沙棘主要蛀干害虫研究概述

沙棘木蠹蛾和红缘天牛是沙棘的两种主要蛀干害虫,主要以幼虫危害沙棘的根部和干部。沙棘木蠹蛾近年在沙棘种植区大面积暴发,红缘天牛也多伴随发生。目前,从生物生态学特性、成灾原因、监测和防治措施等方面,对这两种害虫的研究已取得了很大的进展。本文对沙棘木蠹蛾和红缘天牛不同发生地的生活史、危害特性、暴发成灾的主要原因及所采取的主要防治方法进行概述,以期能进一步更有效地促进其危害控制的研究和应用。     

沙棘木蠹蛾与红缘天牛偏利生活关系初探

沙棘木蠹蛾危害5年生以上的沙棘林,5年、7年、9年生沙棘的被害主干均有当年产生的红缘天牛羽化孔。沙棘木蠹蛾的卵多数产在沙棘干上1/3~1/2处红缘天牛侵入孔、羽化孔及主干裂缝、翘皮里,以防天敌取食。沙棘木蠹蛾初孵幼虫在红缘天牛虫道或羽化孔口中渡过卵期和移动寻找取食韧皮组织时期,1~3龄幼虫在红缘天牛侵入孔周边韧皮与木质部之间向下环绕树干片状为害,3~4龄向下转移直至根际部为害。红缘天牛为害沙棘不论树势强与弱,其危害发生在沙棘木蠹蛾之前。沙棘木蠹蛾利用红缘天牛生活和繁殖场所产卵是一偏利生活(commensalism)特性。     

沙棘主要钻蛀性害虫综合防治技术

对沙棘钻蛀性害虫沙棘绕实蝇、沙棘象鼻虫、红缘天牛、木蠹蛾类，采用地面喷粉、林冠喷雾、干部注药的化学防治措施与选择混交类型、平茬复壮、绝花绝果、保护天敌等营林、生态、生物防治技术，可有效地控制沙棘钻蛀性害虫的危害。     

蛀干害虫综合防治措施

危害林木钻蛀枝干的害虫主要包括天牛科的光肩星天牛、双条杉天牛,小蠹科小蠹虫类,象甲科杨干象甲,螟蛾科松梢螟,透翅蛾科白杨透翅蛾和木蠹蛾科芳香木蠹蛾等。其主要危害杨、柳、榆、槐、油松、樟子松、苹果树和梨树。这类害虫的幼虫钻蛀树干,被害处组织增生形成瘤状虫瘿,易造成树干枯萎,秋冬季节常引起风折,同时影响林木正常生长,树木畸形,影响成材、降低木材的商品价值。蛀食顶芽和枝梢,顶芽停长、徒生侧枝。此类害虫常以幼虫在枝、干里的隧道内越冬,幼虫在韧皮部、木质部内蛀成坑道,成虫羽化期分散,     

沙棘主要钻蛀性害虫综合防治技术

提出对沙棘钻蛀性害虫沙棘绕实蝇、沙棘象鼻虫、红缘天牛、木蠹蛾类,采用地面喷粉、林冠喷雾、干部注药的化学防治措施与选择混交类型、平茬复壮、绝花绝果、保护天敌等营林、生态、生物防治技术,在生产实践中可有效地控制沙棘钻蛀性害虫的发生危害。     

基于文献计量学的钻蛀性害虫沙棘木蠹蛾的研究动态分析

沙棘木蠹蛾(Holcocerus hippophaecolus Hua,Chou,Fang et Chen)以幼虫钻蛀危害沙棘的根部、干部,使其大部分被蛀空,导致沙棘大面积死亡,已严重影响到沙棘产业的发展.笔者以中国知网数据库所收录的期刊论文、硕博论文、会议论文、成果和专利5类文献作为统计对象,针对"沙棘木蠹蛾"研究文...     

沙棘主要病虫害及防治

1．沙棘的病虫种类及危害性？沙棘病虫害种类较多，其病害主要有沙棘腐朽病、沙棘烂皮病、沙棘干枯病、沙棘叶斑病、沙棘缩叶病、沙棘猝倒病、菟丝子等；沙棘虫害有沙棘象、沙棘实蝇、沙柳木蠹蛾、柳干木蠹蛾、红缘天牛、栎黄枯叶蛾、黄褐天幕毛虫、沙棘巢蛾、舞毒蛾、沙枣尺蛾、兰目天蛾、沙棘木虱、华北蝼蛄、黑绒鳃金龟等。沙棘病虫害如不及时防治，对沙棘园及人工林造成大量减产；有的危险性病害如国外传来的沙棘干枯病，目前已在国内沙棘产区大量蔓延，造成人工林成片死亡。在虫害方面，沙棘象、红缘天牛、沙棘蝇等种实害虫和蛀干害虫危害也很严重，1990年铜川发生大面积沙棘象危害，种实被害率达80％以上，当年沙棘种子颗粒无收，     

沙棘木蠹蛾综合控制技术研究

沙棘木蠹蛾是近几年在我国内蒙古、辽宁、山西、宁夏、陕西和甘肃等地大面积成灾的一种钻蛀性害虫,主要以幼虫危害沙棘的根部和干部.由于该虫以前从未大面积发生危害,相关的研究报道较少.笔者从沙棘木蠹蛾的成灾原因、生物生态学特性、可供监测和防治的性引诱剂,以及天敌种类和自然控制效果等方面进行了较全面的研究,取得了重要研究成果.     

树干涂毒环防治下树转移沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫研究

观察研究沙棘木蠹蛾当年生幼虫的下树转移危害习性,利用该习性采取在树干上涂毒环、绑毒绳的方法控制该虫。观察发现,2005年9月1日到18日,幼虫绝大多数是在09：00-16：00间下树转移,极少数是在20：00-08：00下树;2005年9月18日以后未曾在早上和夜晚观察到下树幼虫,幼虫都是在10：00-16：00间下树。幼虫从排粪处爬出,顺着树干向下爬,到地面时继续沿着树干钻入土层,最后找到适宜的场所,停留在树根部的树皮裂缝处。用中西杀灭菊酯与金天敌长效缓释剂按1：9的比例混合配成毒剂涂干,环宽5cm,施药第5天对沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫的防治效果为100％,第30天防治效果在80％以上。     

内蒙古敖汉旗沙棘木蠧蛾综合防治及沙棘节水栽培技术探讨

沙棘木蠧蛾是危害沙棘根部的毁灭性害虫,90%以上幼虫分布于土层下的沙棘主根径基部和侧根上,10%幼虫分布于土层下20~30 cm的主干上,调查发现个别幼虫也零星分布在地上30 cm以下主干上,幼虫蛀食沙棘主根、侧根和树干韧皮部与木质部,导致树木死亡。针对沙棘木蠧蛾危害,对沙棘木蠧蛾发生规律进行观察,掌握沙棘木蠧蛾发生规律,提出了平茬复壮、营林措施综合防治方法,探讨了节水栽培技术,达到了比较理想的无公害防治效果,有效地保护了敖汉旗沙棘资源。     

不同植被条件下两种天牛对四合木的危害

红缘天牛Asias halodendri(Pallas)和槐绿虎天牛Chlorophorus diadema(Motschulsky)是危害四合木的重要天牛.作者调查了两类不同土质及植被组成的样地,全株解剖受害四合木,统计幼虫的危害位置.结果显示,两种植被条件下,植被种类、长势及天牛幼虫对四合木的危害程度不同.其中,在四合木长势好的环境中,害虫危害轻.两种天牛幼虫倾向于危害直径在0.5～1.6 cm之间的四合木枝条,集中分布在地上7 cm以下的枝条内.     

辽宁省沙棘木蠹蛾综合治理初步研究

沙棘木蠹蛾Holcocerus hippophaecolus Hua,Chou,Fang et Chen是沙棘的一种钻蛀性害虫,主要在寄主主干和根茎内蛀食危害。近年来,在辽宁、内蒙古、山西、陕西等地发生大面积危害,并呈加剧之势。作者详细调查了沙棘木蠹蛾在辽宁的危害,开展了化学防治试验和沙棘林分大面积营林改造等综合治理措施的研究。研究结果表明:沙棘木蠹蛾的危害与林龄成正比,林龄愈大危害愈重;纯林和混交林中的沙棘受害程度无明显差别;采用营林改造技术林分生态系统恢复快,效果明显,中度受害的林分平茬更新当年即可丛生枝条,2 a即可成林,是控制沙棘木蠹蛾的有效方法。     

不同种肥施用水平对大果沙棘苗期生长的影响

在西宁地区采用裂区设计将不同品种沙棘种植于不同种肥用量下进行实验结果表明：中华沙棘在其株高、根长、根茎、干重四项指标的测定中均高于向阳、楚伊两个大果沙棘品种。在300 kg/hm^2的施肥水平下,大果沙棘的苗期株高、根长、根茎、干重生长量最大。品种和不同磷酸二氨的施肥量的互作显著,中华沙棘在低肥条件下的生长量大,在高肥条件下向阳、楚伊的生长量大。     

沙棘木蠹蛾性诱剂在林间监测中的应用

为了解右玉沙棘木蠹蛾成虫种群动态变化现状,利用沙棘木蠹蛾性诱剂在林间开展监测试验,并与2006年至2009年间的监测数据相比。结果表明,2006年至2009年沙棘木蠹蛾发生程度大幅度上升,而到2019年沙棘木蠹蛾的发生程度明显降低。沙棘木蠹蛾性诱剂在林间的监测和诱集效果明显,优势突出,具有推广价值。     

Stem Quality and Height Development in a Betula-Dominated Stand Seven Years After Precommercial Thinning at Different Stump Heights

Topping may provide an attractive alternative to traditional precommercial thinning, offering several advantages. The main stem quality of birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh. and Betula pendula Roth, species not separated) was examined seven growing seasons after such topping in a dense, even-aged and naturally regenerated stand in northern Sweden. The height development and survival of main and secondary stems of birch and secondary stems of willow (Salix spp.) were also studied. At a main stem height of 1.8 m, the following treatments, leaving 3100 main stems ha^?1, were applied to secondary stems: traditional precommercial thinning (cutting just above ground), top-cutting at either 40% (71 cm above ground) or 70% (120 cm above ground) of main stem mean height, and no precommercial thinning. For main stems, topping resulted in fewer forks, straighter stems, higher live crown height and smaller diameter of the thickest branch compared with traditional precommercial thinning. In these respects, topping at the higher level above ground gave the best quality. The main stems were no longer at risk of becoming overtopped by the secondary stems following any of these treatments (except for no precommercial thinning).     

宁夏沟眶象越冬习性分析研究

通过对沟眶象Eucryptorrhynchus chinensis(Olivier)越冬代成虫和幼虫在地下生活状态的分析可知:成虫在地下的分布以东、西方向较多,在树根正下方向的最少,仅为0.47%;幼虫在地下的分布无方位差异;46.01%的成虫分布在地下21～30 cm深度,42.24%的幼虫分布在地下31～40 cm深度;27.70%的成虫分布在距树干21～30 cm范围,66.01%的幼虫分布在距树干0～10 cm范围;38.67%的幼虫体长为21～25 mm;64.64%的幼虫处在直径11～30 mm的根中。     

沙棘根系模糊聚类及生长分布规律的探讨

本文对黄土残塬沟壑区人工沙棘林单株根系进行了系统研究。结果表明:1.主根龄是影响沙棘单株根系间模糊聚类的决定性因素,幼龄期单株根系间极易聚合,随着主根龄增加,同龄单株根系间差异逐渐加大而较难聚合。2.用灰色Verhoulst模型对单株沙棘根量、根长的变化过程进行描述和预测,当主根龄达到17龄左右时,根系基本停止生长。3.沙棘根量、根长在土体中的垂直分布规律呈双曲函数关系,各实测值与计算值拟合非常贴切。4.沙棘根系密集层随主根龄的增加而加深,最终稳定在0-50cm左右,粗壮根系多集中在该层。文中还建立了沙棘根量与叶量的线性回归方程。     

Root architecture in relation to tree-soil-crop interactions and shoot pruning in agroforestry

Desirable root architecture for trees differs between sequential and simultaneous agroforestry systems. In sequential systems extensive tree root development may enhance nutrient capture and transfer to subsequent crops via organic pools. In simultaneous systems tree root development in the crop root zone leads to competition for resources.Fractal branching models provide relationships between proximal root diameter, close to the tree stem, and total root length or surface area. The main assumption is that a root branching proportionality factor is independent of root diameter. This was tested in a survey of 18 multipurpose trees growing on an acid soil in Lampung (Indonesia). The assumption appeared valid for all trees tested, for stems as well as roots. The proportionality factor showed a larger variability in roots than in stems and the effects of this variabilily should be further investigated. A simple index of tree root shallowness is proposed as indicator of tree root competitiveness, based on superficial roots and stem diameter.Pruning trees is a major way to benefit from tree products and at the same time reduce above-ground competition between trees and crops. It may have negative effects, however, on root distribution and enhance below-ground competition. In an experiment with five tree species, a lower height of stem pruning led to a larger number of superficial roots of smaller diameter, but had no effect on shoot:root ratios or the relative importance of the tap root.     

Physiological, morphological and anatomical responses of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings to flooding

Two-year-old Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim. seedlings were flooded to 8 cm above soil level for 70 days. The flooding treatment altered the growth, morphology, stem anatomy and ethylene production of the seedlings. Although flooding did not affect height growth, it stimulated diameter growth of the submerged stems by increasing both the number and size of wood fibers produced; however, the thickness of the cell walls of the wood fibers was reduced by flooding. In response to the flooding treatment, the seedlings formed abundant hyperhydric tissues, originating from the vicinity of lenticels on the surface of the flooded stems, and adventitious roots, which grew through the hyperhydric tissues. Aerenchyma tissues were observed in the bark of the adventitious roots. The flooding treatment did not affect dry weight increment of leaves and stems, but it reduced the total dry weight increment of the root system even though it promoted adventitious root formation. Flooding also enhanced ethylene production in the submerged portions of stems. The potential roles of flood-induced ethylene in cambial growth and adventitious root formation in flooded plants are discussed.