辐照小麦花粉的诱变效应

应用５Ｇｙ、１０Ｇｙ、２０Ｇｙ和３０Ｇｙ６０ＣｏΥ射线辐照４个小麦品种（品系）的成熟花粉,研究其杂交当代籽粒的发育,Ｍ１的生理损伤及Ｍ２的诱变效应。结果表明,１０Ｇｙ辐照小麦成熟花粉的诱变效果好;在Ｍ１中,１０Ｇｙ处理的出苗率为１７．１％￣７０．２％,成株率一船达４０％左右;在Ｍ２中,突变性状有株高、穗长、熟期、颖壳颜色、芒性和育性等。用１０Ｇｙ辐照５４３６８小麦的花粉后自交,早熟突变高达５８．７     

花药辐射技术在小麦单倍体育种中的应用

对５个小麦品种（系）进行１２次花药辐照离体培养试验。结果表明，小麦花药培养前用０．５￣１Ｇｙ＾６０Ｃｏ γ射线预处理，有利于提高出愈率和绿苗分化率。用于诱变的辐照剂量以２Ｇｙ较为合适。     

苜蓿细胞悬浮培养与耐受高浓度PEG变异体的筛选

本文对紫花苜蓿的细胞悬浮培养、悬浮细胞系的建立、离体辐射效应和高浓度ＰＥＧ耐受性变异体的筛透进行了研究。结果表明：１．高浓度的２，４．Ｄ（５～１０ｍｇ／Ｌ），低浓度的ＡＢＡ（０．１～２ｍｇ／Ｌ），高浓度的蔗糖（６％～９％），较高的离子强度，以及逐步缩短继代时间，均有利于胚性悬浮细胞系的快速建立。相反，细胞分裂素，高浓度的ＮＨ和ＧＡａ的存在，不利于悬浮系的建立。细胞分裂素（４ＰＵ３０，ＫＴ或ＢＡ）可促进细胞的团聚，不利于细胞的分散。此外，低浓度的２，４－Ｄ，４ＰＵ３０（或ＢＡ，ＫＴ）和ＡＢＡ的配合使用，在悬浮培养基中可形成大量的体细胞胚。２．辐射处理悬浮细胞的最适剂量为２０～６０Ｇｙ。３．未经改造的初期悬浮培养物远较悬浮细胞系对高水势敏感。４．胚性悬浮细胞系经２０Ｇｙ的γ射线处理，筛选出了对１５％ＰＥＧ水势（约－１１巴）耐受性的克隆６个，并获得了一批再生植株，从２０％ＰＥＧ（约－１５巴）筛选出１个抗性克隆。抗性细胞系对高浓度ＰＥＧ和ＮａＣｌ产生的水势在细胞水平表现出很强的抗性。     

唐菖蒲辐射诱变效应

唐菖浦Ｇｌａｄｉｏｌｕｓ ｈｙｂｒｉｄｕｓ Ｈｏｒｔ。辐射诱变效应研究表明，其球茎的适宜辐照剂量为４０－８０Ｇｙ。不同品种的唐菖蒲为＾６０Ｃｏγ射线的辐射敏感性不同，所引起的不同，所引起的花色、株型突变频率亦有不同，其幅度在２．０％－１４．９％。已选育出花色艳丽，观赏价值高的突变体。     

辐照埃及棉选育陆地棉性状的长绒棉突变体的研究

１９８５年用６０Ｃｏγ射线２７９Ｇｙ辐照埃及棉“Ａｓｈｒｎｏｕｎｉ”，于１９９１年选出了４个表现陆地棉性状、绒长达３３～３５ｍｍ以上的长绒棉突变体。如突变体９０１９７－１。绒长３５ｍｍ，生育期１３５天，株高９１．９ｃｍ左右，株型紧凑，结铃性强（４３．４个／株）．衣分４０％左右，其纤维品质：２．５％跨越长度为３４．９～３５．６ｍｍ，整齐度４８．５％～５０．２％，断裂比强度１９．２～２０．４ｇ／特克斯，麦克隆值３．９～４．０。这些突变体有待进一步过育和产量鉴定。经初步分析，诱变后代的染色体仍为四倍体，过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶酶谱与亲本有显著差异。     

137Csγ射线对陆地棉花粉及其M1的辐射效应

本以浙棉９号和浙１０２花粉为材料,研究了＾１３７Ｃｓγ射线对陆地棉花粉及其Ｍ１,Ｆ１Ｍ１的辐射诱变效应。研究结果表明：１．辐射剂量与芬分活力呈高度负相关,浙棉９号和浙１０２花粉的半致死剂量分别为５．１７和４．６９Ｇｙ;２．７．５１Ｇｙ以上剂量辐射花粉后,对其ＡＭ１,Ｆ１Ｍ１的出苗,幼苗生长均有明显的抑制作用,辐射的致畸作用因品种而不同;     

苎麻核诱变育种技术及效果分析

用＾６０Ｃｏγ射线５００－１００Ｇｙ辐照,成功选育出高产,优质,抗性强和区域适应性广等优良特性为一体的苎麻新品种圆叶青和７４６９。苎麻不同器官的辐射敏感性不同,辐照苎麻种子的适宜剂量为５０－３００Ｇｙ,辐照地下茎的适宜剂量为２０－９０Ｇｙ。辐照苎麻种子Ｍ１能发生明显的变异分离,其诱变率可提高１２．７０％－５２．８３％。因此,在Ｍ１即可进行严格的选择,并采用无性系繁殖技术,固定其优良性状,扩大其群体     

60Coγ射线辐照大蒜离体培养苗诱变研究初报

用４个大蒜品种的离体培养芽进行＾６０Ｃｏγ射线诱变试验。以明确其敏感性和诱变率。供试材料的致死计量为７－９Ｇｙ,诱变率为５％。通过农艺性状观察和过氧化物同功酶分析,表明出现的两个突变体－Ｔａｉ Ｒ１和Ｃａｎｇ Ｒ２,其属遗传型变异。     

红枣带肉果汁的稳定性研究

对红枣带肉果汁的稳定性研究结果表明，配料中枣汁辅料汁以７３的比例较适宜。在稳定剂的使用中，０．１％的ＬＭ果胶配以０．２％的ＣａＣｌ_２，或使用０．２％的ＣＭＣ－Ｎａ，或以０．１％的ＣＭＣ－Ｎａ配以０．１％的琼脂，均起到了较好的稳定作用。同时结果表明，经过两次均质处理，可以改善饮料的悬浮稳定性。     

盐胁迫下大白菜吸收转运45Ca2＋的变化

在５ｍＳｃｍ＾－１和１０ｍＳｃｍ＾－１ＮａＣｌ胁迫过程中，大白菜幼苗根系膜透性、ＴＴＣ还原能力和丙二醛含量的变化显示根受到不同程度伤害。盐腔迫处理下，根系对钙的吸收速率在〔Ｃａ＾２＋〕〉０．７５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时明显受到抑制。根系对＾４５Ｃａ＾２＋的积累能力分别在５ｍＳｃｍ＾－１ＮａＣｌ胁迫５ｈ生１０ｍＳｃｍ＾－１ＮａＣｌ胁迫３ｈ后受到抑制，而且大白菜各器官（根、茎、叶）对＾４５Ｃａ＾２＋的吸收、转运     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.