管侧沟茧蜂寄生对粘虫在玉米植株上分布位置选择性的影响

为明确管侧沟茧蜂Microplitis tuberculifer寄生对粘虫Mythimna separata在玉米植株上分布位置的影响及相关机理,采用生物学观察法在温室和实验室内监测了被寄生与未被寄生的粘虫幼虫在玉米活体植株和离体叶片上的分布及管侧沟茧蜂结茧位置的变化。结果表明,被管侧沟茧蜂寄生的粘虫幼虫在玉米叶片背面的平均分布比例为36.29%,显著高于未被寄生粘虫的14.60%;寄生后第8天开始,被寄生粘虫在黄色叶片上的分布比例显著高于未被寄生粘虫;非滞育和滞育条件下,管侧沟茧蜂在玉米植株黄色叶片上的平均结茧数目分别为19.3个和15.3个,显著高于绿叶上的6.5个和4.7个及土面上的0.8个和0.7个,选择性试验发现湿度在结茧位置的选择中发挥着重要作用。研究表明,管侧沟茧蜂可以通过调控寄主粘虫在玉米植株上的分布位置协助其找到合适的结茧位置。     

Carry over of bruchid,Caryedon serratus (Olivier) (Coleoptera) from field to stores through seeds of Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. in India

Abstract

A percentage pod damage of 6.8% in Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. by the bruchid, Caryedon serratus (Olivier) in the field was recorded by examining exit holes on the pods. The mean number of females and males that emerged from 50 pods kept in laboratory were 1.3 and 1.2 respectively. The pods of A. nilotica gathered from the field for seed purposes were found to be infested in small numbers but the bruchid population increased during storage. The infestation of seeds and carry over to stores is not only a danger to uninfested seeds of A. nilotica and other plants, important in social forestry, but the tree also acts as secondary host for the population build‐up of C. serratus which spreads to its primary host, the groundnut, Arachis hypogea (L).     

Effects of some foliar fungicides on the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa polygoni (L.)

The effects of the fungicides benomyl, thiophanate-methyl and triadimefon on the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa polygoni were investigated in the laboratory. Contact with a suspension of benomyl (1.5 g a. i. litre^?1 did not affect the hatchability of the eggs. Larvae were reared on shoots of knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare) that had been sprayed with suspensions of benomyl, ranging in concentration from 0.1 to 5.0 g a. i. litre^?1. The mortality to the adult stage, of larvae reared on shoots treated with concentrations of benomyl of 0.5 g a. i. litre^?1 and above, was significantly higher than that of control larvae. At concentrations of 2.0 g a. i. litre^?1 and above, no larvae survived to the adult stage. The LD₅₀ was 0.78 g a. i. benomyl litre^?1. The LT₅₀ values at concentrations of 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 g a. i. benomyl litre^?1 were 22.6, 12.6 and 5.3 days, respectively. The mean weights of adults bred from larvae that had been reared on shoots treated with benomyl (0.5 and 1.0 g a. i. litre^?1) were significantly less than those of adults bred from control larvae. The mortality of larvae, reared on shoots of P. aviculare treated with triadimefon (0.5 g a. i. litre^?1) or thiophanate-methyl (1.0 g a. i. litre^?1), was also significantly higher than that of control larvae. Females kept on plants of P. aviculare treated with benomyl (1.5 g a. i. litre^?1) laid similar numbers of eggs to those kept on untreated plants, and the hatchability of the eggs was not affected.     

Effects of tangerine (Citrus reticulata) foliage age onStreblote panda larval development and performance

The effects ofCitrus reticulata Blanco (tangerine) foliage age on larval survival and performance of the lappet mothStreblote panda Hübner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), a polyphagous Mediterranean species, were studied. Larvae were reared under controlled laboratory conditions on young and mature excised leaves of tangerine. Survival, duration of development, and post-ingestive indices of larval growth were determined. Mature leaves significantly reduced survivorship of early instar larvae. Larvae which were fed on mature leaves grew more slowly and were less efficient at utilizing plant biomass and nitrogen than larvae fed on young leaves. Growth rates were 30% higher on young leaves, overall efficiency of conversion of ingested food was greater also, as consequence of an increase of 46% in the assimilation efficiencies, whereas the efficiency of conversion of digested matter into larval biomass was similar in both food treatments. The rate of consumption of biomass was higher in mature leaves, but that of nitrogen was similar, indicating that mature leaves restricted growth primarily by restricting the efficiency of utilizing this nutrient. The nitrogen utilization efficiency was reduced more than 20%, and the relative accumulation rate of nitrogen was suppressed 30% for larvae on mature leaves, which may explain the protracted development time of larvae fed on mature leaves. Survival was consistently higher when larvae were fed with young leaves although no differences were found for mature larvae or pupae. No differences were found in pupal mass (a fecundity correlate) between food treatments. Our results confirm the bibliographic records ofCitrus spp. like host plants ofS. panda in Spain, but also suggest that much variation must be expected in the temporal and spatial incidence of this insect, depending upon the cultivated species, associated plant phenology and management techniques employed in the culture. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.     

Wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) competition with winter barley: plant density effects

The competitive interactions between Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana (Dur.) Nyman and winter barley have been studied, taking into consideration the densities of both species. As the density of A. sterilis increased, barley yield decreased exponentially. A 10% reduction in yield was found with wild oat densities ranging from 20–80 panicles m^–2, and yield losses reached 50%, with densities of >300 panicles m^–2, Barley grain yield was reduced by wild oats through a reduction in the number of fertile tillers. Climatic conditions during the growing seasons affected the response of barley to wild oat competition. In general, barley yields were relatively unaffected by seeding rates, with similar responses observed in the presence and in the absence of wild oat infestations. However, the highest yield losses were obtained with the lowest seeding rate (100 kg ha^–1). Furthermore, low barley densities allowed the wild oat plants to produce more seeds, increasing the potential infestation during the following season.     

Infection and colonization of jojoba byGanoderma lucidum

In arid conditions in India,Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss: Fr.) P. Karsten was found to cause root rot diseases in jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) plants. In the rainy season, 10–15-year-old jojoba plants growing in the proximity of aGanoderma-infectedAcacia tortilis tree, developed disease symptoms. Twigs of affected plants started drying from the top of the branch; leaves turned yellowish brown and finally abscissed; plants dried up within 1 to 3 months. Basidiocarps developed from decaying roots near the collar region and produced colored stalks and fruiting caps. Pathogenicity of the fungus was established by keeping the infected root segments in direct contact with roots of healthy jojoba plants. Root rot symptoms were expressed within 5 months in inoculated plants subjected to moisture stress.     

First record of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tuta absoluta</Emphasis> in Turkey

In August 2009, boring lepidopteran larvae were found on aerial parts of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants in the Urla District of Izmir Province within the Aegean Region of Turkey. Larvae created blotched leaf galleries and superficial mines on fruits. The pest was identified as Tuta absoluta (Meyrick 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). This is the first report of this pest in Turkey.     

Aggressiveness of eight <Emphasis Type="Italic">Didymella rabiei</Emphasis> isolates from domesticated and wild chickpea native to Turkey and Israel,a case study

Ascochyta blight, caused by Didymella rabiei, affects both domesticated chickpea and its congeneric wild relatives. The aim of this study was to compare the aggressiveness of D. rabiei isolates from wild and domesticated Cicer spp. in Turkey and Israel on wild and domesticated hosts from both countries. A total of eight isolates of D. rabiei sampled from C. pinnatifidum, C. judaicum and C. arietinum in Turkey and Israel was tested on two domesticated chickpea cultivars and two wild Cicer accessions from Turkey and Israel. Using cross-inoculation experiments, we compared pathogen aggressiveness across the different pathogen and host origin combinations. Two measures of aggressiveness were used, incubation period and relative area under the disease progress curve. The eight tested isolates infected all of the host plants, but were more aggressive on their original hosts with one exception; Turkish domesticated isolates were less aggressive on their domesticated host in comparison to the aggressiveness of Israeli domesticated isolates on Turkish domesticated chickpea. C. judaicum plants were highly resistant against all of the isolates from different origins except for their own isolates. Regardless of the country of origin, the wild isolates were highly aggressive on domesticated chickpea while the domesticated isolates were less aggressive on the wild hosts compared with the wild isolates. These results suggest that the aggressiveness pattern of D. rabiei on different hosts could have been shaped by adaptation to the distinct ecological niches of wild vs. domesticated chickpea.     

人工卵饲养中华草蛉幼虫研究初报

用啤酒酵母、大豆、牛肉水解物为主的饲料,制成蜡壳人工卵饲养中华草蛉(Chrysopa sinica)幼虫可以完成发育,但与用米蛾卵饲养的处理比较,幼虫历期延长,茧重减轻;对蛹历期、成茧率、羽化率、性比、产卵前期均无显著影响。将饲料制成人工卵的饲养结果比用泡沫塑料吸附法显著为好。部分龄期喂人工卵的比全幼虫期喂人工卵的影响为轻,一、二龄喂米蛾卵,三龄喂人工卵的处理,虽然对蛹重仍有影响,但在幼虫发育历期和成虫获得率上与全幼虫期喂米蛾卵的差异不显著。全幼虫期或部分龄期喂人工卵和全幼虫期喂米蛾卵饲养出来的草蛉成虫用啤酒酵母干粉作成虫饲料,30天内的产卵量差异不显著。据生防室以前的试验,三龄幼虫取食的米蛾卵量占全幼虫期总取食量的76%,因此一、二龄喂米蛾卵,三龄喂人工卵既不影响草蛉的繁殖力,又可节省大量米蛾卵,在生产实践上有应用价值。     

The effect of additional viral infections on garlic plants initially infected with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Allexiviruses</Emphasis>

Yield losses caused by a second viral infection of garlic plants previously infected with either of the isolated Allexiviruses, Garlic virus-A (GarV-A) or Garlic virus-C (GarV-C), were evaluated in a field assay carried out over four consecutive growing seasons. The treatment groups included virus-free plants (VF), plants infected only with GarV-A isolates (A), plants infected only with GarV-C isolates (C), and plants infected with a mixture of viruses that naturally infect garlic, referred to as viral-complex plants (VC). From the first crop cycle the different treatments were infected by other viruses that naturally infect garlic. At the end of the first growth cycle, significant differences in yield were observed among the four treatments. The bulb weight for VF, C, and A treatments was respectively 137%, 116%, and 96% higher than the bulb weight for the VC treatment. After the fourth growth cycle, however, non-significant differences in garlic yield between the VC, C, and A treatments were observed, whereas the yield for the VF treatment was higher than the VC treatment by 22%. Garlic yield decreased more rapidly in plants infected previously with at least one Allexivirus and then infected with other naturally occurring viruses than the plants that were virus-free at the beginning (VF plants).     

Note: Does<Emphasis Type="Italic">Liriomyza cicerina</Emphasis> affect the yield of chickpeas (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicer arietinum</Emphasis>)?

Liriomyza cicerina (Rondani, 1875) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in some regions of Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine whether the populations ofL. cicerina on different varieties of chickpea plants during the 2004 and 2005 production seasons affected yield in Sanliurfa province. The trials were carried out using eight different varieties of chickpea with three replicates. During each season, larval densities on leaves were assessed weekly. TheL. cicerina larval population was lowest on four varieties for both seasons. There were very minor differences in yield among the eight varieties in the production seasons. There was no correlation found between larval density and yield loss. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 14, 2007.     

Biology and predation rate of the sarcophagid fly,Agria mamillata a predator of European small ermine moths

Abstract

The biology of the univoltine, predatory sarcophagid fly Agria mamillata (Pandellé) was studied in a population of Yponomeuta evonymellus(L.) (Yponomeutidae) attacking Prunuspadus L. in the Valais, Switzerland. Clarification of the literature records suggests that A. mamillata is oligophagus, attacking five Yponomeuta species in the Palaearctic. The adult flies emerged in May. The presence of host odour was advantageous to elicit mating. After a preoviposition period of 19 days, the ovolarviparous females deposited eggs/first instar larvae on the cuticle of late fifth instar prey larvae, or on cocoons of prey pupae. The potential fecundity averaged 40 eggs per female. Reid data indicated that females of the predator laid more eggs in tents with higher prey density. Larval development lasted 11 days. Rain stimulates mature predator larvae to leave the tents of Y. evonymellus to pupate in the soil. Pupation was observed between early July and mid August. Predation rates ( = number of prey eaten per predator) were estimated from laboratory food consumption tests and from the number of predator larvae and predated cocoons in prey tents in the field. It was shown that a single predator consumed an average of five Y. evonymellus individuals. Field data indicated that predation rates cannot increase with higher numbers of prey available. It was shown that the number of prey eaten per predator decrease with higher predator densities per tent in the field.     

Effect of antifeedants on the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and its parasitoid Cotesia plutellae

Two neem preparations and the bitter‐tasting synthetic chemical denatonium benzoate were tested in the laboratory as antifeedants against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. The effects of the three materials on Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov), a hymenopteran parasitoid of ­P xylostella, were also recorded. All three materials significantly reduced the food consumption of ­P xylostella larvae. Parasitoid cocoons were formed on approximately half of those larvae which had been exposed to female C plutellae, regardless of antifeedant treatment, but emergence of adult parasitoids from the cocoons was significantly reduced by antifeedant treatment. In terms of food consumption and mortality of unparasitised P xylostella larvae, and emergence of adult C plutellae, the effect of each antifeedant preparation was directly related to the concentration of material used, but the effects of the neem preparations were greater than those of denatonium benzoate. However, no adult P xylostella emerged on any antifeedant treatment, therefore some of the parasitoids survived antifeedant treatments which were fatal to the unparasitised hosts. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

A study on the susceptibility of the model legume plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago truncatula</Emphasis> to the soil-borne pathogen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis>

Fusarium wilt is a soil-borne disease caused by formae specialis of Fusarium oxysporum on a large number of cultivated and wild plants. The susceptibility of the model legume plant Medicago truncatula to Fusarium oxysporum was studied by root-inoculating young plants in a miniaturised hydroponic culture. Among eight tested M. truncatula lines, all were susceptible to F. oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt in alfalfa. However, a tolerant line, F83005.5, and a susceptible line, A17, could be distinguished by scoring the disease index. The fungus was transformed with the GFP marker gene and colonisation of the plant roots was analysed by epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. A slightly atypical pattern of root colonisation was observed, with massive fungal growth in the cortex. Although colonisation was not significantly different between susceptible and tolerant plants, the expression of some defence-related genes showed discrimination between both lines. A study with 10 strains from various host-plants indicated that M. truncatula was a permissive host to F. oxysporum.     

Occurrence and molecular characterization of Turkish isolates of Turnip mosaic virus

A total of 142 samples of plants showing symptoms of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) were collected from fields planted to Brassicaceae and non‐Brassicaceae crops in the southwest Marmora region of Turkey, during the 2004?06 growing seasons. Using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) TuMV was detected in the main brassica‐crop fields of Turkey, with an overall incidence of 13·4%. TuMV was detected in samples from Brussels sprouts, cabbage, wild mustard, radish and wild radish, but not cauliflower or broccoli. The full‐length sequences of the genomic RNAs of two biologically distinct isolates, TUR1 and TUR9, were determined. Recombination analyses showed that TUR1 was an intralineage recombinant, whereas TUR9 was a non‐recombinant. Phylogenetic analyses of the Turkish isolates with those from the rest of the world showed that the TUR1 and TUR9 isolates belonged to world‐Brassica and Asian‐Brassica/Raphanus groups, respectively. This study showed that TuMV is widely distributed in the Asia Minor region of Turkey.     

A natural fungicide for the control of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Erysiphe betae</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Erysiphe cichoracearum</Emphasis>

This study examines the effects of a vegetable fungicide on sugar beet powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae) and cucumber powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum). The formulations consisting of a dispersion of Brassicaceae meal in vegetable or mineral oils on infected leaves of sugar beet, reared in the greenhouse, and of musk melons cultivated under plastic tunnels, were tested in comparison to each oil taken separately. Both formulations containing Brassicaceae meals, caused 94% of conidia to be distorted while for the untreated group only 2% were distorted. Furthermore, the leaf area infected by E. betae was 56% for untreated plants and 2.7 and 9.9% respectively, for plants treated with meal containing mineral and vegetable oil. Vegetable oil considered separately or with Brassicaceae meals showed no phytotoxicity, while the formulations based on mineral oil showed a significantly lower fresh and dry weight on tomato plants. The low level or absence of phytotoxicity of plants treated with vegetable oil formulations suggests that to improve the efficacy of powdery mildew control, they could be used mixed with sulphur. The efficiency of the vegetable formulations in the powdery mildew control observed during these trials encourages further investigation on other parasitic fungi and foliar pathogens.     

Pathogenic Races of Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Soybean and Wild Host Plants Collected in Japan

A total of 45 single uredinial isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi were collected from rust-infected soybean and wild host plants (Pueraria lobata and G. soja ) at different localities in central and southwestern Japan. Eighteen pathogenic races were identified using a set of differential varieties composed of nine cultivars of soybean and two accession lines of G. soja. Nine and 11 races were found on soybean and wild host plants, respectively. Two races were common to soybean and wild host plants. Received 27 April 2001/ Accepted in revised form 22 August 2001     

采用饲喂法和微注射法评价Cry2Aa蛋白对二化螟盘绒茧蜂的安全性

为评价转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1对二化螟盘绒茧蜂Cotesia chilonis的安全性,采用饲喂法和微注射法综合评价转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1对二化螟盘绒茧蜂的影响。结果表明,寄生饲喂转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1的二化螟Chilo suppressalis后,二化螟盘绒茧蜂体内未检出Cry2Aa蛋白,其每茧块茧数、茧长、雄成虫寿命和雌雄比分别为20.00个、2.58 mm、2.34 d和3.10,均显著小于对照,而卵及幼虫的总历期、蛹期、雌成虫寿命、茧质量和成虫质量均与对照差异不显著;寄生微注射Cry2Aa蛋白的二化螟后,除卵及幼虫的总历期和蛹期外,二化螟盘绒茧蜂其他生命表参数和体内过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase,GR）活力均与阳性对照之间差异显著;寄生微注射Cry2Aa蛋白的二化螟后,二化螟盘绒茧蜂所有生命表参数及体内POD、SOD和GR活力均与阴性对照之间无显著差异。表明饲喂法中转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1对二化螟盘绒茧蜂产生的影响是由寄主介导效应引起的,而非Cry2Aa蛋白本身,因此转Cry2Aa基因水稻T2A-1对二化螟盘绒茧蜂安全。     

Status of invasive alien plants included in EPPO Lists in Turkey

Turkey is one of the richest areas in the middle latitudes in terms of plant diversity. It has approximately 12 000 plant species and a great number of new species are being added each year. However, invasive alien species have not yet been fully considered in Turkey and only two plant species are in Turkey's quarantine list (Arceuthobium spp. and Eichhornia crassipes). EPPO is an intergovernmental organization responsible for cooperation in plant protection in the European and Mediterranean region and maintains the A1 and A2 Lists of pests recommended for regulation (A1 species are absent from the EPPO region, A2 species are present but of limited distribution), the List of Invasive Alien Plants, the Observation List of invasive alien plants and the Alert List. Eichhornia crassipes, Heracleum persicum, Heracleum sosnowskyi, Ludwigia peploides, Polygonum perfoliatum and Solanum elaeagnifolium are among the species which were recorded in Turkey and are included in the EPPO A2 List. Species recorded in the EPPO List of invasive alien plants which are present in Turkey are: Acroptilon repens, Ailanthus altissima, Ambrosia artemisiifolia (= A. elatior), Carpobrotus edulis, Cortaderia selloana, Cyperus esculentus, Paspalum distichum (= P. paspalodes), Oxalis pes‐caprae and Sicyos angulatus. Azolla filiculoides and Rhododendron ponticum are listed in the EPPO Observation List of Invasive alien plants and Miscanthus sinensis, listed in the EPPO Alert List, are also recorded in the Turkish flora.     

First record of the Q biotype of the sweetpotato whitefly, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis>, in Guatemala

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) adults and immatures were collected from poinsettia plants at two commercial production greenhouses in Guatemala during an invited tour to observe IPM practices within the facilities. Despite extensive scouting, only low numbers of insects were collected from vegetable, weed and wild ornamentals species located close to these facilities. Prior to molecular and biochemical analyses, whitefly immatures were initially identified as B. tabaci using morphological characters of the pupae to distinguish them from the greenhouse whitefly. The biotype status of adults and immatures was then established using esterase isozyme patterns and MTCO1 sequencing. The Q biotype was the only biotype found on commercially grown poinsettia plants. The previously recorded B biotype was observed outside the greenhouse facilities on Lactuca spp., Hibiscus spp. and Euphorbia spp. (wild poinsettia). The New World biotype was observed on wild poinsettia and field-grown beans (Phaseolus spp.). This is the first report of the Q biotype in Guatemala, and serves notice of the need for greater vigilance in the management of whiteflies on poinsettia mother stock used as a source of cuttings for export to the USA.