不同林地栽培平菇试验

林地平菇栽培投资少,见效快,技术简便易行.如果能正确选择林地,既可简化管理,又能提高平菇产量,为此,我们于1986～1989年在不同郁闭度、不同树种的林地内进行了平菇栽培试验. 一、材料与方法 (一) 平菇品种和培养料选用佛罗里达平菇,母种引自河北省微生物研究所。培养料为棉子壳.     

鲁西北速生林地间作灵芝栽培技术

在林地内间作灵芝既可以充分利用林地资源,又可以使农民获得较高的短期效益,是提高林地综合效益的一条新途径。从栽培季节、场地选择、菌种制备、培养料配制、接种、发菌管理、出芝管理等方面对德州市速生林地间作灵芝栽培技术进行了介绍。     

西北地区林下大球盖菇栽培技术

该研究对大球盖菇林地栽培技术进行了归纳总结,包括栽培季节、栽培场所、培养料配方、发酵步骤、播种方法、覆土、栽培管理、病虫害防治及采收过程进行了阐述,并对其中的注意事项进行了分析。     

上海地区林下栽培竹荪高产优质技术栽培技术

正竹荪是一种名贵的食用菌,具有极高的食药用价值,同时又具有较高的经济价值。笔者从选择与整理栽培竹荪林地、安排栽培季节、选择与处理培养料、铺料播种、发菌期出菇期管理、采收储藏加工、病虫害防治等几方面进行探讨,结合多年栽培竹荪的经验,总结出一套上海地区林下栽培竹荪高产优质栽培技术。1栽培林地的选择与整理1.1选择栽培林地林地的选择是林下栽培竹荪至关重要的一个环节,将直接影响到竹荪的产量与品质。选择林地     

双环林地蘑菇的生物学特性和栽培特性

双环林地蘑菇菌丝无锁状联合。菌丝生长温度10-40℃，最适20-25℃；PH4.5-13，最适6-8.5；培养料含水量45%-75%菌丝均可生长，最适68%-73%；最适C源是淀粉、蔗糖、纤维素；最适氮源是酵母粉、干酪素、硫酸铵、硝酸铵；麦芽、松针、干糙皮侧耳子实体、小麦、牛粪的热水提取液可促进菌丝生长。双环林地蘑菇子实体形成温度20-35℃，最适24-30℃，子实体形成期最适宜的空气相对湿度70%-85%。     

速生林地双孢菇高产技术

德州市栽培双孢菇传统采用的培养料一般是麦秸、牛粪,其发酵期长,且费工费时,加之近几年农村小麦多采用联合收割机收获,使大部分麦秸无法回收,再就是被造纸厂收购,至使双孢菇生产原料受限。德州市夏秋作物以玉米、棉花为主,有丰富的棉籽壳或玉米芯的资源。近几年,我们结合当地丰富的速生林地资源,借鉴其它地方的经验,探索出了一套在林间以玉米芯和     

供应生物增温发酵剂——食用菌培养料发酵添加剂

本所研制的生物增温发酵剂(简称增温剂),是双孢蘑菇培养料堆制发酵的添加剂。应用增温剂进行培养料堆制发酵,可使蘑菇培养料的烦琐、复杂发酵过程在室内一次完成,或在室外就能完成后发酵,勿需多次翻堆和能源加温,大大缩短了培养料制备周期,减少了培养料内养分的流失,显著提高了培养料的发酵效率。因此,应用增温剂制备培养料具有节能、省工、快速、安全及增产等优点,是蘑菇培养料制备技术上的一大创新,为蘑菇高产栽培开辟了一条新途径。经实践证明,增温剂还能应用于除木屑以外的多种培养料的堆制发酵,特别     

如何防止蘑菇培养料产生氨味

正确掌握蘑菇培养料的发酵技术是防止蘑菇培养料发酵后产生氨味的关键。蘑菇培养料发酵必须严格做到以下几条：1要正确计算培养料的碳、氨比碳、氮比是发酵期间微生物在其生长繁殖过程中同化掉碳源及氮源的比例，也就是说，蘑菇培养料发酵的微生物活动是按一定数量的碳源和氮源进行的。蘑菇培养料发酵理论上的碳、氮比是30-33：1，但是在实际操作时，由于培养料在露天发酵受光线照射分解和雨淋流失的影响，碳、氮比宜在26：1。所以在配置蘑菇培养料时，要按碳、氮比26：1正确计算。如果在配置培养料时，将氮源配的过多或计算错误，使氮源过多，这是造成培养料发酵后产生氨味的一个主要原因。     

增温剂对培养料中微生物的影响

应用增温剂制备蘑菇培养料,具有节能、省工、快速、安全及增产等优点,是一种新型的蘑菇培养料制备技术。为了从微生物学的角度阐明这一新技术的可行性,我们测定了蘑菇培养料应用增温剂后料内细菌、放线菌及真菌数量的变化,并与蘑菇培养料二次发酵法料内微生物的变化进行了比较。     

培养料碳氮比与猪肚菇蛋白质营养水平的关系

采用国际上通用的营养价值评价方法,对不同碳氮比培养料栽培的猪肚菇第二潮子实体进行蛋白质营养价值评价。结果表明,子实体蛋白质中,必需氨基酸含量以培养料Ⅲ（碳氮比为35：1）的最高·之后依次为培养料Ⅳ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ和Ⅵ;而蛋白质营养综合评价结果则以培养料Ⅰ（碳氮比为25：1）的最高,其次为培养料Ⅲ,再次为培养料Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅵ和Ⅳ。     

Growth of Viburnum tinus in peat-based and peat-substitute growing media

To assess the growth of ornamental shrubs in peat alternative substrates, one ornamental species, Viburnum tinus L., was cultivated in a number of different substrates in two climates: a French oceanic (Oce) and a Spanish Mediterranean (Med). In Oce, three mixtures (1/1, v/v) of Finnish peat/yard compost, yard compost/raw coir and Finnish peat/raw coir were used while the expanded perlite/composted manure (1/1), forest compost/composted bark (1/1) and forest compost/cattle manure compost (2/3) were tested in Med. A mixture (1/1) of Finnish peat/pine bark compost was used in both climates as a control. Plants were cultivated at a density of six plants/m² in 4 l containers with drip irrigation. Plant height, dry mass, and leaf area were measured at intervals during cultivation. In Oce, substrates with yard compost or raw coir produced plants of similar size to those in the control substrate. In Med, forest compost/cattle manure compost mixture produced plants with the same height as those in the control mixture and the two other mixtures produced shorter plants. In both climates, substrates ranked the same whether height, dry mass or leaf area were considered. Using those parameters, significant effects of different substrates were revealed. Those effects are related to the substrate characteristics, mainly physical ones. As peat is used in a large range of situations, the experiment showed that substrate performance varies with its use, so alternative substrates can show better performance than those using peat.     

高海拔林区林下培菌生产鸡腿菇的研究初报

在500m～1200m高海拔林场内进行“林下培菌”生产仿野生鸡腿菇的研究，结果证明，较之传统大棚或菇房设施化栽培，林下培菌生产仿野生鸡腿菇无需占用耕地，彻底解决了当地鸡腿菇栽培中的“菇粮争地”矛盾；可节省出菇棚等固定资产投资70％以上；另外生物学效率为149％，较之传统菇棚栽培提高40％左右；产出的菇品明显具有野生菇的口感和风味。另外，菌糠废料直接被林地树根就地分解利用，提高了林地土壤肥力，改善了林地土壤结构，提高了林地生产力，减少了人工处理菌糠废料的费用，同时，由于保湿的需要以及出菇管理人员的频繁出入林场操作和巡视，最大限度地降低了森林火险的发生概率。     

复合微生物制剂对糙皮侧耳菌丝生长和子实体产量的影响

试验结果表明，复合微生物制剂能促进糙皮侧耳菌丝生长，降低污染率，改善子实体品质，显著提高生物学效率。生料栽培中，添加1．0％复合微生物制剂可使污染率下降31．7％，生物学效率提高79．6％。发酵料栽培中，添加0．5％复合微生物制剂可使污染率下降12．5％，生物学效率提高42．4％。     

Compost addition,but not tillage,affects establishment of urban highway plantings

Establishment of roadside plantings is often limited by adverse site conditions, particularly poor soil physical and chemical properties. We compared plant establishment of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and grasses in response to addition of compost and/or tillage before planting in replicated plots at two locations along an interstate highway near Detroit, MI, USA. Plots at each location received one of four site preparation treatments: control (no treatment), compost only (top-dressed with 8 cm of municipal compost), tillage only (soil tilled to 20 cm) or compost + tillage (8 cm of compost added and tilled to 20 cm). Within each site preparation plot, we established sub-plots of 16 selections of shrubs, perennials, and ornamental grasses. Compost addition, plant selection, and location affected (P ≤ 0.05) plant survival, height growth, and % plant cover two years after planting. Tillage did not affect (P > 0.05) plant establishment. Similarly, the interaction of tillage × compost was not significant, indicating that surface application of compost was as effective as tilling compost into the soil. Improved plant establishment with the addition of compost was associated with improved soil and plant nutrition and reduced soil pH and soil bulk density. Within each plant group (i.e., shrubs, perennials, grasses) plant establishment varied widely. Overall, the results indicate that compost addition can improve establishment of diverse roadside plantings, which was associated with improved soil fertility. In contrast, tillage provided comparatively little benefit to plant performance in this trial.     

Land ownership and landscape structure: a spatial analysis of sixty-six Oregon (USA) Coast Range watersheds

Patterns of land ownership and forest cover are related in complex and ecologically significant ways. Using a Geographic Information System and regression analysis, we tested for spatial relationships between the structure of land ownership and forest cover across 66 watersheds in the state of Oregon (USA), Coast Range mountains. We found that in these watersheds (1) forest cover diversity increased with land ownership diversity, (2) size of forest patches increased with size of land ownership patches, and (3) connectivity of forest cover increased with connectivity of land ownership. Land ownership structure explained between 29% and 40% of the variability of forest cover structure across these watersheds. Driving this relationship are unique associations among particular ownership classes and various forest cover classes. The USDA Forest Service and the USDI Bureau of Land Management were associated with mature forest cover; private industry was associated with young forest cover; nonindustrial private forest owners were associated with a wide diversity of cover classes. Watersheds with mixed ownership appear to provide greater forest cover diversity, whereas watersheds with concentrated ownership provide less diverse but more connected forest cover. Results suggest that land ownership patterns are strongly correlated with forest cover patterns. Therefore, understanding landscape structure requires consideration of land ownership institutions, dynamics, and patterns.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

城市森林绿地空气负离子生态效益评价研究

对长兴县三种功能类型森林绿地空气负离子浓度进行测定,结果表明:城郊森林绿地的空气负离子浓度为1 823个/cm~3,城区公共绿地为1 296个/cm~3,单位、居住区绿地为958个/cm~3;在森林植物生长期间,空气负离子浓度从城区向城郊呈增加趋势;在郊区以高大乔木为主的近自然林,空气负离子浓度高,生态效应明显。综合上述分析,本文提出应按照近自然森林群落建设理念,推广种植乡土树种、乔木树种,营造城区核心林地,改善城市生态环境,提高城镇居民的生活品质。     

阜平县北流河流域林地多功能评价及分区研究

由于人类对土地功能的认识单一,造成乡村地区土地利用不充分,导致土地资源的闲置与浪费。而土地单一功能利用模式转变的关键是探究土地多功能的利用。以北流河流域林地为研究区对象,从气候、土壤、地质、地形、植被要素进行综合分析,对林地土地的生产功能、生态功能、景观功能和材料功能进行空间定量化,运用热点分析和地理探测器评价北流河流域林地多功能性及影响因素;并通过K均值聚类分析划分林地土地多功能利用类型区。结果表明：(1)流域内林地多功能热点区域呈集聚分布,冷点区域呈带状分布在北流河流域的山麓。(2)北流河流域林地多功能空间分异的驱动力主要以植被因素为主,其中郁闭度、蓄积量、碳汇为主导因子,植被盖度对林地土地多功能空间分异的影响较小,应加强北流河流域内的植被保护和严禁过度开发林地;交互作用明显,交互作用均为双因子增强或非线性增强,气候、土壤、植被、地形、地质条件共同制约着北流河流域林地多功能水平。(3)通过伪F统计将北流河流域林地划分为3个主导区和1个提升区,分别为生产功能主导区、生态功能主导区、景观功能主导区以及综合功能提升区,其中生态功能主导区面积最大;并针对主导功能提出相应的利用方向。     

Factors driving natural regeneration beneath a planted urban forest

Cities around the world are investing in urban forest plantings as a form of green infrastructure. The aim is that these plantations will develop into naturally-regenerating native forest stands. However, woody plant recruitment is often cited as the most limiting factor to creating self-sustaining urban forests. As such, there is interest in site treatments that promote recruitment of native woody species and simultaneously suppress woody non-native recruitment. We tested how three, common site treatments—compost, nurse shrubs, and tree species composition (six-species vs. two-species)—affected woody plant recruitment in 54 experimental plots beneath a large-scale tree planting within a high-traffic urban park. We identified naturally regenerating seedling and sapling species and measured their abundance six-years after the site was planted. This enabled us to examine initial recruitment dynamics (i.e. seedlings) and gain a better understanding of seedling success as they transition to the midstory (i.e. saplings). Seedling and sapling recruitment (native and total) was greater in areas with higher canopy cover. The combination of the nurse shrub treatment with compost and species composition (six-species) treatments increased seedling recruitment by 47% and 156%, respectively; however, the nurse shrub treatment by itself decreased seedling recruitment by 5% and native seedling recruitment by 35%. The compost treatment alone had no effect on the total number of recruits but resulted in 76% more non-native seedlings. The sizes of these treatment effects were strongly dependent on whether the forest plantings were in open areas, versus areas with existing tree canopy, the latter condition facilitating recruitment. Our findings therefore suggest that combinations of site treatments, paired with broad canopy tree species, may be most effective for promoting regeneration of native species resulting in more self-sustaining urban forests.     

Forest conservation and land development in Puerto Rico

In the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico, rapid land-use changes over the past century have included recent land-cover conversion to urban/built-up lands. Observations of this land development adjacent to reserves or replacing dense forest call into question how the changes relate to forests or reserved lands. Using existing maps, this study first summarizes island-wide land-cover change between 1977-78 and 1991-92. Then, using binomial logit modeling, it seeks evidence that simple forest cover attributes, reserve locations, or existing land cover influence land development locations. Finally, this study quantifies land development, reserve protection and forest cover by ecological zone. Results indicate that 1) pasture is more likely to undergo land development than shrubland plus forest with low canopy density, 2) forest condition and conservation status appear unimportant in that development locations neither distinguish between classes of forest canopy development nor relate to forest patch size or reserve proximity, and 3) most land development occurs in the least-protected ecological zones. Outside the boundaries of strictly protected forest and other reserves, accessibility, proximity to existing urban areas, and perhaps desirable natural settings, serve to increase land development. Over the coming century, opportunities to address ecological zone gaps in the islands forest reserve system could be lost more rapidly in lowland ecological zones, which are relatively unprotected.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

冀西北不同林分类型土壤贮水与入渗特征

为改善冀西北森林水土保持和水源涵养的能力,在河北省张家口市涿鹿县林场选择油松、华北落叶松、山杨、白桦4种林分类型,以撂荒地作为对照,进行了土壤入渗和贮水特征的研究。结果表明,土壤饱和贮水量排序为：白桦林(373.24 mm)>油松林(352.72 mm)>山杨林(325.20 mm)>华北落叶松林(306.28 mm)>撂荒地(286.30 mm)。土壤容重均值排序为：白桦林(0.90 g/cm³)<油松林(0.95 g/cm³)<山杨林(0.99 g/cm³)<华北落叶松林(1.00 g/cm³)<撂荒地(1.27 g/cm³)。土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈现明显幂函数关系,林分的土壤渗透性能均高于撂荒地,其中白桦林稳渗速率最大(5.21 mm/min),水土保持能力最好。土壤容重与土壤孔隙度、贮水量呈负相关关系。森林对非毛管孔隙(滞留贮水)的改善作用要大于毛管孔隙(吸持贮水)的改善作用。