典型森林树种对大气颗粒物湿沉降的影响

选择典型森林树种油松和侧柏作为研究对象,通过在2种树的冠层不同高度处(8,6,4,2m)布设湿沉降监测装置进行定位监测,比较单位叶面积滞尘量和降水对叶表面颗粒物冲刷率来分析2种树种对于大气颗粒物湿沉降的影响,并分析了树冠层不同高度颗粒物湿沉降以及不同粒径颗粒物湿沉降通量的变化规律,最后通过叶片显微结构来分析2种树种滞尘差异的原因。结果表明:(1)油松单位叶面积的滞尘量高于栓皮栎;降雨对2种树种叶面上大气颗粒物的冲刷率表现为栓皮栎高于油松。(2)油松枝下高2m处滞尘能力最强,大气颗粒物湿沉降通量最小;栓皮栎树冠中部4m处滞尘能力最强,且湿沉降通量最小。(3)油松冠层下部对于10~100μm污染物具有明显的截留作用,而栓皮栎的树冠上部对其具有更明显的截留作用。对于0.4~3μm和3~10μm颗粒物,油松的截留能力要强于栓皮栎。(4)油松和栓皮栎在叶表面显微结构的差异导致两者吸附颗粒物能力不同,油松叶片具有更多的褶皱、开度和密度较高的气孔以及相对较深的沟槽使其具有更强的吸附颗粒物的能力。     

青岛大气氮湿沉降动态变化

利用雨量器定点采集雨样的方法,研究青岛市城阳区2007-2010年间降水中不同形态氮浓度、氮沉降量的月、季动态变化。结果表明:降水中NH4+-N、NO3--N、DON月均浓度差异较大。DIN浓度在12月-翌年1月份较高,在7-8月份较低,DON浓度表现为11月份最低;NH4+-N、NO3--N、DON月平均浓度分别为1.26,1.11,1.37mg/L,且均存在冬、春季>夏、秋季的特点。NH4+-N和NO3--N沉降量与降水量呈乘幂型正相关,相关系数(r)平均为0.607,DON沉降量与降水量呈线性正相关(r=0.674),且均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。监测期内各形态氮沉降量月份间变化幅度较大,7-8月份的NH4+-N、NO3--N和DON沉降量分别为4.17,3.00,3.26kg/hm2,约占全年相应形态氮沉降量的44.2%,35.6%,48.6%,且各形态氮沉降量均表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。该区域NH4+-N、NO3--N、DON年沉降量依次为10.14,8.72,6.33kg/hm2,分别占DTN沉降量的40.3%,34.7%,25.0%。     

黑龙江东部山地兴安落叶松人工林对水质的影响

 为了解黑龙江省东部山地落叶松人工林生态系统对水质的影响,试验用多参数水质监测仪和原子吸收法对大气降水、穿透水、树干径流和地表径流中的pH值、溶解氧、浊度、电导率、氧化还原电位、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn和Fe等水质指标进行测定。结果表明:在落叶松人工林生态系统中,大气降水、穿透水、树干径流和地表径流pH值的变化都不甚明显,变异系数都较低。大气降水经过林冠层后溶解氧含量降低,浊度和电导率明显增加,氧化还原电位逐渐降低,Na、Ca和Mg离子总平均浓度逐渐升高。穿透水和树干径流中K、Ca元素的淋溶量明显高于其他元素,且树干径流各元素的净淋溶和淋溶系数均高于穿透水。地表径流对水质的酸化有缓冲作用。     

六盘山分水岭沟典型森林植被对大气降雨的再分配规律及其影响因子

通过2009年5-10月定位监测的六盘山分水岭沟内的典型森林植被(华北落叶松林、白桦林)的穿透雨、树干茎流和林冠截留等数据资料,并基于样地调查数据和同期气象数据,对两种典型林分对大气降雨的再分配特征及其有关影响因子进行综合分析。结果表明:研究期间,林外降雨总量为727.5mm,六盘山分水岭沟华北落叶松林的林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量,分别占林外降雨总量的15.26%,74.04%和0.22%;白桦林的林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量分别占林外降雨总量的9.13%,76.98%和0.33%。两种林分的穿透雨量和树干茎流量与降雨量均呈极显著的线性关系(P0.01),穿透雨率、树干茎流率以及林冠截留率与降雨量呈极显著的对数函数关系(P0.01)。华北落叶松林和白桦林两种林分产生树干茎流的降雨临界值分别为6.0mm和3.5mm。对华北落叶松林冠截留影响程度由大到小的因子依次为:降雨强度降雨量空气相对湿度降雨期间的气温降雨历时风速;对白桦林林冠截留影响程度由大到小的因子依次为:降雨强度降雨量降雨历时降雨期间的气温空气相对湿度风速。降雨强度和降雨量是对该区森林植被林冠截留影响最显著的两个因子,均以风速因子影响程度最低。     

基于氮排放数据的中国大陆大气氮素湿沉降量估算

大气氮素湿沉降与氮的排放紧密相关,通过对已知的氮素排放数据与收集的氮素湿沉降实测数据对应分析发现,不同地区氮素的排放与湿沉降之间存在稳定的比值关系。根据这些比值关系,估算了1980—2007年中国大陆氮素湿沉降量,并运用GIS技术进行了大气氮素湿沉降强度和时空分布。结果表明,我国大陆区域氮素湿沉降呈明显的增长趋势,沉降总量由1980年的4.96Tg增长到2007年的11.80 Tg,单位面积通量分别为516 kg N.km-2.a-1和1 128 kg N.km-2.a-1。氮素湿沉降的空间分布不均,东部、东南沿海地区和中部地区沉降量较高,广大西部地区较低。化学氮肥的施用、燃料的使用和禽畜养殖规模扩大是导致氮湿沉降量增加的主要原因。     

原始红松林和次生白桦林降雨截留分配效应研究

 以小兴安岭原始红松林为研究对象,通过97场的降雨测定,对原始红松林的降雨截留分配效应进行系统研究。结果表明:原始红松林在生长季内的林冠截留量为98.68 mm,占同期降雨量的19.61%,是次生白桦林的1.3倍。与全国其他森林类型的平均林冠截留率（11.4%～36.5%）相比,原始红松林的林冠截留率处于中等水平。原始红松林在生长季内的穿透雨量和树干径流量分别为395.77和8.78mm,分别占同期降雨量的78.65%和1.74%。与次生白桦林相比,其穿透雨量减少,而树干径流量增加。统计分析表明,原始红松林的林冠截留量、林内穿透雨量和树干径流量与林外降雨量之间均呈现紧密的三次多项式函数关系（p<0.01）,而次生白桦林的林内穿透雨量与林外降雨量之间却呈现良好的直线关系（p<0.01）。最后,对影响林内穿透雨和树干径流的因子进行筛选和分析,为研究针阔混交林的降雨分配效应提供重要参考。     

黑龙江省东部山地红松人工林生态系统水化学特征

对黑龙江省东部山地红松人工林生态系统的大气降水、穿透水、树干径流、枯透水和地表径流中的pH值、溶解氧、浊度、总溶解固体、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn和Fe等水质指标进行了检测。结果表明:大气降水经过林冠层后,其水化学特征发生了明显变化,pH和DO降低,TURB和TDS明显增加,化学元素含量均不同程度增加。树干径流除了Cu外其余各化学元素含量均明显增加。穿透水和树干径流中各元素的变异系数较大。枯透水各化学元素的变异系数低于其他水样,只有Mn元素变化较大。穿透水、树干径流和枯透水中的K、Ca淋溶量较大,Cu、Zn淋溶量较少,根据淋溶系数的大小排列穿透水的淋溶序列为Mn>K>Mg>Cu>Fe>Ca>Na>Zn,树干径流的淋溶序列为Mn>Mg>K>Fe>Ca>Cu>Na>Zn,而枯透水的淋溶序列为Mg>Mn>K>Fe>Ca>Cu>Na>Zn。     

闽西北农田生态系统中大气氮湿沉降研究

在福建省三明市将乐县连续3年定位收集湿沉降,研究闽西北地区农田生态系统大气氮素湿沉降的浓度、沉降量以及时间变化规律。结果表明:降水中TN、TIN、DON、NH4+-N和NO3--N的平均浓度分别为1.22,0.83,0.38,0.53,0.30mg/L,无机氮与有机氮的比例达到2.18,且在每次降雨中总氮的浓度均超过水体富营养化阈值(0.2mg/L)。该地区湿沉降氮输入量有明显的季节性变化,春、夏季高,秋、冬季低。在湿沉降输入氮中NH4+-N、NO3--N和DON占总氮的比例分别为43.77%,24.78%和31.45%,湿沉降以无机氮(TIN)为主,平均年无机氮(TIN)沉降量为8.71kg/hm2,占总氮(TN)沉降量的68.55%。总氮(TN)年输入量为4.17～18.00kg/hm2,平均值为12.71kg/hm2。大气中氮素湿沉降对生态环境有一定的风险。     

大气N沉降的增加对森林营养和胁迫敏感性的影响

概述了大气Ｎ沉降的发展趋势,讨论了Ｎ沉降增加对森林营养和胁迫的影响。提出在一些地区,大气Ｎ沉降已超过了森林生态系统的Ｎ需求;Ｎ沉降的大量增加对植物生长的刺激作用和对菌根的危害,可造成植物体内其它养分缺乏,导致森林养分失调;植物体内的高Ｎ水平将增加森林对胁迫的敏感性。     

上海地区氮素湿沉降及其对农业生态系统的影响

试验研究上海地区N素湿沉降及其对农业生态系统的影响结果表明,上海地区湿沉降中N营养盐含量较高,其中NO3-为2.587mg/L,NH4 达2.155mg/L,TIN的含量均在4.000mg/L以上。湿沉降输入到上海地区农业生态系统N营养盐的年通量较高,其中NH4 平均为26.580kg/hm2,1999年达到38.930kg/hm2;NO3-平均为31.545kg/hm2;TIN平均为58.123kg/hm2,相当于124.549kg/hm2尿素或327.980kg/hm2碳酸氢铵,1999年TIN输入量为77.750kg/hm2,相当于166.607kg/hm2尿素或438.732kg/hm2碳酸氢铵,占1998年全国化肥(N)平均施用量的35%。湿沉降中N的输入对农业生产有重要影响。     

降雨量对洱海流域稻季氮磷湿沉降通量及浓度的影响

为了探究洱海流域稻季氮磷湿沉降规律,于2016及2017年稻季在大理洱海流域收集湿沉降样品,分析样品中总磷(total phosphorus,TP)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N等指标及其变化规律。结果表明,TN、TP湿沉降通量主要受降雨量支配,2016与2017年稻季单次降水TN、TP湿沉降通量与降雨量均呈极显著的线性正相关关系。TN、TP湿沉降浓度总体上随降雨量的增大而减小,同时与是否发生连续降雨及是否大规模施肥有关。以2017稻季氮素湿沉降为例,2017年稻季NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N湿沉降对TN的占比分别为53.1%和20.6%,湿沉降以NH_4~+-N为主。可溶性无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)对TN的占比随着降雨量的增大而减小,随着连续降雨的延续而增大。2016及2017年稻季湿沉降TN质量浓度分别为0.87~4.03和0.90~6.85 mg/L,均远大于湖泊富营养化阀值,对洱海水生生态系统产生不利影响。     

山西省太原市旱作农区大气活性氮干湿沉降年度变化特征

鉴于大气氮素沉降对整个生态系统的重要影响,我国近年来陆续开展了不同尺度的大气氮素干、湿沉降的研究,但少有农业区多年连续监测的资料。本研究利用DELTA系统、被动采样器和雨量器在山西省太原市郊区阳曲县河村旱作农业区进行了4年的监测试验,观测大气氮素干、湿沉降的时间变异。结果表明:2011年4月—2015年3月,河村4年大气活性氮NH_3、HNO_3、NO_2、颗粒态NO_3~-(pNO_3~-)、颗粒态NH_4~+(pNH_4~+)平均沉降量分别为4.50 kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)、3.54 kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)、2.56 kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)、1.62 kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)、2.75 kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),大气氮素干沉降总量为12.38~18.95 kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),以2011年的氮干沉降量最高,2014年的最低。2011年4月—2015年3月各月氮干沉降量与氨气沉降量之间存在显著正相关,相关系数在0.809 8~0.937 1,由此可知,该地区活性氮沉降主要受农业氨气排放的影响。河村4年雨水中NO_3~-、NH_4~+平均浓度分别为3.20 mg(N)·L~(-1)和2.43 mg(N)·L~(-1),大气氮素湿沉降11.67~41.31 kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。年度间氮素湿沉降存在很大差异,以2012年氮素年湿沉降量最高,2014年最低,每年大气氮素湿沉降占氮总沉降量的份额超过50%。此外,4年湿沉降中不仅NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N之间、且二者与降雨量也呈显著线性或二次相关关系,说明降雨量对NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的湿沉降影响较大。本研究表明太原市旱作农区不同年份间氮素湿沉降比干沉降差异更大,且总沉降数量较高。虽然是旱作区,该地区氮素干沉降略低于湿沉降。研究结果为该地区农田氮肥施用和氮素循环监测提供了理论依据。     

Effect of nitrogen deposition on CH4 uptake in forest soils in Hokkaido,Japan

Abstract

It has been well documented by short-term artificial experiments that the CH⁴ uptake is inhibited by N input, especially NH^{4 p+}-N input. To investigate the effect of the natural N input by throughfall and other factors on the CH⁴ uptake in forest soils, we measured the CH⁴ uptake rates for 6 months during the snow-free period of the year and N input by throughfall throughout the year at 10 sites in Hokkaido, Japan, from 1997 to 2002. Water filled pore space (WFPS) and pH values in the soils varied widely among the sites (38-93% and 3.9-6.2, respectively). The rates of NH^{4 p+}-N and NH^{3 p-}-N inputs ranged from 1.3 to 6.9 kg N ha^p-1 year^p-1 and from 0.8 to 2.9 kg N ha^p-1 year^p-1, respectively. The NH^{4 p+}-N input was generally higher than the NH^{3 p-}-N input. Total N input by throughfall amounted to 2.3-9.4 kg N ha^p-1 year^p-1. The highest CH⁴ uptake rate occurred within the period from July to September (41-215 μg CH⁴ m^p-2 h^p-1) each year at most sites. CH⁴ uptake rate was relatively low (~50 μg CH⁴ M-2 h^p-1) at northern sites, while a high CH⁴ uptake rate was observed throughout the year 100 (? CH⁴ m^p-2 h^p-1) at southern sites. The mean CH⁴ uptake rates were significantly different among the sites. Cumulative CH⁴ uptake ranged from 1.4 to 6.6 kg CH⁴ ha^p-1 [184 d]^p-1 with a mean values of 3.22 ± 1.36 kg CH⁴ ha^p-1 [184 d]^p-1. Cumulative CH⁴ uptake increased with increasing temperature and decreased with an increase in precipitation (Rain), NH^{4 p+}-N input (TF^NH4) WFPS, soil total C (TC), and total N (TN). There was a quadratic relationship between the CH⁴ uptake and NH^{3 p-}-N input (TF^NO3), soil pH, and C / N ratio in soil. A regression equation was obtained as follows to predict the CH⁴ uptake in forest soils: Cumulative CH⁴ uptake = 0.47 / Rain + 0.38 / TF^NH4 + 0.34 / TC - 0.30 / TF^N03 (R ^p2 = 0.74, p = 0.0001). This equation indicates that atmospheric N input into forest soils is one of the main factors that control cumulative CH⁴ uptake with precipitation, total carbon content in soil in Hokkaido, Japan.     

Orographic enhancement of wet deposition in the United Kingdom: case studies and modelling

Two field experiments to observe the detailed response of wet deposition to orography in a polluted environment are reported. Rain events were classed as frontal, convective or mixed on the basis of meteorological data. Analysis of the deposition enhancement and cap cloud composition confirmed that for the frontal events the seeder-feeder effect (scavenging of cap cloud by rain drops) dominates. The greater concentration of ions in the water scavenged from the cap cloud than in the rain means that deposition is enhanced for all ions. For marine ions the scavenged water was found to be between five and six times as concentrated as the rain and for anthropogenically produced ions it was about twice as concentrated.A computational model of rainfall incorporating the seeder-feeder effect has been broadly successful in predicting enhancement although some details of the observed pattern remain to be explained.     

南亚热带三种不同土地利用历史的森林生态系统土壤可交换阳离子对模拟氮沉降的响应

The effects of simulated nitrogen (N)deposition on soil exchangeable cations were studied in three forest types of subtropical China. Four N treatments with three replications were designed for the monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (mature forest):control (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1), low N (50 kg N ha^-1 year^-1), medium N (100 kg N ha^-1 year^-1)and high N (150 kg N ha^-1 year^-1), and only three treatments (i.e., control, low N, medium N)were established for the pine and mixed forests. Nitrogen had been applied continuously for 26 months before the measurement. The mature forest responded more rapidly and intensively to N additions than the pine and mixed forests, and exhibited some significant negative symptoms, e.g., soil acidification, Al mobilization and leaching of base cations from soil. The pine and mixed forests responded slowly to N additions and exhibited no significant response of soil cations. Response of soil exchangeable cations to N deposition varied in the forests of subtropical China, depending on soil N status and land-use history.     

Orographic enhancement of wet deposition in the United Kingdom: Continuous monitoring

Continuous monitoring of cloud and rain samples at three mountain sites in the UK has allowed consideration of the long term impact of the enhancement of the wet deposition of pollutants by orographie effects, specifically the scavenging of cap cloud droplets by rain falling from above (the seeder-feeder effects). The concentration of the major pollutant ions in the cloud water is related to the relative proximity of each site to marine and anthropogenic sources of aerosol. In general, the concentrations of major ions in precipitation at summit sites exceed those in precipitation to low ground nearby by 20% to 50%. Concentrations in orographie cloud exceed those in upwind rain by between a factor of five and ten. The results are consistent with seeder-feeder scavenging of hill cloud by falling precipitation in which the average concentration of ions in scavenged hill cloud exceed those in precipitation upwind by a factor of 1.7 to 2.3 for sulphate and nitrate respectively at Dunslair Heights and 1.5 to 1.8 for sulphate and nitrate at Holme Moss. The results suggest that the parameterisation of this relationship with scavenged feeder cloud water concentrations assumed to exceed those in seeder rain by a factor of two for the production of predictive maps of wet deposition in mountainous regions of the U.K. is satisfactory.     

Trends in wet and dry deposition of sulphur in the United Kingdom

UK data on sulphur deposition trends between the 1960's and 1990's are presented. Long term data sets of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations at two sites have been analysed and dry deposition determined using a resistance model. Wet deposition has been calculated from non-marine sulphate concentration and rainfall fields for 1978–80 and 1989–93. These maps have been interpolated and corrected for seeder feeder enhancement. The wet deposition of sulphur declined by about 43 % between 1979 and 1993 whereas emissions of sulphur declined by about 32 %. An indication of the trends in sulphur dry deposition is provided by data from Eskdalemuir, a site in southern Scotland where wet deposition and SO₂ concentration have been measured since 1979. Dry deposition at Eskdalemuir has decreased by 70 % and wet deposition by 48 %. Hence, while wet deposition has responded approximately linearly with the decline in UK emissions of sulphur dioxide, dry deposition has declined at twice the rate of decline in UK emissions.     

泰山典型林分的林冠截留特征

 应用相关分析方法对泰山罗汉崖林场9个典型林分类型的林冠截留特征进行研究。结果表明:林内降雨量与林外降雨量呈很好的线性关系,林冠截留量与林外降雨量呈较好的对数关系;9个典型林分类型对降雨的截留能力为五角枫>麻栎+黑松>15 a麻栎>刺槐>50 a麻栎>黄连木>黄连木+刺槐>侧柏>黑松;7个典型林分类型形成树干径流的能力为15 a麻栎>50 a麻栎>黄连木>五角枫>黑松>刺槐>侧柏;各林分类型总体产生林内降雨的林外降雨量临界值为6.28 mm。     

An analysis of wet deposition of sulfate using a trajectory model for East Asia

A long-range transport model for East Asia was developed to estimate the wet deposition of sulfate. The model is a trajectory type which is appropriate for long-term analysis. Trajectories of air masses are calculated by tracing the wind field which changes spatially and temporally. The processes of reactions, rainout removal, intake of sulfate in cloud water into rain water, and dry and wet depositions are considered. It is possible to calculate the concentration of sulfate in precipitation at a receptor by performing material balance in a grid box containing the receptor.The results obtained by the long-range transport model were evaluated through comparison with observation data of acidic deposition. The observation was conducted at 21 stations throughout Japan for one year. The calculated amount of wet deposition of sulfate in Japan was 0.22Tg/y in S equivalent, while the observed amount was 0.29Tg/y. The long-range transport model can predict almost 80% of observed wet deposition. The contributions of domestic anthropogenic sources and volcanic eruption to wet deposition of sulfate in Japan were estimated using the longrange transport model. The ratio of the deposition of sulfate due to Japanese anthropogenic sources to that due to the Asian continental sources was about 1 to 2. Since air stream from the direction of the Asian continent dominates during winter, the contribution of Japan to wet deposition in the region which faces the Sea of Japan amounted to less than 15%. The contribution of the sulfur oxides from volcanoes was about 20%.