树种多样性计算方法的比较

采用5种常用的物种多样性指数和基于相邻木空间关系的树种空间多样性指数(TSS),计算2类12种具有不同混交度的模拟林分和甘肃小陇山林区12种不同森林群落类型的树种多样性。结果表明:运用物种丰富度和相对多度的结合计算物种多样性,不同模型会得出不同的结论,调查数据的数目与群落中种的分布比例直接影响多样性计算结果,且Shannon-Wiener指数(H’)和Simpson指数对稀少种并不敏感;基于相邻木空间关系的树种空间多样性指数(TSS)具有多样性随物种丰富度增大而增大的一般属性,不受调查株数和样地大小的影响,对稀少种敏感,且该指数能够正确表达出具有相同物种数量群落的树种空间隔离程度的大小,是一种良好的测度树种多样性的指数。     

四川卧龙岷江冷杉天然林生物多样性随海拔梯度的响应

采用典型样带调查法,在卧龙自然保护区邓生阴坡的岷江冷杉天然林内设置不同海拔梯度的样带,分析岷江冷杉天然林的生物多样性随海拔梯度的响应规律。研究结果表明:岷江冷杉天然林乔木和草本植物的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和均优丰多样性指数随着海拔升高呈下降趋势,而生态优势度指数呈上升趋势;灌木种随着海拔梯度上升物种丰富度下降,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和均优丰多样性指数则呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,生态优势度指数的变化与之相反;群落所有植物的α多样性随海拔梯度的变化规律与乔木层一致。从β多样性变化来看:随着海拔上升,岷江冷杉林内乔木、草本和所有群落所有植物的相异系数CD和Cody指数均呈下降趋势;而灌木层因为物种数和优势种的改变形成β多样性的双峰变化,这与灌木植物的实际分布是相符的。群落整体的物种差异和更替速率受物种数较多的植被类型影响较大,随海拔升高呈逐渐减小趋势。     

山西庞泉沟自然保护区典型森林群落功能多样性研究

在山西庞泉沟自然保护区选取典型森林群落5类,设置15块样地,采用Rao指数和CWM指数计算群落的功能多样性指数,分析了不同森林群落功能多样性指数及其生态学意义。研究结果表明:不同群落类型群落功能Rao指数和CWM指数表现一致,基本排序为:华北落叶松混交林>云杉混交林>油松混交林>阔针混交林>阔叶树混交林,群落内不同层次间排序为:乔木层>灌木层>草本层。群落功能多样性指数与物种多样性指数呈显著正相关,并与群落生产力等功能特性密切相关。     

云南哈巴雪山植物群落和植物多样性海拔梯度分布格局

采用数量化群落分类法分析哈巴雪山植物群落类型和植物物种多样性沿海拔梯度的分布格局。结果表明:采用等级聚类和非度量多维标度排序方法可将云南哈巴雪山植物群落沿海拔梯度划分为6个植被亚型;哈巴雪山的植物多样性沿海拔的分布格局受中间地带效应影响较为明显,而与Rapoport海拔法则不甚相符;物种丰富度总体上符合单峰格局,但在中海拔地段物种丰富度谷、峰值连续出现;α多样性指数中的Shannon-Wiener指数曲线符合单峰格局,β多样性指数基本上也符合单峰分布,但中海拔地段起伏较大;哈巴雪山物种丰富度以及多样性指数沿海拔梯度呈现出较为复杂的规律,反映出山地小环境多样性特征,具体表现为群落类型间沿海拔梯度的交错分布和相互替代现象。     

不同恢复途径对大兴安岭森林沼泽群落植物多样性影响

采用样带网格调查方法与多样性指数方法,研究大兴安岭天然森林沼泽群落、火干扰后自然演替途径恢复的森林沼泽群落和人工造林途径恢复的森林沼泽群落的物种丰富度、α多样性和β多样性及其沿过渡带环境梯度的变化规律,探讨退化森林沼泽群落的有效恢复途径。结果表明:①演替群落和人工群落的物种丰富度较其天然群落均有所增加(4~24和7~25),但两者的恢复机制却有所不同,前者草本种类和灌木种类均较其相应天然群落有所增加,而后者仅有草本种类增加,灌木种类却显著减少;②天然、演替和人工群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数沿沼泽至森林方向过渡带环境梯度依次呈递减、恒定和波动分布格局(2.1907、1.9319、0.8134,2.1216、1.9642、2.0493,1.9693、1.2830、1.4782),且演替群落与天然群落较接近(-3.2%、1.7%、151.9%),而人工群落与天然群落差异性较大(-10.1%、-33.6%、81.7%),因此,演替途径在维持物种多样性方面较人工途径有优势;③天然、演替和人工群落的组成种沿过渡带环境梯度平均变动速率依次为16.2、21.3和18.8,演替群落和人工群落分别较天然群落提高了32.7%和16.0%,因此,演替途径在维持群落多样性方面也较人工途径有优势。     

山西省二郎山国家森林公园主要森林群落植物多样性研究

对山西省二郎山国家级森林公园4种主要森林群落进行了实地调查,采用丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数等指标,对二郎山森林群落的植物多样性进行了研究。结果表明:4种群落共有植物40种,分别属于22科31属;油松林和油松+山楂林的均匀度指数和多样性指数均较大;林分起源、坡度、群落垂直结构和林分密度等对群落的植物多样性均有较大影响:天然林的植物多样性大于人工林;多样性指数随坡度增大而减小;灌木层多样性高于乔木层和草本层;林分密度过大,群落物种丰富度和多样性降低。通过研究,以期为二郎山国家级森林公园经营与植物资源的可持续发展提供理论依据。     

银瓶山森林公园润楠属植物群落多样性研究

为了解银瓶山森林公园润楠属植物的群落组成、物种多样性及其与海拔因子的关系,对森林公园内不同海拔的12块样地进行调查研究,计算乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,分析群落物种多样性与海拔之间的相关性,结果表明:银瓶山润楠属群落中共有70种植物,隶属于41科58属.各植物群落的物种丰富度指数(S)、Simpson优势度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')整体表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层,Pielou均匀度指数(E)表现为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层.不同群落的乔木层植物物种多样性沿海拔梯度呈先上升后下降的单峰模式,灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均表现为随着海拔的升高而逐渐下降的规律;Simpson优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数未呈现明显规律.     

森林抚育对南京南郊杉木马尾松群落乔木层的影响

为了探索抚育经营对森林群落多样性指数及蓄积量的影响,采用典型样地取样法,把位于同一地点的杉木马尾松群落分成2部分,一部分进行中度抚育,另一部分不抚育,10 a后对2部分乔木树种的多样性指数及蓄积量进行研究.结果显示,未进行抚育的群落内乔木层物种多样性Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)为2.0290,Simpson指数(D)为0.8537,Pielou均匀度指数(J)为0.8812,总蓄积量为30.6274 m3;抚育后的群落内乔木层物种多样性H′为2.1900,D为0.8518,J为0.7900,总蓄积量为54.2131 m3.抚育后群落的多样性指数H′明显提高,Simpson指数D大致相等,Pielou均匀度指数(J)有所下降,森林总蓄积量显著提高.说明适当的森林抚育措施可以提高群落的生物多样性和蓄积量.     

云蒙山典型森林群落垂直结构研究

采用以树冠光竞争高度为基础的林分垂直层数量化方法研究了云蒙山几种典型森林群落的垂直结构特征,并将不同群落的垂直层划分结果与树高系统聚类分析结果相比较,发现在森林群落垂直层划分过程中,树冠光竞争高度附近的树被误划的几率较高;截止系数a=0.4时,平均误划率最低,为10.10%.对几种森林群落结构指标相关性分析表明:森林群落垂直分层数与乔木高度多样性指数、树高变异系数及乔木物种多样性指数呈显著正相关;乔木高度多样性指数和树高变异系数与灌木层多样性指数呈极显著正相关,而与草本层多样性指数却均呈显著负相关.几种描述林分垂直结构的指标能很好地描述森林群落的垂直分层情况,同时森林群落的垂直结构对下层植物的物种组成具有重要影响.     

云南铁杉地理种源表型变异研究

采用以树冠光竞争高度为基础的林分垂直层数量化方法研究了云蒙山几种典型森林群落的垂直结构特征,并将不同群落的垂直层划分结果与树高系统聚类分析结果相比较,发现在森林群落垂直层划分过程中,树冠光竞争高度附近的树被误划的几率较高;截止系数a=0.4时,平均误划率最低,为10.10%.对几种森林群落结构指标相关性分析表明:森林群落垂直分层数与乔木高度多样性指数、树高变异系数及乔木物种多样性指数呈显著正相关;乔木高度多样性指数和树高变异系数与灌木层多样性指数呈极显著正相关,而与草本层多样性指数却均呈显著负相关.几种描述林分垂直结构的指标能很好地描述森林群落的垂直分层情况,同时森林群落的垂直结构对下层植物的物种组成具有重要影响.     

Plant biological diversity in natural secondary forests on Mao’es Mountains

The forest plant biological diversity investigations were conducted in Laoyeling Forest Ecological Experimental Station on Mao’er Mountains in eastern Heilongjiang Province. Sample plots were six different forest communities. Field works were divided into three seasons: spring, summer and autumn in one year. The results showed that forest plant biological diversity varied with seasons as well as growth forms. Herb species diversity values were the highest in the community growth forms. Diversity indices No,H′ andE ₁ were selected out as the best richness, diversity and evenness indices to indicate the biological diversity in forest community. Responsible editor: Chair Ruibai     

关帝山次生林区典型植物群落物种多样性垂直分布研究

为了分析和探讨海拔对植物多样性的影响,沿海拔梯度(1600–2600m),设定14个样地,对每个样地内对植物物种进行调查。结果表明:随海拔升高,群落优势种变化依次为:辽东栎、油松、白桦、红桦、华北落叶松和云杉。群落内乔木树种的平均树高和胸径表现为先增大后减小,最大树高和胸径表现为单峰变化。群落内不同生活型树种(针叶树和阔叶树)的最大树高表现为先增大后减小.阔叶树最大胸径无明显变化规律,针叶树最大胸径不断减小。中海拔群落内,针叶树种的最大树高和胸径高于阔叶树种。群落的Shannon-wiener指数和Margalef指数均表现为单峰变化,中海拔群落(1900–2200m)植物多样性最高,高于低海拔群落(1600–1900m)和高海拔群落(2200–2600m)。Shannon-wiener指数和Margalef指数反映出的植物α多样性变化与海拔高度显著相关。在研究地区,植物多样性变化与群落所处的海拔显著相关,此外,还与群落结构、物种组成、树种特性和人为干扰有关。图8表3参13。     

长白山北坡植物群落复杂性的海拔梯度变化

应用梯度格局法在长白山北坡海拔700m-2600m的坡面上每100 m海拔设置一样地,共计20块样地,通过对同一群落各样方间的相异性测定,对各海拔植物群落的复杂性进行了分析。结果表明,以主林层乔木种的二元数据计算的结果,除亚高山岳桦林外,其它各海拔群落的样方间均表现出较高的相异性,特别是低海拔的阔叶红松林平均相异系数达0.74,明显高于其它植被类型;暗针叶林各群落间差异不大,相对而言1400 m群落样方间的相异性略高于其它群落,表现出过渡性群落树种组成的复杂性;岳桦林树种组成简单,样[(\267\275\274\344\322\262\261\355\317\326\263\366\275\317\270\337\265\304\\317\340\313\306\320\324\241\243)-0.1(\322\324\271\340\304\276\326\326\265\304\266\376\324\252\312\375\276\335\\274\306\313\343\265\304\310\272)]落内的相异性,虽低海拔的阔叶红松林总体上高于其它群落,但差异趋势并不像乔木种那么明显。以各草本植物与所有植物种的二元数据计算的各海拔群落内样方间的相异性,表现出非常相近的趋势,群落内样方间草本植物及所有植物种均以阔叶红松林及高山冻原差异最大,暗针叶林基本稳定于比较相近的水平。图3表1参8。     

安徽岭南森林群落物种多样性的研究

在安徽岭南自然保护区内4种群落类型中进行样地调查的基础上,采用物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数对保护区森林群落物种多样性进行了研究,发现自然恢复的群落中植物种类多,分布均匀,优势种不明显;人工更新的林分中植物多样性低,优势种明显;群落结构上,4种类型多样性的大小顺序是灌木>乔木>草本。     

3种改造方式对深圳龙岗区生态风景林植物多样性影响

通过样方调查,对深圳市龙岗区生态风景林中的未改造低效林、天然次生林及3种改造林分（林下套种林、皆伐林、疏伐林）的植物多样性进行对比分析,了解不同改造措施对林分植物多样性的影响.结果表明：各类型林分的物种丰富度排序为林下套种林＞皆伐林=天然林＞疏伐林＞未改造林;经过3种方式改造后林分乔木层的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数皆高于未改造低效林和天然次生林,其中Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数均以林下套种林最高,其次是皆伐林,Simpson指数以皆伐林最高,林下套种林次之;改造后林分灌草层的物种多样性指数均高于未改造林,其中皆伐林物种多样性指数均高于天然次生林.综合比较疏伐、皆伐和林下套种3种改造方式对生态风景林群落植物多样性的影响,疏伐是较适宜本地区生态风景林改造的措施.     

Genetic diversity of Lithocarpus harlandii populations in three forest communities with different succession stages

By using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique, this paper studied the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of Lithocarpus harlandii populations in three forest communities (coniferous forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and evergreen broad-leaved forest) with different succession stages in Tiantai Mountain in Zhejiang Province. The results showed that a total of 173 repetitive loci were produced in 60 individuals of L. harlandii by 12 random primers, among which, 152 loci were polymorphic, and the total percentage of polymorphic loci was 87.86%. The average percentage of polymorphic loci of the populations was 65.32%, and their total genetic diversity estimated by Shannon information index was 0.4529, with an average of 0.3458, while that judged from Nei’s index was 0.3004, with an average of 0.2320. The percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon information index, and Nei’s index of the populations were in the sequence of coniferous forest community > coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest community > evergreen broad-leaved forest community. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 72.85% of genetic variance was found within the populations, and 27.15% of genetic variance resided among the populations. The coefficient of gene diferentiation was 0.2277, and the gene flow was 1.6949. The genetic structure of L. harlandii was influenced not only by the biological characteristics of this species, but also by the microenvironment of different communities. The mean of genetic identity among three populations of L. harlandii was 0.8662, and the mean of their genetic distance was 0.1442. The genetic similarity between coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest community and evergreen broad-leaved forest community was the highest, while that between evergreen broad-leaved forest community and coniferous forest community was the lowest. The unweighted pair group method with arithmeticmean (UPGMA) cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distance showed that conierous and broad-leaved mixed forest community first gathered with evergreen broad-leaved forest community, and then with coniferous forest community. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26(4): 509–514 [译自: 生态学杂志]     

Structural diversity of forest communities on Baihuashan Mountain, Beijing

The structural diversity of forests on Baihuashan Mountain, Beijing, was surveyed by a plotless method combined with branch and leaf coverage estimation in the different layers. New structural indices were constructed, calculated and compared among different communities. On the basis of previous work, structural diversity of forest communities at the stand level was described by a vertical complexity index and a horizontal heterogeneity index. From a correlational analysis among the new indices and other commonly used biodiversity indices, we concluded that the new indices are closely related to a tree height inequality index and the Shannon-Wiener index of the tree and shrub layer, which indicated that the new indices were good at indicating structural diversity in the different forests on Baihuashan Mountain. The results show that, in natural forests, structural diversity of pioneer communities is much lower than in late successive communities. In plantations, structural diversity is determined by the stage of development and tree species. Tending would increase horizontal heterogeneity and decrease vertical complexity. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(1): 7–13 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

武夷山国家级自然保护区植物物种多样性研究

以植物群落调查样地资料为基础，从不同类型、不同层次的物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度指数对武夷山国家级自然保护区植物群落多样性进行了分析。本区植物群落多样性的变化规律为：物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度随该区植被演替趋势从针叶林、针阔叶混交林到常 阔叶林而增加，群落间变幅较大；植物生长型在物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度等多样性指数上均表现出灌木层＞乔木层的规律。毛竹林作为一种重要的植被类型，其灌木层物种多样性高于其它3种森林类型，但由于毛竹是无性繁殖，其在林分中占绝对优势，故乔木层物种多样性明显低于其它3种森林类型。     

Effects of bamboo Fargesia murielae on plant diversity in fir forest on mountain Shennongjia

Simultaneous flowering caused a gregarious dieback of umbrella bamboo (Fargesia murielae) all over the world in 1993–2000. Mountain Shennongjia in Central China’s Hubei Province is the only native home of umbrella bamboo, where it dominates the understorey of the farges fir (Abies fargesii) forest between 2 400 and 3 100 m, covering the ground for more than one century before a periodically flowering death. Data from 20 quadrats along a vegetation sequence revealed that the density, coverage, and height of umbrella bamboo negatively affected the species richness, diversity, and evenness of vascular plants in the forest. Local climax community of fir-bamboo was the poorest in species diversity, while the bamboo-free communities (i.e. shrubs and meadows) were bearing a higher species diversity. The simultaneous dieback of umbrella bamboo is an ecological release, which can periodically promote the plant diversity in the fir forest.     

Forest plant biological diversity in Liangshui Nature Reserve

lntroductionBiologicaldiversityorbiodiversityischaracteristicofdiverseandlivingentitygrouporcIass.Diversityexistsatthreedifferentlevelsfwithinspecies(ge-netic),speciesandecosystemIevels.ltisthebasiccharacteristicoflivingsystem(Solbrig1991).UnfoFtunately,explodinghumanpopuIations,6biI-lionpeoplearedegradingtheenvironmentatanac-ceIeratingrate,especialIyindevelopingandundevel-opedcountries.BetWeen2Oand25percentofallthespeciesonEarthmaydisappearwithinthenext3oto4oyears.MeanwhileworIdwidescien…