平房仓横向通风降温技术研究

装粮前对仓房原有通风系统进行改造,安装两组山墙立式风道,在粮面薄膜密封情况下开展横向冬季通风降温,平均粮温由29℃降低至12.5℃,单位能耗0.056 kW.h/（℃.t）,储粮安全。     

高大钢板平房仓地上笼机械通风技术的应用试验

结合本地气候与储粮特点进行高大钢板平房仓地上笼机械通风技术应用试验。结果表明 ,在冬季干冷天气相对较短的时间内 ,采用间歇式机械通风 ,能够取得较好的通风降温效果 ,其单位能耗可控制在 0 .0 4kW·h/℃ t以内。粮温梯度由 1℃ /m降为 0 .4℃ /m粮层厚度 ,粮食水分梯度由 0 .15 % /m降至 0 .0 5 % /m ,粮堆温度和水分分布更加均匀 ,对安全储粮更为有利     

机械通风在普通房式仓中的应用研究

在普通房式仓中,采用箱式空气分配器离心式风机,对水分偏高的小麦进行分段降温通风,通风结束后,粮食在一年的储藏期间,上层最高温度为23．4℃、中层最高温度为18℃、下层最高温度为15℃,基本上达到了准低温储粮,粮情一直保持安全稳定。同时降温通风的单位耗能为0．055kW·h／℃t,大大节约了保管费用。     

立式风网机械通风处理高水分小麦应用实践

小麦入库结束后,在高水分高温粮(平均水分14.3%,平均粮温37.8℃)粮堆内布设由通风竹笼和开孔PVC管组成的立体风网,利用轴流风机进行降水降温通风处理,结果表明,经过108 h吸出式通风作业,整仓小麦平均水分降至12.4%,平均粮温降至18.5℃,降水单位能耗0.98 kW·h/1%·t,达到了降水降温、消除储粮安全隐患的目的.     

储藏物冷却机在高温高湿区高大平房仓的应用

选用功率较小的储藏物冷却机与负压通风相结合,对福建漳州地区的粮面压盖稻谷仓进行降温冷却,通过改变粮面压盖方式实现冷却的均匀性和彻底性.累计运行时间112.7 h,降温3.3℃,水分变化为0.1％,达到了保水降温的效果.运行期间的降温单位能耗为0.47 kW·h/℃·t,符合《谷物冷却机低温储粮技术规程》的规定,结束降温后粮面压盖延缓了粮温复温.     

三种风机对平房仓储藏小麦的通风效果比较

对高大平房仓储存的小麦分别采用BT35—11NO.5.6普通型轴流式风机、CZLB—2.2S型可逆转式强力轴流式风机、4-7.2—11NO.6C型离心式风机进行通风降温,并对整仓平均粮温、分层平均粮温、分层粮食水分以及能量消耗等进行效果评价。结果表明在中央储备粮郑州直属库所处地区进行冬季通风降温,普通型0.55kW的轴流风机380～413小时可将高度6m的粮堆平均温度降到5℃左右,且能量消耗(0.025kW·h/℃·t)和粮食水分变化(小于0.2%)很小,离心风机(结合0.55kW的轴流风机)可在147小时将平均粮温降到3.5℃,降温速率较快,但能量消耗(0.081kW·h/℃·t)和粮食水分变化(0.7%)却比较大。     

华南地区冬季保水降温通风试验

冬季,使用谷物冷却机对浅圆仓储存玉米进行冷却通风试验,探索在华南地区气候特点下,浅圆仓储存玉米的冬季保水降温通风方法。结果表明:粮堆温度降到了16.0℃左右,达到了准低温储粮的要求;粮堆的高温点消除,明显降低了粮层温差,粮温均衡;平均单位能耗0.18kW.h/(℃.t),远低于浅圆仓冷却通风E≤0.65kW.h/(℃.t)的要求,通风降温效率高;较好地保持了储粮的水分,平均水分变幅为-0.1%～0.0%,达到了保水通风的目的,提高了储粮的安全稳定性。     

新型节能储藏物冷却机在储粮控温中的应用

在夏季高温季节,利用QGL-15FA储藏物冷却机,采用负压通风补冷的方式处理大型房式仓房内"冷心热皮"的粮堆。结果表明:经过累计30多小时的冷却,使全仓平均粮温明显下降,特别是上层和粮堆四周靠墙体区域粮温下降显著,最高降幅达12.3℃,将最高粮温控制在25℃左右;降温后粮堆的平均温度梯度为1.25℃/m粮层厚度。冷却过程两仓平均能耗为0.291kW·h/℃·t,低于国家标准中冷却通风降温单位能耗,约为标准能耗的60%,达到了节能降耗的目的。冷却降温过程对粮堆水分影响较小,冷却后平均含水量仅增加0.1%。     

新型节能储藏物冷却机散热控温效果

应用新型节能储藏物冷却机对平房仓中的优质晚籼稻谷进行负压降温72h,能有效保水降温,增强储粮的稳定性。粮食温度最大降幅为13.9℃,平均降幅可达12.6℃;同时可以达到保水的效果;冷却机负压降温时的单位能耗为0.165kW.h/℃.t,仅为国家标准中冷却机通风降温单位能耗的33%,所以应用新型节能储藏物冷却机可以达到有效降温、节能减排、安全储藏的目的。     

三种机械通风降温方式能耗比较试验研究

选取三座同时期建造的同类型高大平房仓为试验仓房,对三个试验仓分别采取轴流风机通风、离心风机通风、轴流风机和混流风机配合通风三种方式进行试验,通过降温、保水、能耗、效益几方面的对比,得出轴流风机降温效果不理想;离心风机虽然降温效果好、速度快,但降温能耗大且不能保水;轴流风机与混流风机配合通风降温的效果好,能保水,同时能减少能耗,单位能耗比离心风机通风节能0.024 kW.h/℃.t,每吨粮食通风节约成本0.26元。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.