应用热扩散技术对红松人工林树干液流通量的研究

以黑龙江帽儿山森林生态定位研究站42年生红松人工林为研究对象,选择有代表性的优势木、中等木和被压木各3株,2004年5月29日-10月30日应用热扩散技术对不同径级红松树干液流进行测定,并同步测定相关的主要环境因子.通过生长锥获得不同径级红松边材宽度,建立边材面积与胸径的关系方程A＝8.032DBH-46.95(R2=0.82,P＜0.001).结果表明:晴天红松树干液流呈明显的单峰曲线,最大值一般出现在12:00-14:00,且优势木＞中等木＞被压木;而在阴雨天呈不规则曲线,最大值的出现没有规律,夜间也不同程度地出现液流,且优势木、中等木和被压木之间液流密度的差异缩小.日液流通量随着生长季节的进程基本呈现减小的趋势,且优势木＞中等木＞被压木.相关分析和逐步回归表明,影响生长季红松树干液流的主要环境因子为蒸汽压亏缺和光合有效辐射.由液流通量和边材面积的推算获得,被测红松人工林边材面积为89 436.94 cm2·hm-2,生长季蒸腾耗水量为678.95 t·hm-2;其中优势木、中等木和被压木分别占整个林分耗水量的54.83%、35.68%和9.48%.优势木、中等木和被压木在生长季的日总蒸腾量分别为0.06～1.42、0.014～0.83和0.017～0.25 t.     

黄土高原半干旱区辽东栎的树干液流动态

利用Granier树干液流测定系统,长期监测黄土高原半干旱区延安市南郊天然辽东栎林优势木的树干液流,并同步监测环境因子(空气温度、湿度、太阳辐射、土壤含水量)。分析3株优势木边材液流在生长季内各月份的日变化特征以及液流通量密度与环境因子的关系。结果显示:辽东栎液流日变化总体上与太阳辐射和空气水气压亏缺呈相同趋势,但液流峰值出现时间较早,通常为10:00左右。随着生长季内物候变化,液流通量密度总体表现为前期(4—6月)较低、中后期(7—9月)较高、末期(10月)迅速下降的变化趋势。采用指数饱和曲线函数对液流通量密度和空气水气压亏缺进行拟合,有效地反映了各月份液流通量密度对空气水气压亏缺的响应特征。各月份的曲线特征和拟合参数的差异表明,蒸腾耗水过程也受到土壤水分状况等其他因素的影响。     

木荷树干液流的密度特征

树干液流在微时空尺度上具有较大的变异性,尺度扩展过程中又极易引起误差,而有些环境因子则是在较大空间尺度上发生变化,容易降低液流密度研究结果的可靠性。引入单位面积液流日累积量(Qa)和液流密度峰值(Jsmax)这2个参数,根据树高和胸径划分不同优势度,研究木荷树干液流时空动态特征及与环境因子的关系,探讨液流密度研究更合理的方法。结果表明:2007年9月到2008年4月木荷优势木、中等木和劣势木液流日进程均呈现单峰格型,根据树高划分优势度等级的木荷中等木平均液流密度要略大于优势木,劣势木的平均液流密度远远低于优势木和中等木;而根据胸径划分优势度等级的木荷优势木液流大于中等木,中等木液流大于劣势木;光合有效辐射是影响优势木和中等木液流密度的主要环境因子,劣势木液流密度主要受气温影响;在干旱胁迫下,土壤含水量对优势木和中等木液流密度瞬时变化的影响比劣势木显著;总体而言,土壤湿度对液流瞬时值影响不大,但显著影响大时间尺度上优势木液流累积量的变化。按树高划分的木荷等级对环境因子的响应更敏感,而按胸径划分的木荷等级显示树形因子对液流的影响不可忽略。根据研究的需求不同,按树高或胸径分级各有优势。     

兴安落叶松天然林不同分化等级林木树干液流对综合环境因子的响应

[目的]以大兴安岭北部典型寒温带针叶林优势建群树种兴安落叶松为对象,分析不同分化等级林木树干液流对环境因子的综合响应,构建不同分化等级林木树干液流模型。[方法]利用热扩散式液流监测系统和通量塔的梯度气象系统连续监测树干液流及环境因子的变化。[结果]表明:1)观测期间,优势木具有较强的蒸腾能力,其平均液流密度分别为中等木和被压木的1.9倍、2.5倍。总体上,分化程度越高的林木日树干液流持续时间越长,液流密度峰值出现时间越早,液流密度的峰值也越高。2)利用主成分分析将降雨、净辐射、空气温度、空气湿度、风速、土壤温度、土壤含水量和水汽压亏缺降维为蒸发需求因子(EDI)、土壤水热因子和降水因子。EDI(与净辐射、温湿度、水汽压亏缺显著相关)是影响该地区林木树干液流的关键环境要素,其携带环境数据信息量的45%;土壤水热因子和降水因子分别携带20%和13%。3)各分化等级林木树干液流密度对EDI呈顺时针时滞,对净辐射和水汽压亏缺则分别呈逆时针、顺时针时滞,且EDI的时滞效应明显较小。不同分化等级林木液流密度对EDI和水汽压亏缺的时滞表现一致,对净辐射的时滞则以优势木最小。4)各分化等级林木树干液流密度对EDI的响应均符合"S"型模型,即液流升高到阈值后,不再随蒸发需求的增加而增大。模型中,中等木(0.458)和被压木(0.457)的过渡斜率略高于优势木(0.443),表明优势木树干液流对环境因子的敏感性略低。该模型对不同分化等级林木液流密度的模拟精度均在90%以上,考虑EDI的时滞效应或引入土壤水热因子、降水因子对模型精度的影响较小。[结论]兴安落叶松树干液流对综合环境因子存在较强的响应性,且在不同分化等级间存在差异;利用"S"模型和综合环境因子可有效估算不同分化等级兴安落叶松的树干液流。     

东北东部山区主要树种树干液流研究

选择相同年龄(1 2年生)、起源(实生)和立地条件下的东北东部山区主要树种水曲柳、紫椴、蒙古栎、核桃楸、黄菠萝和红松幼树,采用ICT - 2 0 0 0TE自动监测系统同步测定其树干液流密度、耗水量及其主要环境因子。在生长季晴天,各树种的树干液流密度日变化基本呈单峰曲线(但黄菠萝有3次为双峰曲线) ,日峰值主要出现在1 0 :0 0—1 4 :0 0。黄菠萝、红松、紫椴、水曲柳、蒙古栎和核桃楸最大树干液流密度分别为2 34 0 0、2 86 2 1、5 0 7 93、5 1 6 36、6 2 5 93、94 5 83cm3·cm- 2 h- 1 。除黄菠萝之外,树干液流密度日变化主要受光合有效辐射(PAR)和蒸汽压亏缺(VPD)的影响,它们对树干液流变异的贡献率波动在6 0 %～74 %。整个生长季中核桃楸、紫椴、水曲柳、红松、黄菠萝和蒙古栎的耗水量分别为384 0、2 82 0、2 71 0、2 1 2 0、1 4 70和1 390kg·株- 1 。     

山西太岳山油松林木非生长季树干液流研究

2009年9月到2010年3月,在山西沁源县灵空山林场建设观测塔,用TDP探针对塔周围的不同胸径的ll棵油松林木在非生长季的树干液流速率及环境因子进行连续监测,研究油松林木树干液流变化规律。结果表明：非生长季的油松树干液流并没有停滞,正午的峰值逐渐消失,液流主要在夜间进行,最大值为16．11cm·h^-1,最小值为5．109×10^-5cm·h^-1,平均值为3．29cm·h^-1。在属于生长季末期的10月,不时有和生长季相同的单峰曲线出现,11月下旬后,白天和夜间的树干液流并无明显差异,趋于平稳。阴天则无峰或多峰。影响油松树干液流的环境因子主要有光合有效辐射、空气温度和相对湿度,三者都与液流速率既有显著正相关关系,又有显著负相关关系。土壤湿度与油松树干液流速率呈正相关关系。与太岳山生态站2005年所做的油松林木夏季的树干液流速率研究成果相结合,可以比较完整地反映油松林木树干液流速率全年的变化规律。     

兴安落叶松天然林分级木生长特性分析

本文通过设置样地,作树干解析,阐明了兴安落叶松天然林分级木(优势木、平均木、被压木)生长特性,并分析了分级木生长特性与林分因子和立地因子的关系.结果表明,兴安落叶松分级木在不同年龄阶段有相互转换现象,其转换率38.9%,其中,平均木转换率占50%,优势木和被压木转换率均33.3%.分级木从优势木转平均木和平均木转被压木的转换率最高,相反方向则低.优势木转被压木和被压木转优势木的转换率最低;随着林分密度和林分中落叶松比例增加,分级木相互转换数也增多;分级木转换现象主要集中在海拔＜1 000 m、坡度＜25°、坡向为阳坡、坡位为中下、土壤厚度＞17 cm的林分中;被压木中,无转换的占66.7%,抚育采伐时应考虑伐除这些被压木.     

沙地赤松树干边材液流速率的方位特征研究

[目的]确定优良固沙树种沙地赤松(Pinus densiflora)树干边材液流速率(J_s)方位变化规律,探讨环境因素对方位差异的影响。[方法]采用热扩散式树干液流计(TDP)连续监测树干液流并同步监测环境因素,比较分析不同方位树干液流速率的差异、季节动态及与降水、土壤体积含水率(θ)、太阳辐射强度(R_s)间的关系。[结果]表明:(1)在赤松树干东、南、西、北4个方位上,J_s的日变化与季节变化均呈现出基本一致的格局,且均与R_s间表现出紧密的协同变化关系;(2)在中等强度干旱和极端干旱情况下,各方位边材J_s均同步受到明显抑制,在土壤水分得到充分补充后又快速回升;(3)在典型晴日里,树干各方位边材J_s其午间峰值出现的时刻有差异,呈从早到晚分别是东侧、南侧、西侧、北侧这种顺时针的方位规律;(4)在整个生长季,J_s的日平均值大小一般为南侧西侧北侧东侧,但方位间差异并不显著(P=0.35),北侧J_s的平均值最接近4个方位的平均值(约为平均值的1.01倍)。[结论]为降低观测成本,通过北侧一个方位的测定来估算赤松单株的液流通量具有较好的可靠性;影响赤松各方位液流过程明显变化的θ的阈值为7.5%。     

四川桤木树干液流规律研究

用热脉冲速度记录仪（Heat Pulse Velocity Recorder ,简称 HPVR）研究了14年生四川桤木树干液流的特点,并用Campbell自动气象站同步监测环境因子研究了树干液流与环境因子的关系,结果表明：四川桤木的单位面积的年液流通量为11．107kg/cm2;夜间有上升液流,可能存在根压;四川桤木的树干液流在春季是单峰曲线,在夏季是一条双峰曲线,有“午休”现象;四川桤木的树干液流与太阳辐射、温度有较好的生态学同步性。     

刺槐春夏季树干液流变化规律

用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)于4-8月对刺槐树干液流进行连续观测,结果表明:刺槐边材液流速率日变化呈宽峰曲线,每日6:50左右启动,13:00左右达到峰值,19:30左右开始迅速下降,没有明显的液流停止界限,夜间有较高的液流存在;夏季液流每天启动的时间早于春季10min左右,达到峰值的时间早于春季1h左右,迅速下降的时间晚于春季1h左右,即夏季液流高峰维持的时间长于春季,但是夏季的峰值、日平均液流速率和液流通量小于春季;树干液流速率与直径关系不大,但日周期单木耗水量随树干直径的增大而增加,与树干直径和边材面积相关显著,相关系数分别为0.983和0.999.     

Diurnal and seasonal variability in radial distribution of sap flux density: Implications for estimating stand transpiration

Daily and seasonal patterns in radial distribution of sap flux density were monitored in six trees differing in social position in a mixed coniferous stand dominated by silver fir (Abies alba Miller) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) in the Alps of northeastern Italy. Radial distribution of sap flux was measured with arrays of 1-cm-long Granier probes. The radial profiles were either Gaussian or decreased monotonically toward the tree center, and seemed to be related to social position and crown distribution of the trees. The ratio between sap flux estimated with the most external sensor and the mean flux, weighted with the corresponding annulus areas, was used as a correction factor (CF) to express diurnal and seasonal radial variation in sap flow. During sunny days, the diurnal radial profile of sap flux changed with time and accumulated photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), with an increasing contribution of sap flux in the inner sapwood during the day. Seasonally, the contribution of sap flux in the inner xylem increased with daily cumulative PAR and the variation of CF was proportional to the tree diameter, ranging from 29% for suppressed trees up to 300% for dominant trees. Two models were developed, relating CF with PAR and tree diameter at breast height (DBH), to correct daily and seasonal estimates of whole-tree and stand sap flow obtained by assuming uniform sap flux density over the sapwood. If the variability in the radial profile of sap flux density was not accounted for, total stand transpiration would be overestimated by 32% during sunny days and 40% for the entire season.     

西藏两种杨树光合特性及其释氧价值评估

采用Li-Cor-6400光合仪对藏川杨和北京杨的日光合特性进行测定,结果表明：藏川杨和北京杨的日光合进程均表现为双峰曲线,藏川杨与北京杨的净光合速率日变化最大峰值均在14：00出现,分别为16.62μmol/（m^2·s）和15.52μmol/（m^2·s）;两种杨树的蒸腾速率日变化均呈单峰曲线,峰值均出现在12：00,藏川杨峰值为8.47 mmol/（m^2·s）,北京杨峰值是8.74 mmol/（m^2·s）;单株藏川杨的年释氧生态价值高于北京杨,分别为348元和210元。     

基于热消散技术的毛竹林蒸腾耗水估算

【目的】试验不同长度热消散探针(TDP)测量毛竹液流的可行性,分析年龄对立竹液流的影响,并据此对立竹液流进行尺度扩展,估算桂北毛竹林的蒸腾耗水,为区域毛竹林的生态水文效应研究和指导关键生态功能区植被结构调整提供依据。【方法】显微镜观察毛竹输水结构在竹壁上的径向分布。基于热消散方法,用5 mm和10 mm长度的TDP探针对1～2年生立竹和3龄以上立竹的基部液流进行连续测量,并同步测定环境因子。【结果】维管束在毛竹竹壁上不均匀分布,竹壁外侧维管束小而密,导管分化不完全,竹壁内侧维管束大而疏,导管分化完全,直径较大。10 mm TDP探针测得的液流密度显著高于5 mm探针,其平均液流密度是5 mm探针的4.03倍。在生长旺季的7月,基于10 mm TDP探针测量的1～2年生立竹正午液流密度显著高于3龄以上立竹,而在早上和傍晚二者基本相同。1～2年生立竹液流的平均日通量在测量生长季内均高于3龄以上立竹,二者的平均日液流通量分别为51.15和33.80 g·cm^-2 d^-1。以立竹年龄和基径作为液流尺度扩展依据估测的桂北毛竹林日蒸腾耗水量在观测生长季内为0.01～0.72 mm·d^-1,平均日蒸腾耗水量为0.31 mm·d^-1。【结论】10 mm长度的TDP探针较5 mm探针更适宜用于毛竹液流的测量。1～2年生立竹比3龄以上立竹具有更高的液流密度和日液流通量,因此年龄是毛竹液流由立竹到林分尺度扩展时除立竹直径外另一个必须要考虑的因素。     

Functional convergence in hydraulic architecture and water relations of tropical savanna trees: from leaf to whole plant

Functional convergence in hydraulic architecture and water relations, and potential trade-offs in resource allocation were investigated in six dominant neotropical savanna tree species from central Brazil during the peak of the dry season. Common relationships between wood density and several aspects of plant water relations and hydraulic architecture were observed. All species and individuals shared the same negative exponential relationship between sapwood saturated water content and wood density. Wood density was a good predictor of minimum (midday) leaf water potential and total daily transpiration, both of which decreased linearly with increasing wood density for all individuals and species. With respect to hydraulic architecture, specific and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity decreased and the leaf:sapwood area ratio increased more than 5-fold as wood density increased from 0.37 to 0.71 g cm(-3) for all individuals and species. Wood density was also a good predictor of the temporal dynamics of water flow in stems, with the time of onset of sap flow in the morning and the maximum sap flow tending to occur progressively earlier in the day as wood density increased. Leaf properties associated with wood density included stomatal conductance, specific leaf area, and osmotic potential at the turgor loss point, which decreased linearly with increasing wood density. Wood density increased linearly with decreasing bulk soil water potential experienced by individual plants during the dry season, suggesting that wood density was greatest in individuals with mostly shallow roots, and therefore limited access to more abundant soil water at greater depths. Despite their taxonomic diversity and large intrapopulation differences in architectural traits, the six co-occurring species and their individuals shared similar functional relationships between all pairs of variables studied. Thus, rather than differing intrinsically in physiological responsiveness, the species and the individuals appeared to have distinct operating ranges along common physiological response curves dictated by plant architectural and structural features. The patterns of water uptake and access to soil water during the dry season appeared to be the main determinant of wood density, which constrained evolutionary options related to plant water economy and hydraulic architecture, leading to functional convergence in the neotropical savanna trees studied.     

木麻黄南北方位边材液流季节动态及其对蒸腾耗水测算的影响

利用TDP径流计对福建沿海木麻黄南北方位的边材液流动态进行长期监测，并同步检测空气温湿度、太阳辐射等环境因子，分析南北方位液流速率的相互关系、对蒸腾耗水量测算的影响以及与环境因子的关系。结果显示，木麻黄南北2个方位测得的液流速率存在显著差异和线性相关。木麻黄生长季（5～10月）内单株蒸腾耗水量与日总太阳辐射和昼间平均空气水汽压亏缺的指数饱和曲线拟合效果较好。采用单方位树干液流速率测算的整株蒸腾耗水量与2个方位的测算值相差18．19％。     

Estimating water use of a black locust plantation by the thermal dissipation probe method in the semiarid region of Loess Plateau, China

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is a major reforestation species in the semiarid region in the Loess Plateau of China. There has been increasing concern about the sustainability of the plantations because of their possible high water-use. This study was, accordingly, undertaken to quantify the stand-scale water use of a middle-aged black locust plantation in the region. The thermal dissipation probe method was applied to 27 trees to measure sap flux densities in an experimental plot during the growing season of 2008. The monoculture stand has a basal area of 23.3 m² ha^?1 and a maximum plant area index (PAI) of 2.89. Sapwood areas were estimated by use of a regressive relationship with the diameter at breast height (DBH) for scaling up of stand transpiration. The results showed that DBH could be a good predictor of sapwood area of individual trees. The diurnal cycles of average sap flux densities differed among DBH classes. Daily transpiration can be predicted from mean daily daytime vapor pressure deficit (VPD_m) using a fitted exponential saturation model. Model variables were different among seasons, probably owing to different soil water conditions and leaf phenology. By using the derived model for each month, stand canopy transpiration over the growing season was estimated to be 73.8 mm, with an average daily value of 0.41 mm day^?1 and a maximum of 0.89 mm day^?1. The relatively small estimates of stand transpiration might be attributed to low PAI and sap wood area of the middle-aged stand.     

干热河谷大叶相思树干液流季节动态及其与气象因子的关系

应用热扩散式探针法(TDP)对干热河谷主要造林树种大叶相思的树干液流进行了湿季(7-8月)和干季(1-3月)典型月连续监测,并结合自动气象站对周围气象要素进行同步测定,据此分析液流速率的昼夜、季节变化规律及其与气象因子的关系.结果显示:(1)无论是干季还是湿季,大叶相思树干液流均表现出明显的昼夜变化规律,即呈现“昼高夜低”典型的液流单峰曲线;(2)树干南面液流速率均高于北面,干季南、北方位液流速率最大相差0.0037 cm· s-1,湿季最大相差0.0014cm·s-1;(3)干、湿季液流平均值和最大值具显著差异,湿季树干液流速率平均值和峰值约为干季的2.8倍和2.5倍;(4)大叶相思树干液流速率与光合辐射强度、水汽压亏缺、大气温度、风速呈极显著的正相关关系,而与相对湿度呈极显著负相关关系,按相关程度排序为光合辐射强度＞大气温度＞水汽压亏缺＞相对湿度＞风速,其中,光合有效辐射、相对湿度、水汽压亏缺是影响液流速率的主导因子.     

Radial distribution of sap flux density in trunks of a mature beech stand

In a mature beech stand located in north-eastern Germany, xylem sap flux measurements were continuously performed during the 2002–2004 growing seasons. Ten representative trunks were studied using heated thermal dissipation probes. The measurements aimed at identifying principles governing radial profiles of xylem flux in beech trunks. The measurements were taken up to a trunk depth of 132 mm. The sap flow density in the pericambial xylem was found to vary among trees of different diameters, but was not considerably smaller in suppressed trees. A model for the radial distribution of sap flux density was formulated relating trunk radius and sap flow density. The model takes into account different trunk diameter. About 90% of the sap flux was found to occur in the outer two fifths of the trunk. Using this model, an adequate estimate of transpiration can be achieved at tree and stand level, even when the sap flux measurements are restricted to the outer trunk sectors.