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<正>青饲玉米机械化收获技术就是利用青饲收获机械将青饲玉米切碎、挤压和揉搓后装入密闭的容器内,在厌氧条件下,靠乳酸发酵而制成可长期保存的饲料。在发达国家,玉米秸秆青饲收获机械已经有将近100年的发展历史,种类齐全,配套性能高,可实现玉米秸秆青贮饲料收获的全程机械化。由于机械化水平较高,发达国家的玉米秸秆几乎达到100%的再利用(秸秆还田部分除外),玉米青贮饲料早已成为饲养奶牛、肉牛的强化饲料。我国玉米秸秆青饲收获机械的真正 相似文献
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玉米是供作饲料为主的粮、经、饲兼用作物,玉米秸秆也是工、农业生产的重要生产资源。作为一种资源,玉米秸秆含有丰富的营养和可利用的化学成分,可用作畜牧业饲料的原料。长期以来,玉米秸秆就是牲畜的主要粗饲料的原料之一。有关化验结果表明,玉米秸秆含有30%以上的碳水化合物、2% ̄4%的蛋白质和0.5% ̄1%的脂肪,既可青贮,也可直接饲喂。就食草动物而言,2kg的玉米秸秆增重净能相当于1kg的玉米籽粒,特别是经青贮、黄贮、氨化及糖化等处理后,可提高利用率,效益将更可观。据研究分析,玉米秸秆中所含的消化能为2235.8kJ/kg,且营养丰富,总能量与牧草相当。对玉米秸秆进行精细加工处理,制作成高营养牲畜饲料,不仅有利于发展畜牧业,而且通过秸秆过腹还田,更具有良好的生态效益和经济效益。玉米秸秆饲料加工技术是采用机械工程、生物和化学等技术手段,完成从玉米秸秆的收获、饲料加工、贮藏、运输、饲喂等过程的技术。近年来,随着我国畜牧业的快速发展,秸秆饲料加工新技术也层出不穷。玉米秸秆除了作为饲料直接饲喂外,现在有物理、化学、生物等方面的多种加工技术在实际中得以推广应用,实现了集中规模化加工,开拓了饲料利用的新途径。 相似文献
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本文从秸秆的特性及秸秆处理机理,着重阐述了通过物理、化学和生物方法来提高秸秆的饲用价值,并介绍了几种我国目前应用较普遍的几种处理秸秆的方法。提出:在我国目前应加紧研制生产小型秸秆调制机;在有些地方建立工业化生产基地,以及大力推广应用氨化处理技术,充分利用农业秸秆发展饲料生产,为畜牧业的发展提供充足的饲料资源。农业生产可以产生出大量的副产品,这些副产品经过适当的加工处理,应用到畜牧业生产中,是不可忽视的潜在饲料资源。目前我国的农业副产品数目可观,其中秸秆每年就有6~7亿多吨,但真正应用于畜牧业生产的却微乎甚微,大部分秸秆被废弃或被烧掉,造成极大浪费,如何利用这部分有机物质具有很大的经济意义。 相似文献
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玉米是我国农业生产主要的种植作物,其在生产中也会产生大量的秸秆。玉米秸秆中含有丰富营养以及碳、氮、磷、钾等可利用化学成分,其中碳水化合物占30%以上,有机质含量平均为15%,蛋白质和脂肪也占有一定比例,基本组织构成以纤维素、中纤维素和木质素为主。玉米秸秆的这些生物学特性使其具备了作为肥料、饲料、深加工原料和生物质燃料等原料的多种利用价值,是可以开发利用的宝贵资源。近年来,玉米秸秆被广泛应用于还田、饲料加工、原料深加工(造纸、板材加工、生产可降解制品、栽培食用菌等)、生物质能源利用(直燃发电、固化燃料、气化燃料等)等。 相似文献
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秸秆是取之不尽、用之不竭的新型可再生能源。秸秆是重要的生物质资源,制成颗粒,可用作饲料或燃料。据相关资料介绍,秸秆蛋白质含量约5%,纤维素含量在30%左右,还含有一定量的钙、磷等矿物质,1 t普通秸秆的营养价值平均与0.25 t粮食的营养价值相当。每生产1 t玉米可产2 t秸秆,每生产1 t稻谷和小麦可产1 t秸秆。通过对秸秆进行高压高温处理,使秸秆熟化,消毒灭菌,改善秸秆的适口性,提高秸秆的消化吸收率,提高秸秆饲料的营养水平。 相似文献
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指出了玉米秸秆饲草机械加工技术是一种物理处理方法,详细介绍了玉米秸秆粉碎加工技术、铡切加工技术、揉搓加工技术、饲料压块技术、饲料压粒(制粒)技术. 相似文献
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《Agricultural Systems》2002,71(1-2):59-73
Feed resources and nutrition constitute the principal technical constraints to ruminant production in Asia. Four main categories of feed resources are potentially available for use in smallholder crop–animal systems. These are pastures (native and improved grasses, herbaceous legumes and multi-purpose trees), crop residues, agro-industrial by-products (AIBPs), and non-conventional feed resources (NCFRs). Priorities for the use of crop residues in terms of nutrient potential and animal species are indicated. Of the technologies developed to improve the nutritive value of crop residues, more attention has been given to chemical treatment of cereal straws than to supplementation. However, a failure to demonstrate cost-effectiveness has discouraged on-farm adoption. The production of fodder from food crop systems and the establishment of multi-purpose trees and shrubs are potentially important for insuring adequate feed supplies for ruminants and improving soil fertility, but there has been limited adoption on small farms to date. Equally, there is significant potential for the more effective use of locally-produced AIBPs and NCFRs, all of which are under-utilised currently. 相似文献
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The concepts, essential features and numerical inputs used in developing a dynamic simulation model of the ruminant digestive system are presented. A major objective was to develop a model that could be used in the analysis of factors which determine the nutritive value of feeds.The model comprises fourteen interactive sub-units which accommodate digestion of twelve chemical constituents (soluble carbohydrate, organic acids, starch, pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose, lipids, soluble protein, insoluble protein, non-protein nitrogen, lignin and ash), a central sub-unit which includes microbial growth and a sub-unit in which summary computations are performed.Evaluations of model behaviour were made largely by varying the intake level and feeding frequency of a reference lucerne chaff diet to a 40 kg sheep. These indicated that the concepts introduced are valid and appropriate elements of a model to be used for evaluating the biochemical, microbial, physiological, physical and chemical attributes of feeds and of ruminant animals that determine nutritive value.Two elements of the model were shown to be inadequate: factors regulating the rate of passage of material out of the rumen and factors influencing microbial growth on low nitrogen diets. Thus, additional concepts must be introduced into the model before the nutritive values of a wide range of feeds can be accurately predicted.It was concluded that within the above limitations the model is suitable for testing hypotheses concerned with aspects of ruminant digestion that might cause variations in nutritive value. 相似文献
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Systems analysis techniques were used to compare two selected maize stover systems with a conventional maize silage system for growing beef cattle. All systems were based on a 200 ha integrated farm currently utilizing 160 ha for a cash crop grain maize enterprise and 40 ha of maize silage for a cattle growing operation. The conventional maize silage system fed 423 cattle for an average gain of 160 kg liveweight per animal. Alternative systems fed an equal number of cattle and produced an equal gain per animal. One alternative (ammoniated system) involved harvesting wet maize stover with a forage harvester immediately after grain maize harvest and subsequent treatment with ammonia (4% dry matter basis) at storage. A second alternative (separated system) was designed to harvest and store mature whole-plant maize silage (50–55% H2O) followed by separation into grain and stover fractions at feeding time. Cost per steer for the growing period was calculated using a cost simulation model for each system. The separated system had a lower mean cost per steer, while the ammoniated system had a slightly higher cost per steer than the conventional maize silage system, Can. $189, Can. $197 and Can. $195, respectively. Break-even shelled maize prices, representing the shelled maize price at which each alternative system had an equivalent cost per steer to the conventional system, were calculated. Break-even shelled maize prices were Can. $122 and Can. $140 t?1 for the separated stover and ammoniated stover systems, respectively. The estimated reduction in cost per steer would appear to make the separated stover system feasible even at moderate shelled maize prices. 相似文献
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玉米秸秆本身营养成分含量低,需作为粗饲料和其它饲料混合生产全混合日粮或经黄贮等技术工艺改善其品质。为在利用和改善处理过程中对其营养成分含量进行实时检测,采用217个玉米秸秆样品,利用优化后的近红外在线光谱采集系统,探索了利用近红外光谱技术在线检测玉米秸秆水分、粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维和可溶性糖等营养成分含量的可行性。研究结果表明利用近红外光谱技术可以实现对玉米秸秆饲料营养成分的定量分析。水分、粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、可溶性糖含量模型的相对标准偏差和相对分析误差分别为9.03%和1.97、11.36%和2.31、3.75%和2.02、16.18%和3.61。 相似文献
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沙棘枝叶和果实富含蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸、维生素C等营养成分,实践证明沙棘是很好饲料资源。本文通过对沙棘枝叶果实作为饲料原料与普通饲料的评价指标对比分析,验证沙棘具有良好的饲料价值,为沙棘饲料利用与开发提供一定的科学依据。 相似文献
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玉米秸秆水解液脱毒处理发酵生产酒精研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了找到适宜的玉米秸秆生产酒精工艺,采用水热处理后的玉米秸秆固体与水解液进行酒精同步糖化发酵,研究了预水解后不同pH值以及饱和生石灰法脱毒相结合对酒精发酵的影响。结果表明:当pH值在4.8时,加入100%水解液,由于抑制作用,醪液中酒精质量浓度仅为0.31 g/L(酒精得率9.48%)。预水解后将pH值从4.8分别调整到5.5、6.0和6.5后,酒精得率都有明显提高,最高为pH值5.5时,酒精质量浓度为10.67 g/L。将水解液经过饱和生石灰法脱毒处理,预水解后重新将pH值调整为5.5,酒精质量浓度达到了10.96 g/L(酒精得率57.9%)。与初始pH值4.8时相比,酒精得率提高了近6倍。 相似文献
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玉米播种与测控技术研究进展 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
目前,我国玉米播种作业处于机械化水平较高、智能化水平较低的状态,主要表现为"播种机是播种的主体,而人是播种质量监控的主体"。要改变这一模式,必须在播种作业中充分采用智能化技术,最大程度代替人的作用。玉米播种包括排种、投种、着床3个过程,本文围绕这一过程,阐述了玉米播种与测控技术的工作原理、技术特点及发展动态。在分析归纳各项播种技术优缺点的基础上,对比国内外玉米精密播种技术的发展现状、差距,并结合精准农业背景下对玉米播种技术提出的要求,展望了我国玉米播种技术的发展趋势。 相似文献
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植株叶片中叶绿素浓度的高低与植株进行的光合作用效率、植株的整体生长状况息息相关,在农业生产过程中,常常根据叶片中叶绿素含量(SPAD)的多少来精确的判断植物的生长状态,也是控制植株长势的依据。传统的叶绿素含量检测方式分光光度法,存在耗时长、步骤多、操作要求高等问题,而采用计算机视觉技术处理图像的过程更加准确、高效,不会像人眼分析时受到主观因素的影响导致偏差。为此,基于计算机视觉技术来检测玉米叶片中叶绿素含量,利用扫描仪采集玉米叶片的图像,将图像输送至计算机,然后通过软件处理图像,分割出图像中有效像素的颜色特征值,将特征值转换就可以得到玉米叶片中叶绿素。试验结果显示:利用计算机视觉技术可以准确地测定玉米叶片中叶绿素含量,进而进行合理施肥,避免浪费,对增加玉米的产量具有极大的价值。 相似文献
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大豆营养价值极高,对其进行磨浆,利用乳酸菌发酵,可以得到具有风味和营养的发酵制品——酸豆乳。介绍酸豆乳的生产工艺,分析酸豆乳生产过程中的存在的问题,并提出解决方法,为优化酸豆乳生产工艺以及提高产品质量提供借鉴。 相似文献