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1.
Agroforestry practices of farming communities are investigated in southern Punjab province, Pakistan. It is hypothesized that rural people of this areas are more inclined than elsewhere in the province to practice agroforestry due to greater profitability than cropping. A landholder survey revealed that the majority of farmers are inclined to plant trees on their land. Low accessibility of institutional credit is a constraint for both agroforestry farmers (AF) and non-agroforestry farmers. However, among AF respondents only 24% were found to need credit for agroforestry practice, as against nearly 76% for crop production. Mostly farmers were found to have positive perceptions regarding agroforestry practice, because they understand the multiple benefits from growing trees, compared with cropping where farmers face various constraints, including poor access to credit, natural hazards, and little support from local authorities. Further, effort to sensitize farmers that growing trees has multiple benefits compared to only cultivation of field crops can bring about change in farmer’s perceptions and attitudes in the Indus River basin, resulting in motivation for agroforestry adoption. 相似文献
2.
Helton Nonato de Souza Irene Maria Cardoso Eduardo de Sá Mendon?a An?r Fiorini Carvalho Gustavo Bediaga de Oliveira Davi Feital Gjorup Ver?nica Rocha Bonfim 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,85(2):247-262
Participatory research methods have helped scientists to understand how farmers experiment and to seek partnerships with farmers in developing technologies with enhanced relevance and adoption. This paper reports on the development of a participatory methodology to systematize long-term experimentation with agroforestry systems carried out in a hotspot of biodiversity by non-governmental organizations and local farmers. A methodological guide for systematization and techniques used for Participatory Rural Appraisal formed the basis of our work. We propose an analytical framework that recognizes systems of reflexive and learning interactions, in order to make the learned lessons explicit. At the process level, the main lessons and recommendations are as follows. It is important to establish partnerships to conduct innovative and complex experimentation with agroforest. Participatory systematization allows us to improve the methodological aspects of design, implementation and management of on-farm participatory experimentation. It also serves to synthesize the main findings and to extract lessons from agroforestry systems experiments. It fosters the technical improvement of agroforestry systems. It creates possibilities for reflection on agroforestry systems by farmers, extensionists and researchers, as well as their learning with respect to management of such systems. The findings are placed in the context of current theory on participatory experimentation in agriculture. Extractive and interactive approaches help to produce rich insights of mutual interest through collaboration by identifying local, regional and global convergences, complementarities, and conflicts of interest; which affect the advance of new eco-friendly technologies, to both improve the livelihoods and to reverse biodiversity loss and environmental degradation. 相似文献
3.
Muhammad Khan Hafiz Zahid Mahmood Ghulam Abbas Christos A. Damalas 《Small-Scale Forestry》2017,16(4):553-569
Agroforestry offers unique opportunities for increasing biodiversity, preventing land degradation, and alleviating poverty, particularly in developing countries, but factors explaining the adoption by farmers are not well understood. A survey of 524 farm households was conducted in Bhakkar district of Punjab, Pakistan to study factors that determine the adoption of agroforestry on the sand dunes in the resource-deficient region of Thal. Two types of agroforestry systems were studied: intercropping and border cropping (also known as boundary or perimeter planting). Both agroforestry systems included irrigated cultivation of the timber trees Eucalyptus camaldulensis (local name: sufeda) and Tamarix aphylla (local name: sars) with wheat, chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) (local name: chana) or cluster beans (Cyamous tetragocalobe) (local name: guars). The majority of the farmers was in favour of intercropping and border cropping. Most farmers reported the protection of nearby crops from dust storms as the most important positive perception about both agroforestry systems. Age, education, and farm to market distance were significant determinants of agroforestry adoption. Older and less-educated farmers, with farms closer to markets were less likely to adopt tree planting or border cropping in Thal. In general, the agroforestry systems examined were more likely to be adopted by farmers who can wait 3–4 years for harvesting crop outputs, but not by poorer farmers who are totally dependent on subsistence agriculture and cannot afford the high initial cost of agroforestry establishment, nor can they wait for crop output for extended periods. Furthermore, the adoption of both agroforestry systems was more likely in remote marginal areas than in areas close to markets. To increase agroforestry adoption rates, government policies should strengthen farmers’ knowledge of every stage of agroforestry through extension services, focusing particularly among the prime prospects, i.e. farmers who will be most likely to adopt agroforestry. Once the prime prospects have adopted it, the older, less-educated, and poor farmers of the rural population can be also focused on to motivate adoption. 相似文献
4.
Syed Ajijur Rahman Jette Bredahl Jacobsen John Robert Healey James M. Roshetko Terry Sunderland 《Agroforestry Systems》2017,91(1):185-199
Swidden cultivation can contribute to deforestation and land degradation, which can subsequently result in a number of serious environmental problems. This paper examines the economic and social potential of agroforestry systems and the barriers to their widespread adoption, as a land use alternative to swidden cultivation, which may potentially help protect local forest. The Gunung Salak valley in West Java, Indonesia is presented as a case study. Based on farmers’ and experts’ assessment, costs and benefits have been estimated, which show that the two investigated agroforestry systems have higher net present value and benefit-cost ratio (B/C) than the two swidden cultivation systems. Tree ownership also creates more permanent rights to farmland and is prestigious in the community. Agroforestry products (fruit, vegetables etc.) have high monetary value and help strengthen social cohesion when shared with neighbors. However, farmers are reluctant to implement agroforestry. Stated reasons are related to both culture and capacity. Farmers practicing agroforestry are less involved in forest clearing and forest products collection than swidden farmers indicating that it may contribute positively to conservation of local forests. Increasing the adoption of agroforestry farming in the study area will require support to overcome capacity constraints. 相似文献
5.
Agroforestry research in academia and government and non-governmental agencies began by focusing on biophysical aspects. As
this science represents a series of practices implemented by individual farmers, it requires in-depth social and economic
analyses to assess economic feasibility of agroforestry systems, factors influencing the adoption of agroforestry, monitor
the relevance and effectiveness of investigations, and guide future research efforts. This study presents literature dealing
with socioeconomic issues in agroforestry research from interdisciplinary peer-reviewed journals, book chapters, and gray
literature from 1992 to 2002. Over 500 publications were analyzed to determine relative dominance of geographical regions,
types of analyses, agroforestry technologies, and socioeconomic issues. Trends were examined over time and by region. Overall,
the body of literature exhibits an increasing trend toward regional and analytical diversity over time. Some deficiencies
of regional and thematic nature were observed, which included underrepresented temperate regions and technologies such as
riparian buffers, as well as only a small number of papers dealing with gender and property rights. These suggest opportunities
for future investigations. 相似文献
6.
A. Moreno-Calles A. Casas J. Blancas I. Torres O. Masera J. Caballero L. Garcia-Barrios E. Pérez-Negrón S. Rangel-Landa 《Agroforestry Systems》2010,80(3):315-331
The role of agroforestry systems in biodiversity conservation was investigated in the semiarid Tehuacán Valley, Central México.
Richness and diversity of native plant species were compared between agroforestry systems (6 sampling sites) and the following
forests (6 sampling sites) dominated by columnar cacti: (i) “chichipera” dominated by Polaskia chichipe; (ii) “jiotillal” dominated by Escontria chiotilla; and (iii) “garambullal” dominated by Myrtillocactus schenckii. Our information on genetic variation of dominant arboreal species in the study sites was reviewed and included in the analysis.
Factors influencing household’s decisions to maintain vegetation cover were compiled through a survey and interviews and analyzed.
All the samples of the agroforestry systems studied maintained on average nearly 59% plant species and 94% genetic variation
of dominant cacti occurring in the forests, although their ability to preserve endemic rare species is limited. Social factors
favoring maintenance of perennial species in agricultural plots include collective rules, households traditions, use of the
plants maintained in the systems, and the environmental information gathered from NGOs, the local Biosphere Reserve, and researchers.
However, agroforestry systems are losing their capability to maintain vegetation cover, mainly because of (i) decreasing amount
of land managed by households, determined by a progressive fragmentation of the land area given to new families, (ii) adoption
of technologies to intensify agriculture, and (iii) governmental programs penalizing the presence of vegetation patches within
agricultural lands since they are considered “useless” areas. Necessary policies to stop degradation of the agroforestry systems
and to improve their conservation capacity are discussed. 相似文献
7.
Identifying important biophysical and social determinants of on-farm tree growing in subsistence-based traditional agroforestry systems 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Many expert-designed agroforestry projects enunciated in 1970s around the world, particularly in the developing countries,
had uneven success due to inadequate adoption or abandonment after adoption. There are many empirical studies on factors affecting
on-farm tree cultivation mainly where expert-designed agroforestry programmes were introduced but lacking in case of traditional
agroforestry. Moreover, the concern to identify key factors influencing on-farm tree growing is gaining importance. The present
study identifies key factors in on-farm tree growing based on investigation of traditional agroforestry using logistic regression
approach. The study is based on household survey of 401 households located in Indian Western Himalaya. The factors affecting
on-farm tree growing were grouped into: biophysical (included land use and infrastructural aspects) and social. Models predicting
on-farm tree growing for each category were developed and key factors affecting on-farm tree growing in the respective category
were identified. A composite model was also developed by combining biophysical and social factors. In the present study, farm
size, agroclimatic zone, soil fertility, mobility and importance of tree for future generations respectively were the key
factors which influenced tree growing. In contrast to many previous studies which considered either biophysical or social
factors, the composite model in the present study reveals that both biophysical and social factors are simultaneously important
in motivating the farmers to grow trees on their farms in traditional agroforestry. Moreover, the present study open vistas
for using farmers’ experience and knowledge of adoption of agroforestry to stimulate on-farm tree growing. The wider implication
of the study is that biophysical as well as social variables should be considered together in designing suitable agroforestry
systems in various parts of the world. 相似文献
8.
Rajiv Pandey Roberta Aretano Ajay K. Gupta Dhanraj Meena Bhuvnesh Kumar Juha M. Alatalo 《Small-Scale Forestry》2017,16(1):53-63
Climate change is expected to increase temperatures and rainfall in the Himalayan region and place stress on local livelihoods by affecting agro-biodiversity, crop yield, cropping patterns and the species composition of forests. This paper reports findings of a survey of farmers into the role of agroforestry or ‘agroecological intensification’ for reducing climate change vulnerability. The survey was conducted in the Tehri-Garhwal district of Uttarakhand, a Himalayan State of India. Existing traditional agroforestry was found to provide ecosystem services to farmers at various scales ranging from the global to household level, contributing to the livelihoods and resilience of the farmers to climate change. The strategies of farmers for adaptating to climate change include adoption of agroforestry due to its diversified agricultural and forest products and services. The analysis suggests that policies should consider agroforestry as a tool for improving the livelihood and resilience to climate change of farmers. 相似文献
9.
In the United States, agroforestry adoption has lagged behind progress in agroforestry systems research. This study sought
to facilitate the communication of landowner land management objectives, values, knowledge and perceptions of the barriers
and benefits to agroforestry through applied social marketing research methods and market segmentation analysis. A mail survey
instrument was sent to 250 members of the Pennsylvania Association of Sustainable Agriculture (PASA) and 250 members of Woodland
Owner Associations (WOA). Current management objectives and production strategies, agroforestry awareness, agroforestry interest,
and perceptions regarding the benefits and obstacles to agroforestry adoption were gauged. Market segmentation was performed
with a two-step cluster analysis to produce four agroforestry adoption potential models: Timber-Related Practices, Livestock-Related
Practices, Specialty Crop-Related Practices, and Non-Adopters. The analyses showed that agroforestry practices could satisfy
specific land management objectives within diverse populations. The method effectively identified similarities in agroforestry
adoption scenarios. Market segmentation could be utilised as a social marketing tool to guide future policy development, scientific
research, and the efficacy and relevance of future agroforestry research and outreach programs. The next step in program development
should include the creation of a statewide multidisciplinary team comprised of university, non-profit association and landowner
representation, to develop agroforestry applications relevant to each cluster and promote the practices through landowner-led
on-farm demonstrations and workshops. 相似文献
10.
This paper presents empirical evidence on the impact of socio-economic factors on the adoption of agroforestry practices in
Cameroon. The analysis uses primary farm-level data collected from June to December 1996. Three major provinces of the country
were covered, namely Centre, Southwest and Northwest Several agroforestry technologies have been promoted among farmers in
the zone, including alley farming, improved fallow, live fencing, cut-and-carry fodder and apiculture. The status of adoption
of each agroforestry practice is described and factors that affect adoption identified. These are gender of farmer, household
family size, level of education, farmer’s experience, membership within farmers’ associations, contact with research and extension,
security of land tenure, agroecological zone, distance of the village from nearest town, village accessibility and income
from livestock. Research findings indicate that since factors affecting farmers’ adoption of agroforestry practices differ
across techniques, generalisation is to be avoided. 相似文献
11.
Worldwide, fruit-tree-based agroforestry systems have been only modestly studied, although they are common on smallholder
farms. Such systems based on apple (Malus spp.), peach (Prunus spp.), and pear (Pyrus spp.) are common in northwest Guatemala as low intensity homegardens and are known to increase total farm productivity in
communities where farm size is a limiting factor. This study investigated the potential for adoption of fruit-tree-based agroforestry
by resource-limited farmers using ethnographic investigation and linear programming simulations of farm activities at the
household level. Two communities with differing demographics, infrastructure, and access to regional markets were selected
based on the presence of extensive fruit-tree-based agroforestry. The influences of family size, land holdings, and tree and
crop yields on the optimal adoption levels of fruit trees were evaluated through a comparative study of the varying social
and physical infrastructure present in the two communities. Fruit-tree-based agroforestry was potentially more attractive
to relatively prosperous families or those with larger land holdings. Improvements in fruit-tree productivity and interspecies
competition were of greater importance where family land holdings were smaller. The inability of families to produce sufficient
food to meet annual needs, poor fruit quality, and lack of market infrastructure were identified as constraints that limit
adoption. The complementarity of production with the dominant maize (Zea mays) crop, home consumption of fruit, and the potential to generate additional cash on limited land holdings were identified
as factors promoting adoption of fruit-tree-based agroforestry. 相似文献
12.
Human population growth in Central America during the last thirty years has lead to encroachment of forests for food production
and resulted in the replacement of forests with pastureland. Deforestation and degradation of productive soils have prompted
researchers to investigate agroforestry as an alternative approach to land management. Silvopastoral systems in particular
have been studied and their capacity to augment nutrient cycling, enhance soil processes, supply forage for livestock, and
provide habitat for flora and fauna have been documented. Despite conclusive research findings, Central American producers
are reluctant to integrate well-researched silvopastoral systems into their farming systems. Thus, it is imperative that researchers
investigate the reasons for scant adoption, and that adoption is given precedence. We suggest that adoption research be made
a priority on local, national, and regional silvopastoral research agendas. To explore incidence of low adoption, research
should identify specific barriers, assess the technology generation process, examine the risks that silvopastoral adoption
presents, and evaluate the potential for the integration of silvopastoral technologies on-farm. In addition, we recommend
that the future Central American silvopastoral research agenda include the development of a clear understanding of the process
of adoption specific to potential silvopastoral adopters in the region.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Collective action by local communities has been recognised as crucial for effective management of natural resources, particularly
the management of forests in rural settings in developing countries. However, the processes and outcomes of collective action
in forest management are often analysed through a narrow rational choice model, ignoring the impacts of wider social, political
and economic processes in conditioning peoples’ decisions to act (or not to act) collectively. Optimistic assumptions are
made for collective action being instrumental to enhance both social and ecological outcomes, but there is a paucity of empirical
evidence on how and why the condition of forests has improved (or deteriorated) under collective action, and what impacts
the change in forest condition has on various groups within local communities. This study critically examines the emergence,
evolution and outcomes of collective action in a case of community forestry in Nepal. A mix of qualitative and quantitative
methods has been used to collect primary data from the forest, households, key informants and focus groups. The emergence
and outcomes of collective action is found to be embedded in social, economic and political relationships, where powerful
actors control the use of forests in order to ensure conservation, thereby resulting in the underutilisation of forest products.
Poor users, who depend heavily on forests, are found to be worse off economically under community forestry, but still engage
in collective action for a variety of socio-political reasons. This contradicts the conventional wisdom which assumes that
people only cooperate when they benefit from cooperation. It is concluded that a deeper understanding of the embeddedness
of community forestry is needed in order to achieve the potential of collective action.
相似文献
Krishna K. ShresthaEmail: |
14.
The potentialities of agroforestry are generally investigated through their biophysiological phenomena, cost–benefit analysis,
and possible impact upon poverty reduction. There have been inadequate studies on the actual impacts of agroforestry intervention
on small landholders and of farmers' attitudes toward these agroforestry programs. Drawing upon the findings of an empirical
study, this article explores the effects of small-scale agroforestry on upland community development in the Chittagong Hill
Tracts, Bangladesh. More specifically, the study clarifies the merits and demerits of different agroforestry systems as perceived
by farmers, their impacts on the rural economy and the environment, farmers' attitudes toward the adoption of agroforestry,
and impacts of various government policies. Field data were collected by administering questions to 90 randomly selected smallholders
of the Upland Settlement Project (USP), as well as from project staff. The research tools employed were semistructured interviews,
group discussions, and uncontrolled observations. The results indicated that the agroforestry interventions have in fact increased
farmers' income through employment and the selling of farm products, as well as by improving the ecological conditions of
these areas through reduction of soil erosion, increasing tree coverage, and maintaining soil fertility. The adoption of different
agroforestry systems was governed mainly by the farmers' interests in following these techniques, their ability to cultivate
the land in the prescribed manner, and the market demand for their products. The major obstacles that prevented increased
agroforestry improvements included lack of confidence in new land-use systems, inappropriate project design (e.g., top-down
innovation approach), and policy issues regarding land tenure. Recommendations are proposed to strengthen social capital in
local organizations to enhance the livelihoods of the upland communities. 相似文献
15.
S. Fujisaka 《Agroforestry Systems》1989,9(2):141-153
On-farm research and development projects in SE Asia's uplands have addressed problems of ecosystems degradation. Farmer adoption, however, of land conservation technologies has generally not resulted or has not been sustainable. This paper examines four agroforestry projects and two policy approaches meant to protect upland resources. Promoted innovations and farmer adoption are described. Six lessons are reemphasized: problem identification and prioritization require great care; farmer technical approaches to problems and their underlying technical knowledge should be carefully considered; appropriateness of technical innovations to target populations and environments should be continually evaluated; farmer participation in the adaptation of a 'menu of technical offerings efficiently combines researcher-farmer inputs; research or implementation policies should be reevaluated as adoption gets underway; and incentives need careful thought. Overall, variable scale diagnosis and design that is unbiased towards pre-selected technologies is needed. Lessons learned contributed to farmer-participatory agroforestry research being conducted in an upland rice-based system in the Philippines. 相似文献
16.
17.
Joel Buyinza Ian K. Nuberg Catherine W. Muthuri Matthew D. Denton 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2020,39(8):854-865
ABSTRACT The biophysical characteristics of the farm and farmers’ socioeconomic factors have been used to explain adoption of technologies in Africa. However, agricultural technology adoption requires that we also understand the psychological factors that can encourage or discourage farmer adoption of technologies. The aim of this article is to assess the psychological drivers of farmers’ intentions to adopt agroforestry technologies on their farms. We obtained data from 400 smallholder farmers in the Mt. Elgon region of Uganda. The Theory of Planned Behavior was used as the main framework. Quantitative data were analyzed using structural equation modeling to assess the impact of a set of psychological factors on farmers’ intention to integrate trees in coffee. The intention of farmers to integrate trees in coffee plantations was mainly driven by their evaluation of the benefits of shaded coffee (attitude) followed by beliefs about their own capability (perceived behavioral control). However, social pressure (subjective norm) was insignificant, implying that smallholder farmers tend to deny the influence of other people’s behavior on their actions. Therefore, farmers’ positive evaluation of shading coffee and the perceived capability to overcome tree planting barriers reinforced their intention to integrate trees in coffee. This renders attitude and perceived behavioral control as reliable predictors of farmer tree planting behavior, especially in the context of developing countries. 相似文献
18.
H. M. Tuihedur Rahman Jiban Chandra Deb Gordon M. Hickey Imrul Kayes 《Journal of Forest Research》2014,19(1):12-21
This research contrasts the financial profitability of different agroforestry practices in community-based buffer zone management of Madhupur National Park (MNP), Bangladesh. This park is the second largest in Bangladesh and subjected to enormous anthropogenic pressure and land rights-related conflicts. This paper reports the different agroforestry practices of villagers in different modules of the buffer zone of MNP, identified by a participatory research approach. It then assesses the profitability of each module on the basis of cost–benefit analysis, net present value, internal rate of return, and annualized income. Results indicate three agroforestry systems were being practised in the buffer zone by the participants: agro-silviculture, agro-silvo-horticulture, and combined woodlot and agroforestry. Among these modules, agro-silvo-horticulture was the most profitable, followed by agro-silviculture then combined woodlot and agroforestry. We recognize that not all of the participants can practise intensive agroforestry; our results suggest that the community-based buffer zone management strategy for MNP would benefit from prioritizing agroforestry practices where possible. This will lead to more successful buffer zone management for the conservation of natural forests while supporting the development of local resource-dependent communities. 相似文献
19.
John F. Munsell Benjamin J. Addlestone Catherine J. Bukowski Louis Nkembi Neba Kingsly Elizabeth A. Moore 《Agroforestry Systems》2018,92(5):1387-1396
Post-adoption studies are relatively uncommon in the agroforestry literature. Thus little is known about progress and permanence following adoption. To better understand the relationship between agroforestry implementation and community development, seventy-seven practitioners in Cameroon with three or more years of experience were surveyed about the relationships between agroforestry and community development. Hypotheses were that they have observed differences in the association between agroforestry and community capitals. They were also surveyed about their satisfaction with agroforestry. Hypotheses were that satisfaction is high and negatively skewed when compared to community capitals measurements. Game play was used to collect responses. Friedman’s two-way non-parametric statistic was used to test for inter-item differences within the community capitals and satisfaction response sets. Shapiro–Wilk statistic was used to test for normality in both response sets and a bootstrap procedure and t-tests were used to test for differences in data skewness and kurtosis. Natural capital scored highest but did not differ significantly from built, human, and social capitals. Financial capital was significantly lower than natural capital, but not built, human, or social capitals. Political and cultural capitals were significantly lower compared to all others. Satisfaction was significantly higher when compared to community capitals, but the data were also negatively skewed suggesting capitals are a more representative and useful metric for researchers and technical assistance professionals focused on long-term practitioner support. 相似文献
20.
Community-based forest management and its role in improving forest conditions in Nepal 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Anup Gurung Rajesh Bista Rahul Karki Shanti Shrestha Dharam Uprety Sang-Eun Oh 《Small-Scale Forestry》2013,12(3):377-388
The status of forest conditions before and after intervention of the forestry projects in community forest in three districts of Nepal is examined. Benefits are observed from the adoption of adaptive collaborative management and collective learning and action research in three sampled districts. The adoption of regular silvicultural treatments has increased the availability of forest products to local users. Moreover, improved forest condition and smallholder livelihoods have improved, as has environmental sustainability. However, the community forestry program has several limitations and shortcomings. Elite capture, social disparity, inequitable benefit-sharing and exclusion of poor and marginalized groups from the community forestry program are notable challenges to be solved in coming years. Special attention is needed to make community forestry inclusive with equitable benefit-sharing and a pro-poor focus. 相似文献