锯缘青蟹育苗过程中的病害及其防治措施

锯缘青蟹俗称青蟹,在人工育苗过程中,因育苗水体小,幼体密度大,各种饵料残余等因素,易使水质恶化,幼体易感染一些病害,笔者根据两年来锯缘青蟹育苗工作中的实践经验,总结出一套防治锯缘青蟹病害的有效方法。现将具体疾病预防措施及常见病害防治方法介绍如下:一、预防具体措施1.做好亲蟹和抱卵蟹的疾病预防工作亲蟹健壮是育苗的基本保障,只有健壮的亲蟹才能产出优质的受精卵。要得到体质健壮的蚤状幼体要做到以下两点:①选择体格健壮无病的膏蟹作亲蟹。②加强亲蟹、抱卵蟹的饲育管理。亲蟹、抱卵蟹的饵料要求口感好、营养丰富。抱卵蟹要单独…     

锯缘青蟹养殖常见病害及防治技术

<正>锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)俗称红(?),适应性强,生长快,经济价值高。是90年代末海水虾池经受了暴发性虾病危害后,虾农普遍认同的较好替代养殖品种。福建省漳州市海水虾池1666.67 hm~2,其中近1333.33 hm~2混养青蟹,近几     

锯缘青蟹育苗常见病害的防治

锯缘青蟹，俗称青蟹，是我国东南沿海海水养殖的主要品种。其肉质鲜美，卵巢更具美味，是名贵的海珍品之一，也是向海外活运远销创汇的海产品。近年来，对虾养殖业滑坡，经济效益每况愈下。而青蟹易养殖，东南沿海各省、市掀起了青蟹养殖高潮，青蟹苗种供不应求，天然苗种不稳定，价格高，而大量生产苗种十分困难，制约了青蟹养殖，其中一个主要原因就是育苗过程中病害多。笔者多年来从事青蟹育苗技术研究，在保证生物饵料的基础上，只要控制好青蟹育苗各阶段的病害，就完全可以生产大量的青蟹苗种。现将这些年来在青蟹育苗过程中防治病害的方法总结如下，供从事此类工作的同行参考。     

汕头市锯缘青蟹病害调查

通过对广东省汕头市海水池塘养殖锯缘青蟹的病害调查,发现病害的种类有：呼肠孤病毒病、弧菌病、黄斑病、黑鳃病、蟹奴、纤毛虫病、黄水病、芒病、饱水病、蜕壳不遂病、线虫病等。通过调查。掌握了青蟹病害发生流行的基本规律,确定了青蟹病害防治的基本方法。     

锯缘青蟹人工养殖技术

锯缘青蟹人工养殖技术张万隆（广西合浦县水产局５３６１００）锯缘青蟹ＳｃｙｌｌａＳｅｒｒａｔａ（Ｆｏｒｓｋａｌ），俗称青蟹，盛产于我国长江口以南沿海，自然海区最大个体２ｋｇ，是国内外著名的食用蟹。近年来，青蟹产区多数渔业衰退，青蟹市价猛增，国内市场膏蟹...     

锯缘青蟹养殖技术

青蟹具有生长快、个体大、抗病力强等优点．是继梭子蟹后又一新的养殖品种，现将养殖技术介绍如下：１ 池塘选择与改造 地塘纳水便利凋围无工业污染。面积１～５０亩（１０亩左右较适宜）．水深 １～１．５ ｍ。池底以沙底或砂泥底为宜。池内滩面平缓，有深０．５ｍ、宽２ｍ的环沟，能排干池水。池内放置人工鱼礁，为青蟹提供隐蔽场所．如石板、瓦片、水泥管等。池堤四周有４０～５０ ｃｍ高的防逃设施（如塑料薄膜）。２ 养殖方法２．１ 蟹苗放养 池塘必须提前清淤，并经曝晒。４月初带网纳水 ２０ ｃｍ（滩面全部覆盖），每亩用茶籽饼 ２ …     

锯缘青蟹人工育苗技术

一、青蟹的繁殖季节青蟹繁殖季节不同,主要与水温有关。在水温18°以上,其摄食、活动正常,性腺开始逐渐发育。在广东沿海天然海区或者养蟹池中,周年可见到卵巢成熟的青蟹。但是,一般的繁殖旺季是3~6月和9~10月。天气炎热季节或低温、盐度变化大时,卵巢成熟的青蟹较少见,这可能是因水温高、盐度低而影响到其卵巢发育。二、青蟹的交配雄蟹体重110克以上就有交配能力。青蟹交配是在雌蟹蜕壳后,新壳还没有硬化以前进行的。交配时间通常持续2~3天,交配完毕后,雄蟹还守候雌蟹一段时间,防止其他蟹侵害,直至雌蟹壳完全硬化才离开。通常青蟹交配一次…     

锯缘青蟹人工池塘精养技术及其病害防治

锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)俗称青蟹属，为甲壳纲、梭子蟹科、青蟹属动物。其生长快、适应性强、肉味鲜美、营养丰富，是我国重要的经济蟹类。     

锯缘青蟹全人工繁育技术研究

介绍了锯缘青蟹的全人工繁育技术。从亲蟹的强化培育人手提高青蟹抱卵率，2002年青蟹苗种生产中抱卵率为85％．单位水体最高出苗量为7000余只(2茬)／m^3，平均出苗量为1960只／m^3，共育成Ⅱ期幼蟹156．6万只，形成了北方地区锯缘青蟹全人人工工厂化育苗技术的完整体系。     

Apparent digestibility of some nutrient sources by juvenile mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forskal 1775)

As part of preliminary work aimed at the development of a formulated diet for the mud crab, Scylla serrata, an experiment was conducted with juvenile mud crabs (95.65±2.17 g) to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for cellulose, fish meal, shrimp meal, blood meal, soybean meal, wheat flour and cod liver oil. Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter (ADC_dm), energy (ADC_energy) and protein (ADC_protein) were in the ranges 70.0–95.7%, 77.4–97.1% and 57.7–97.9% respectively. Soybean meal had the highest ADC_dm and wheat flour had the lowest value (P<0.05), while the ADC_dm for fish meal, blood meal and shrimp meal were not different (P≥0.05). Similarly, soybean meal had the same ADC_energy as that of fish meal, but higher than those of cod liver oil, blood meal and shrimp meal (P<0.05). Moreover, the ADC_protein for blood meal or shrimp meal were not significantly different from fish meal (P≥0.05); nevertheless, they were lower than that of soybean meal and higher than that of wheat flour (P<0.05). Of significant interest was the ADC_dm (78.0%) and ADC_energy (77.4%) for cellulose, which indicates that plant‐based nutrient sources may well be a useful component of formulated diets for mud crabs.     

土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内的药物代谢和消除规律

采用高效液相色谱法检测土霉素,研究土霉素口灌给药途径下在锯缘青蟹体内的药代动力学。锯缘青蟹口灌给药土霉素50 mg/kg后,其血浆、肌肉和肝胰脏中的药峰浓度分别为16.78±1.98 mg/L、9.39±2.12μg/g和32.12±6.12μg/g,达峰时间分别为4 h、8 h和4 h。血浆中土霉素浓度-时间关系曲线符合一级吸收的二室开放动力学模型。土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内分布广泛,其表观分布容积(Vd)为2.129 L/kg;分布半衰期(t1/2α)和消除半衰期(t1/2β)分别为3.200 h和47.856 h,总体清除率(CLs)为0.063 mL/(kg.h)。肌肉和肝胰脏中土霉素浓度与时间关系的药动学参数采用统计矩原理分析,其消除半衰期(t1/2 z)分别为60.145 h和71.009 h,总体清除率(CLz)分别为0.054 g/(kg.h)和0.037 g/(kg.h)。土霉素在精巢和卵巢中达峰时间分别为8 h和12 h,峰浓度分别为9.83μg/g和10.26μg/g。给药后24 d时,血浆、肌肉、肝胰脏、精巢和卵巢中土霉素含量都已低于0.10μg/g。土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内消除比较缓慢。     

锯缘青蟹和三疣梭子蟹幼体饵料的研究

采用３种单细胞藻类，３种动物性饵料和４种人工饵料，分别喂养不同发育期的锯缘青蟹和三疣梭子蟹幼体，根据其变态速度和存活率比较各种饵料的饲喂效果。     

锯缘青蟹苗种培育的科技进展

锯缘青蟹是我国南方沿海各省传统养殖的海水蟹类,在当前农业产业结构调整中被列为主要发展品种之一。鉴于苗种是限制青蟹养殖业发展的主要因素,本文根据目前的研究现状对青蟹的种质、性成熟机制,产卵、孵化条件,幼体培育过程中营养条件、盐度、温度、光照、疾病等,以及从大眼幼体到仔蟹的中间培育技术等作了简要归纳,并对研究现状和进入产业化急需解决的问题进行了探讨。     

一株锯缘青蟹呼肠孤病毒的分离纯化及鉴定

在研究锯缘青蟹病害的过程中,从广东某养殖场分离到一株呼肠孤病毒(命名为SsRV)。病毒粒子为球状,直径约45 nm。病毒粒子基因组为12个节段的双链RNA;在1%琼脂糖电泳中SsRV基因组呈1/5/6带型,其分子量分别为3.8,2.5,2.4,2.0,1.9,1.8,1.3,1.2,1.1,1.1,1.0,1.0 kbp。根据病毒的宿主范围、基因组节段数及电泳型,此病毒很可能与地中海滨蟹呼肠孤病毒P和W 2共同构成呼肠孤病毒科一个新的属。     

Studies on pathogenicity and prevalence of white spot syndrome virus in mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forskal), in Zhejiang Province, China

Mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forskal), is the most commercially important marine crab species in China. In recent years, serious diseases have occurred in major mud crab culture regions in SE China. PCR detection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in diseased mud crabs collected from Zhejiang Province during 2006–2008 showed a prevalence of 34.82%. To study the pathogenicity of WSSV to mud crab, healthy mud crabs were injected intramuscularly with serial 10‐fold dilutions of a WSSV inoculum. The cumulative mortalities in groups challenged with 10^?1, 10^?2, 10^?3 and 10^?4 dilutions were 100%, 100%, 66.7% and 38.9% at 10 days post‐injection, respectively. All moribund and dead mud crabs except the control group were positive for WSSV by PCR. Based on the viral load of the WSSV inoculum by quantitative real‐time PCR, the median lethal dose (LD50) of WSSV in S. serrata was calculated as 1.10 × 10⁶ virus copies/crab, or 7.34 × 10³ virus copies g^?1 crab weight. The phenoloxidase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in haemolymph of WSSV‐infected moribund crabs, were significantly lower than the control group, whereas alkaline phosphatase, glutamate‐pyruvate transaminase and glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase were higher than in the control group. WSSV was mainly distributed in gills, subcuticular epithelia, heart, intestine and stomach as shown by immunohistochemical analysis with Mabs against WSSV. The epithelial cells of infected gill showed hypertrophied nuclei with basophilic inclusions. Numerous bacilliform virus particles were observed in nuclei of infected gill cells by transmission electron microscopy. It is concluded that WSSV is a major pathogen of mud crab with high pathogenicity.     

锯缘青蟹蜕皮抑制激素cDNA的分子克隆及其表达分析

根据近缘种类同源序列设计简并引物,采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT—PCR)技术,首次扩增获得锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)眼柄组织中编码蜕皮抑制激素(MIH)成熟肽全长cDNA序列及部分信号肽序列。将该序列克隆到pUCm—T载体上进行序列测定。结果表明,编码锯缘青蟹MIH成熟肽的cDNA由234个碱基组成,由此推测MIH成熟肽含78个氨基酸残基。该序列不仅与其它短尾类甲壳动物的MIH氨基酸序列具有高度的同源性(79％～9l％),还与该激素同一家族的性腺抑制激素、大颚器抑制激素的氨基酸序列具有较高的相似性。RNA斑点杂交结果显示,MIH基因在眼柄神经节及脑组织中均有表达,而在肌肉、中肠腺中不表达。     

Acute toxicity of nitrite to mud crab Scylla serrata (Forsskål) larvae

Early larval stages of mud crab Scylla serrata were exposed to different concentrations of nitrite (40, 80 and 160 mg L⁻¹ and a control, without added nitrite) and three salinity levels (25, 30 and 35 g L⁻¹) using a static renewal method. No interactive effect of nitrite and salinity was detected. Estimated LT₅₀ in 96‐h toxicity tests decreased in all stages with increasing nitrite concentrations in all salinity levels. The 96‐h LC₅₀ values of nitrite‐N were 41.58, 63.04, 25.54, 29.98 and 69.93 mg L⁻¹ for zoea 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. As the larvae grew, they showed a progressive increase in tolerance to nitrite. The toxicity of nitrite to larvae increased with exposure time. The median lethal concentration was not affected by salinity. The chloride component of salinity within 25–35 g L⁻¹ did not seem to be as effective in alleviating toxicity as has been reported in other crustacean species. Based on 96‐h LC₅₀ and an application factor of 0.1, the ‘safe level’ of rearing mud crab larvae was calculated to be 4.16, 6.30, 2.55, 2.99 and 6.99 mg L⁻¹ nitrite‐N for zoea 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.     

锯缘青蟹促雄腺进行全浆分泌的证据

采用透射电镜技术，对锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)促雄腺细胞的分泌活动进行了观察。结果表明，腺细胞具有2种类型：A型细胞核内常染色质丰富，具有大量的扁平嵴的线粒体、粗面内质网与核糖体，A型细胞进行分泌时，细胞质大量排出，属于全浆分泌方式；B型细胞异染色质绕核内膜分布，仅见极少量的细胞器或细胞质完全消失。B型细胞为A型细胞完成分泌后的存在形式。本研究为甲壳动物促雄腺的全浆分泌活动提供了直接的证据。     

锯缘青蟹促雄腺和胸腹神经团的直接联系

采用组织学、扫描电镜方法对锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)促雄腺和胸腹神经团之间的关系进行观察。结果表明，射精管末端存在促雄腺，促雄腺和胸神经团来源的支配第五步足(即游泳足)的神经紧密相连。该神经在游泳足基部的肌肉内部紧贴射精管并行，其分支支配着射精管周围肌肉，可能也是控制精荚排放的神经。本研究可为促雄腺对性别控制的机制及蟹类精荚电促排的深入研究提供理论依据。