地下室排水系统的设计研究

随着城市建设的发展,地下空间得到了更多的开发和利用。由于各种设计手册和教科书中对关于“地下室排水系统设计”的篇幅较少。为此根据多年的设计经验,总结了不同情况下地下室排水系统设计方法,并对设计中易出现的问题提出了注意事项。     

Predicting effects of drainage water management in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes

Long-term hydrologic simulations are presented predicting the effects of drainage water management on subsurface drainage, surface runoff and crop production in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes. The deterministic hydrologic model, DRAINMOD was used to simulate Webster (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic) soil in a Continuous Corn rotation (WEBS_CC) with different drain depths from 0.75 to 1.20 m and drain spacing from 10 to 50 m in a combination of free and controlled drainage over a weather record of 60 (1945-2004) years. Shallow drainage is defined as drains installed at a drain depth of 0.75 m, and controlled drainage with a drain depth of 1.20 m restricts flow at the drain outlet to maintain a water table at 0.60 m below surface level during the winter (November-March) and summer (June-August) months. These drainage design and management modifications were evaluated against conventional drainage system installed at a drain depth of 1.20 m with free drainage at the drain outlet. The simulation results indicate the potential of a tradeoff between subsurface drainage and surface runoff as a pathway to remove excess water from the system. While a reduction of subsurface drainage may occur through the use of shallow and controlled drainage, these practices may increase surface runoff in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes. The simulations also indicate that shallow and controlled drainage might increase the excess water stress on crop production, and thereby result in slightly lower relative yields. Field experiments are needed to examine the pathways of water movement, total water balance, and crop production under shallow and controlled drainage in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes.     

Diagnosis of mineral clogging hazards in subsurface drainage systems

The paper presents a global review of drain clogging hazard criteria. Some of them are simple granulometric formulae, some include an evaluation of soil structural stability, and some others are based on laboratory tests which reproduce water-flow through a soil core. A recent development is then described. Terzaghi's theory of critical hydraulic gradient explains structural break-up of soil samples by water-flow towards drain pipes. Based on this theoretical approach, a laboratory test has been designed to determine experimental values of the hydraulic gradient causing soil breaking. This test is used to compare the stability of different soil materials and to diagnose mineral clogging hazards.Due to the existence of numerous granulometric criteria there is evidence that no global criterion can be found. If a proper granulometric criterion is suited to a given climatological and pedological context, the hydraulic laboratory test is probably the most cost-effective method to diagnose mineral clogging hazard, especially when no field references are available.     

Numerical simulations of steady-state subsurface drainage with vertically decreasing hydraulic conductivity

Most subsurface drainage equations assume either homogeneous, two-layer or three-layer soil conditions. Finite difference simulations were performed to quantify the effect of gradually decreasing hydraulic conductivity on watertable depths for steady-state subsurface drainage. For vertically decreasing hydraulic conductivity, and for cases where drain spacing was based on effective hydraulic conductivity of the 0.5 to 2.0 m layer, mid-spacing watertable depth ranged from 0.282 to 0.900 m. The average value was 0.718 m, which is considerably shallower than the 0.9 m design value used for determining drain spacing. These higher watertables may have detrimental effects on crop yield, especially in arid areas where soil salinity is a problem. The importance of the difference between actual and design watertable depths was mostly related to the type of hydraulic conductivity decrease function, drain depth, and drainage rate. These differences are explained by the position of the drain within the soil profile and the effect of the spacing on the equivalent depth of flow. Using effective hydraulic conductivity of the 0.5 to 3.0 m layer for determining drain spacing reduced the error. For an effective hydraulic conductivity value of 0.3 m/d, the average watertable depth increased from 0.748 m for the 2.0 m auger hole to 0.829 m for the 3.0 m hole. The results presented can be used to estimate the error on watertable depth resulting from ignoring the vertical variations of hydraulic conductivity.     

外包滤料对暗管排水与土壤脱盐效果的影响

为了探究不同外包滤料条件下的暗管排水性能和土壤脱盐效果,基于室内试验研究成果,在田间设置4种暗管排水系统(各系统中暗管埋深均为80 cm,间距均为20 m),所用外包滤料分别为68 g/m²土工布(L)、砂滤料(S)、68 g/m²土工布+砂滤料(LS)和无外包滤料(W),以当地常规明沟排水(CK)作为对照,通过田间试验分析了春灌过程中各暗管系统的排水性能指标及土壤脱盐效率.结果表明:相比处理W,处理L,S和LS平均排水速率提升了7.44%,12.55%和15.75%,平均流量衰减度降低4.07%;处理S和LS累积排水量提高了5.11%和8.31%(P<0.05).各暗管处理春灌后平均土壤脱盐率均达47%以上,较CK提升显著,其中处理LS效果最优,为50.94%.综上,应优先选择处理LS作为河套灌区暗管排水系统外包滤料布设方案.该研究结果可为河套灌区暗管排盐技术的推广应用提供理论支撑和科学指导.     

Adaptability constraints of a technically and economically feasible subsurface drainage system in the low-lying acid sulphate soils of Kerala,India

This paper discusses the introduction of subsurface drainage as a tool to improve rice production in low land areas of acid sulphate soils. Pipe drains with 15 and 30 m spacing were installed in farmers fields in coastal lowlands of Kerala, India, at Kuttanad. Soil conditions improved within 2 years after the introduction of the subsurface drainage and significantly improved the crop yield. Data collected over a period of 14 years, showed a yield increase of 1.1 t/ha (43%) compared to non-drained areas. An economic analysis indicated that subsurface drainage is feasible with a benefit–cost ratio of 2.45, an internal rate of return of 47% and a net present value of Rs 5.17 million. The poor financial status of the farmers, however, is the main constraint for the large-scale adoption of the comparatively capital-intensive subsurface drainage systems in the acid sulphate soils of Kerala.     

Analysis of groundwater behaviour in a farmer controlled subsurface tile drainage system in Mardan, Pakistan

Extensive subsurface drainage system was installed in districtMardan in the North West Frontier Provinceof Pakistan in 1987 to control increasingwater logging and salinity problems due tocanal irrigation. Several recentlycompleted fields studies have indicatedthat subsurface drainage system hasenormously lowered watertable in certainareas due to extensive drainage network. Therefore, a study of controlled subsurfacedrainage technique was initiated in MardanScarp area to observe the temporal andspatial variations in water table depths ofthis specific case under various modes ofcanal irrigation and monsoon rains. Twoartificially drained areas, consisting of40 ha and 160 ha respectively, werecontrolled and selected for extensivemonitoring. A total of 98 observationswells (7.6 cm dia. and 4.1 m depth) wereinstalled in between lateral drains toobserve water table fluctuation. Theresults of this study are very interesting.Each of the two areas monitored in thestudy behaved differently. It was observedthat in one of the areas design water tabledepth at 1.1 m was maintained with properfunctioning of the controlled techniqueapplied to the subsurface drainage system. The results from this area showed that 25to 55% of the time throughout the yearachieved this objective whereas in thesecond area desired water table could notbe maintained and water table depth in thisarea remained between 2.0 to 2.7 m causingunnecessary water stress to plants. Alsoit was observed that watertable in theformer area is mostly controlled by thefunctional behavior of the irrigationcanal. In addition, the proper functioningof controlled techniques in subsurfacedrainage system supplemented veryefficiently to retain the groundwater levelto the optimal limits in dry season and tothe design ones in the others for timelyneeds of the crops. Also rainfalls havesignificant impact on the spatial andtemporal behaviors of water table depths inboth the areas during the monsoon season.     

扬州沿运灌区暗管排水土工布外包滤料的水力性能试验研究

农田暗管排水系统建设是提高农业机械化作业效率的有效措施之一.土工布作为排水暗管外包滤料时,需要具有良好的透水性能和抗淤堵能力.文中以扬州段沿运灌区为例,针对当地土壤中粉粒含量较高,土工布外包滤料筛选困难等实际问题,参考相关技术准则,选用2种开孔率和厚度不同的土工布进行了水力渗透试验,并与传统的河砂反滤材料进行了对比,筛选出适合当地土壤的土工布外包材料.研究结果显示,所选用的2种土工布透水性能存在较大差异,其中厚度较大(0.41 mm)、孔径较小(180 μm)的土工布A的透水性能较好,渗透系数为初始值的54.1%,高于河砂滤层的46.1%,而厚度为0.35 mm、孔径为227 μm的土工布B渗透系数仅为初始值的30.2%.相比于土工布B,土工布A具有更好的抗淤堵能力,长期使用后淤堵率比土工布B低16%.通过对土工布表面形成的、透水性较低的滤饼分析发现,土工布B不但自身发生了较大程度淤堵,其表面形成的滤饼较为密实,是影响其渗透性能的直接原因.     

暗管排水条件下微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分动态及夏玉米生长的影响

进行暗管排水条件下微咸水灌溉田间试验,设置3种暗管埋深,分别为80 cm(D1)、120 cm(D2)以及无暗管排水(D0),3种微咸水浓度,其电导率分别为0.78 dS/m(S1),3.75 dS/m(S2)和6.25 dS/m(S3),共9个处理,每个处理3组重复.试验结果表明:暗管排水措施可以有效排除微咸水灌溉过程中土壤中累积的盐分;在玉米全生育期内,暗管埋深D1条件下,3种浓度微咸水S1,S2和S3灌溉时根系土壤电导率分别下降了39.00%,31.56%和29.43%,暗管埋深D2条件下,根系土壤电导率则分别下降了31.91%,18.08%和7.44%;夏玉米干物质累积量、穗棒累积量和穗棒质量分配率及最终产量均随着微咸水浓度的升高而降低;在相同微咸水浓度下,不同暗管埋设条件下的夏玉米最终产量从大到小依次为D1,D2,D0;3种暗管埋设条件下的作物需水量从大到小依次为D0,D2,D1的规律;暗管埋深80 cm的处理(D1)下夏玉米水分利用效率最高,而未埋设暗管的处理(D0)水分利用效率最低;当暗管埋设条件一定时,夏玉米水分利用效率随微咸水浓度的升高呈逐渐降低的趋势.     

沿江圩区局部洼地排涝模数关联因子分析及应用

沿江圩区局部洼地涝灾频发,是目前圩区涝灾治理的重点.针对局部洼地排涝特点,以扬州江都沿江开发区为例,通过排涝水文分析计算得到排涝模数与排涝面积、水面率、调蓄水深、暴雨重现期4种关联因子之间的关系,选取典型区对局部洼地涝灾进行成因分析,并在此基础上提出圩区内局部洼地涝灾的防治措施.结果表明:排涝面积与排涝模数的偏相关系数为-0.905,相关性最大;局部洼地排涝面积小,洪水汇流速度快,洪峰径流模数和排涝模数较大;局部洼地区缺乏小型河网、河流间距过大、水系布置不合理和采用排涝模数较低,是涝灾频发的主要原因.以关联因子分析和成因分析为基础,提出了通过缩小河流间距、增加水面率、充分发挥河道的调蓄作用等措施以防治涝灾的产生,并且提出了符合圩区局部洼地水情特征的一种排水管网与河道布置模式.     

一种粮食立体仓储的升降平台设计

针对粮食的立体化仓储,设计了一种升降式立体仓储平台。该立体仓储平台由升降平台机构,液压缸驱动机构,控制电路模块构成。该立体仓储的升降平台机构使用了双铰接剪叉式液压升降台。利用MSC. Adams对升降机构的关键零件进行了受力分析,再导入Solid Works中,采用simulation模块计算应力、应变和安全系数,对关键部件折叠梁和中间轴进行了有限元应力分析,设计了安全可靠的升降平台机构。      

A preliminary study of an alternative controlled drainage strategy in surface drainage ditches: Low-grade weirs

This study examined hydrological characteristics of low-grade weirs, an alternative controlled drainage strategy in surface drainage ditches. Chemographs of vegetated and clear scraped (control) replicates of weir vs. non-weir treatments were compared to determine differences in time to peak (T_p) and time to base (T_b). Drainage ditches T_p and T_b were affected by both vegetation and weir presence. The order of treatment efficiency for T_p was observed to be: non-vegetated non-weir < vegetated non-weir < non-vegetated weir < vegetated weir. Furthermore, T_b for each ditch was the reverse relationship from T_p where vegetated weir > non-vegetated weir > vegetated non-weir > non-vegetated non-weir. Low-grade weirs increase chemical retention time (vegetated and clear scraped), the average time a molecule of contaminant remains in the system. Future research in water quality improvement and weir management will yield useful information for non-point source pollutant reduction.     

Testing and statistical analysis of the performance of a pipe drainage system: A case study in north-eastern Italy

A survey program was carried out from June 1988 to august 1989 in North-eastern Italy in a pipe drainage area of 61 ha in order to verify if the year of installation (one part of the system has been installed in 1984 and another one year later) and the cover material of drains (pipes were covered with cocofibre for 2/5 of their length and without envelope for 3/5) could influence the functioning of the system. Collected data of drain discharge and water table depth were subjected to an elaborate statistical analysis.A methodological approach to determine the sample size (how many measurements of discharge and watertable depth are required, in space and time, from a statistical stand-point) in drainage experiment is proposed. For drainage systems similar to the considered one, a sample size of 10–12 drains and 6–8 observation wells can be recommended in order to obtain a standard error lower than 10–15% of the mean.     

超大流量轴流潜水泵叶轮设计与优化

基于升力法对超大流量轴流潜水电泵叶轮进行水力设计,采用计算流体动力学方法对超大流量轴流潜水电泵装置进行全流道数值模拟和性能预测,并对该水力模型进行优化,同时通过试验对计算结果进行验证.分析结果表明：原设计模型在叶轮压力面进口处存在较明显的局部高压区,吸力面进口附近存在明显低压带和局部高涡量区域,消耗较大的能量,是导致叶轮效率低的主要原因之一;通过调整叶片进口角度和叶轮转速2个参数进行模型优化设计,优化后模型叶片压力面的静压分布较均匀,吸力面低压区域相对较小且涡量分布均匀;优化设计明显改善了叶片表面的压力分布和空化性能,同时提高了机组的水力效率;优化后的水力模型性能预测结果与实验结果吻合较好,数值预测结果能够较为准确地反映轴流泵系统的水力性能.研究结果为该类泵水力模型优化和性能改进提供了参考.     

前伸式双叶片污水泵设计和通过能力试验

阐述了前伸式双叶片污水泵运行效率高、振动小、噪音低、运行平稳、固体通过能力好,特别是纤维性固体的通过能力好等特点,分析了该泵叶轮结构特点,提出了叶轮水力设计方法,通过卖例说明其设计过程,并对设计的前伸式双叶片污水泵进行了试验验证．指出前伸式双叶片污水泵具有良好的综合性能的原因在于：采用叶片式结构,具有与普通叶片泵相当的效率;采用2叶片叶轮,减少流道的拥堵,提高了固体颗粒的通过能力;叶片大幅度前伸,对于少叶片数的泵来说,只要设计得当,不会引起进口排挤,有利于大大提高抗缠绕能力．     

Surface drainage requirement of crops: Application of a piecewise linear model for evaluating submergence tolerance

Crop tolerance to land submergence is an important criterion for designing a surface drainage system for agricultural lands. This paper collates the available data from various places in India related to the studies on the submergence tolerance of crops. The paper hypothesizes that a piecewise linear model could be used to describe crop response to land submergence. According to this hypothesis, there would be no yield decline for a few initial days of submergence. If submergence continues beyond this period then there would be linear decline in yield. The unknown parameters in the model are: optimum yield, threshold time and the slope which represents the per cent yield reduction per day of additional submergence beyond the threshold.Data in respect of wheat, pigeon peas, cowpeas, pearlmillet, maize and groundnuts indicate that the model describes the data well, although in many cases the threshold is 0.0. The yield reduction varies from 5.3 to 23.2% for each day of submergence beyond the threshold. It appears that to allow for more than 1–2 days of submergence will result in more than 10% reducation in yield of dryfoot crops. For the maize crop, the seedling stage is the most sensitive stage followed by the silking stage. The grain formation stage is the least sensitive, although even at this stage the threshold is 0.0 and yield reduction is 9.3% for each day of submergence beyond the threshold. The data for 9 test crops from Texas and Venezuela were well described by the model. It is concluded that the piecewise linear model is a useful tool for describing submergence tolerance of crops and for working out surface drainage requirements for a given level of yield reduction. Frequency analysis of the daily rainfall data from some selected locations indicates that there is every likelihood of submergence at most of the stations. It is suggested that there is an urgent need for developing wet farming techniques analogous to dry farming techniques.     

基于数据高容量的农机信息存储系统设计

农机信息的采集和存储是实现精细农业的关键环节,但由于传统信息存储系统存储容量低、速度慢、数据容易丢失,导致农机信息容易出现缺失或数据紊乱等现象.为此,设计了基于数据高容量的农机信息存储系统,通过分析现有存储器技术的功能和特点,完成了信息存储系统总体方案的设计,同时进行了硬件系统总体结构的设计,包括电源模块、控制模块和存...     

A study of the effect of the interaction between site-specific conditions, residue cover and weed control on water storage during fallow

In the semiarid central region of Argentina the probability that rainfall meets crop requirements during growing season is less than 10%, therefore fallowing has been the most important practice to assure water availability during the growing season. Various site-specific and management factors have been identified as crucial for defining fallow efficiency (FE) and final available water contents (AW). The objective of the present study was to improve our knowledge about the interactions between residue cover, weed control, soil profile depth and water storage capacity (WSC) on FE. In 10 sites covering the environments of calcareous plains and sandy plains of the semiarid central region of Argentina and with different WSC, experiments with 3 different levels of residue cover (H, M, L) and with and without weed control (C and W respectively) during fallow were set up. A completely randomized block design with four repetitions and splits plots to consider weed control was used. Soil texture and organic matter were determined in samples of the A horizon (0.20 m). Bulk density, field capacity, permanent wilting point and soil water contents (monthly frequency) were measured at depth intervals of 0.20 m to the depth of the calcite layer or to 2.00 m depth. Soil temperature was taken in weekly intervals at 0.05 m depth and weed plants, separated by species, were counted at the end of fallow in 4 repetitions of 0.25 m² in each treatment. An empirical model was developed to predict final AW under these experimental conditions. Model parameters were: Residue level, weed control, WSC, profile depth, and rainfall during fallow. Site-specific conditions (WSC and profile depth) affected water storage during fallow; soils with highest values for both parameters showed highest final AW. Weed density was the most important factor that controlled AW, with on average 35 mm less AW in W than in C treatments. Residue level had a positive effect on final AW in both C and W treatments, with a difference of 18.5 mm between H and L. An interaction between residue level and weed density was observed, indicating weed suppression in H treatments. This was also confirmed by correspondence analysis between residue level and weed species which revealed that different species were related to each level. High residue levels also decreased soil temperature, thus affecting germination of post-fallow crops. The empirical model had an overall average prediction error of 13.7% and the regression between measured and predicted values showed a determination coefficient of 0.77.     

贫困地区茶叶种植户技术吸纳对其生产技术选择行为影响分析——以贵州省茶叶主产区茶叶种植户为例

基于诱致性技术创新理论与方法,利用贵州省茶叶主产区茶叶种植户的实地调查数据,运用因子分析和tobit模型,旨在揭示不同生产技术环境影响下,贫困地区茶叶种植户技术吸纳能力对其生产技术选择行为的差异化影响.研究结果显示:贫困地区茶叶种植户技术采用整体偏向劳动节约型,但选择劳动密集型技术的茶叶种植户仍占有较大比例.茶叶种植户...     

Olive mill wastewater irrigation of maize: Impacts on soil and groundwater

The environmental impact of irrigating a maize field with weathered olive mill wastewater (OMW) for 5 years was assessed. The use of the weathered OMW added the following concentrations of nutrients to the field: 11.8 t/ha/yr carbon, 1033 kg/ha/yr total nitrogen, 23.8 kg/ha/yr phosphorous and 4161 kg/ha/yr potassium. The maize field received 6 times more nitrogen, 50 times more potassium and 2 times less phosphorous than the recommended fertilization rates. The presence of carbon increased microbial activity for organic nitrogen breakdown and the decomposition rate of organic nitrogen. No significant increase was observed of heavy metal accumulation in the soil. Electrical conductivity in the soil remained below the salinization threshold. No direct exposure values were exceeded. No impact on groundwater quality was observed. Irrigation of crops like maize with weathered OMW could be part of a viable decentralized solution for olive mill wastewater use in areas with low organic matter and high irrigation demand.