物种多样性的影响,在人工草地群落中物种多样性甚至会降低生产力,随着森林演替过程物种多样性和生产力呈现非线性关系。样地丰富度、林分结构、环境异质性及尺度被认为是造成不同生态系统物种多样性和生产力相关关系差异的主要因素。然而,目前相关研究主要集中于小尺度、均质生境,忽略了尺度、空间异质性以及优势树种对物种多样性和生产力关系的影响,因此亟待加强大尺度、复杂条件自然群落中物种多样性和生产力之间相关关系的研究。     

Soil mesofauna and diversity of vegetation: Collembola in pristine taiga forests (Pechora-Ilych Biosphere Reserve,Russia)

Unique 600-year-old tall herb taiga forests are located in the European North-East of Russia at the foothills of the Middle Urals and are characterized by extremely diverse and vertically differentiated vegetation. This study addresses how vegetation parameters such as net primary productivity and diversity influence the community structure of Collembola in fir forests of different ages. Sample plots were arranged along diversity and biomass gradients of vegetation: Vaccinium-moss, short herb-moss, and nitrophilous tall herb fir–spruce forests. Plants and collembolans were compared with respect to their species richness, abundance, species structure and traits. The number of species of vascular plants, mosses and liverworts along the studied gradient increased by about double, whereas the species richness of collembolans did not differ significantly. The biomass of vascular plants increased, whereas that of mosses declined, and the abundance of collembolans remained approximately consistent. Despite sharp differences in ground vegetation, in all phytocenoses the dominant Collembola species were widespread. However, the collembolan community of old-growth tall herb forests showed a trend of more complex structure reflected by greater evenness of abundances compared to younger ecosystems with less diverse ground vegetation. In conclusion, the springtail communities in forests that have developed spontaneously for over 600 years appeared to be no more complex than those in 200-year-old stands. Multi-species ground vegetation did not increase collembolan diversity and abundance indices. Thus, soil mesofauna (in this case, springtails) appeared to be relatively independent of long-term spontaneous development in vegetation in the studied area.     

Biomass, diversity and composition of epiphytic macrolichens in primary and secondary forests in the subtropical Ailao Mountains, SW China

Epiphytic macrolichen litterfall was collected over 3 years from primary evergreen broad-leaved forests (PF), Populus bonatii secondary forests (PBSF), middle-aged oak secondary forests (MOSF) and old-aged oak secondary forests (OOSF) of the Ailao Mountains in SW China. To assess changes in the epiphyte communities of the subtropical forests, we compared the differences in biomass, species diversity and community structure of epiphytic lichens from the four forest types. A total of 51 species were recorded in this study. Species richness was highest in the PF, while α-diversity was highest in the MOSF. Lichen biomass differed markedly across the four forest types and was highest in the MOSF. The contribution of each dominant species to total biomass, except Nephromopsis ornata, was significantly different among forest types. Moreover, the percent contribution of foliose chlorolichens to litterfall tended to be higher in later-succession forest types, whereas the contributions of cyanolichens and fruticose chlorolichens were lower in these forest types. Compared to the PF, the lichen community structure in secondary forests differed significantly, implying that at least a few hundred years were needed for the restoration of these lichen communities. In particular, nineteen lichens were suggested as indicators, and eleven of them were present in the MOSF. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that the observed differences were mainly attributed to canopy openness and the size of the largest tree, which represented an environmental gradient from exposed to sheltered habitats. The diversity of host tree species was also important in determining the composition and distribution of macrolichens. Our findings support the idea that the maintenance of the forest landscape mosaic of heterogeneous forest types may be an important management practice to maintain or promote the epiphytic lichen community of the subtropical Ailao Mountains.     

人工林地力衰退研究

通过查阅大量文献，在前人对人工林地力衰退研究的基础上，论述了国内外有关人工林地力衰退研究的历史及现状；从不同的角度论述了人工林地力衰退的原因，如不合理的营林措施、连栽、纯林等；并在此基础上综述了人工林地力衰退的防治研究，如调整林分结构、营造混交林、改善现有营林制度等；概述了人上林地力衰退的最新进展及今后的研究方向。     

The role of disturbance severity and canopy closure on standing crop of understory plant species in ponderosa pine stands in northern Arizona,USA

Concerns about the long-term sustainability of overstocked dry conifer forests in western North America have provided impetus for treatments designed to enhance their productivity and native biodiversity. Dense forests are increasingly prone to large stand-replacing fires; yet, thinning and burning treatments, especially combined with other disturbances such as drought and grazing, may enhance populations of colonizing species, including a number of non-native species. Our study quantifies plant standing crop of major herbaceous species across contrasting stand structural types representing a range in disturbance severity in northern Arizona. The least disturbed unmanaged ponderosa pine stands had no non-native species, while non-native grasses constituted 7–11% of the understory plant standing crop in thinned and burned stands. Severely disturbed wildfire stands had a higher proportion of colonizing native species as well as non-native species than other structural types, and areas protected from grazing produced greater standing crop of native forbs compared to grazed unmanaged stands. Standing crop of understory plants in low basal area thinned and burned plots was similar to levels on wildfire plots, but was comprised of fewer non-native graminoids and native colonizing plants. Our results also indicate that size of canopy openings had a stronger influence on standing crop in low basal area plots, whereas tree density more strongly constrained understory plant standing crop in dense stands. These results imply that treatments resulting in clumped tree distribution and basal areas <10 m² ha⁻¹ will be more successful in restoring native understory plant biomass in dense stands. Multiple types and severity of disturbances, such as thinning, burning, grazing, and drought over short periods of time can create greater abundance of colonizing species. Spreading thinning and burning treatments over time may reduce the potential for non-native species colonization compared to immediately burning thinned stands.     

国内外混交林研究进展

在应对气候变化与实现碳中和目标以及社会发展对森林生态系统要求更加多样化的时代背景下,混交林的重要性在世界各国已达成共识。通常认为,相对于纯林,混交林能够增加生物多样性、提高生产力、增加碳储量,具有更高的生态韧性（抵抗力与恢复力）。但混交林是否必然优于纯林,且混交林与生物多样性、生产力、碳汇、生态韧性以及混交效应的关系一直是国内外学者探讨与研究的问题。混交林绝不是简单的树种组合与排列,其结构与生态过程相对复杂。文中通过文献梳理,总结分析混交林与生物多样性、生产力、碳储量、生态韧性以及混交林经营管理5个方面的国内外研究成果,发现关于混交林与生态功能和生产力的关系研究结果多样,总的结论是,若要得到混交林的积极效应,不能单纯增加树种多样性,更重要的是要考虑树种特性、生态互补、林分结构以及立地和环境的影响。我国混交林研究主要是通过造林实验对比分析生长效果,选择较优混交造林技术。文中最后提出我国混交林研究发展建议,旨在促进对混交林的科学和全面认识。     

森林生产力与立地条件的相关性分析——以宁明县的马尾松和桉树森林生产力为例

以广西主要树种马尾松和桉树在宁明县的森林生产力为例,采用生物量连续函数法求算林地生物量,据此推算样地生产力,利用高精度的1：10000数字高程模型（DEM）求算研究区域的坡向、坡度、海拔,运用TPI指数求取坡位和地貌类型,利用P值检验法分析研究不同树种的森林生产力与立地条件的相关性。结果表明：立地因子与马尾松、桉树生产力相关性较高,但相关性在树种间存在差异性;海拔、坡位和土壤种类这三个因子均对马尾松与按树的生产力有制约作用;地貌类型和土层厚度因子对马尾松影响明显,而坡向和成土母岩因子则对桉树影响明显;坡度对两树种生长的影响均较小。由此可见,森林生产力与立地条件的相关程度取决于森林树种,不同树种的相关性结果不一致。研究结果为正确地构建森林生产力的预测估算模型和合理地进行营造林树种布局规划提供理论依据。