生物炭添加下枯草芽孢杆菌应对镉胁迫的分子机制

为了探究生物炭添加前后枯草芽孢杆菌应对镉胁迫的分子机制，本研究基于转录组测序，对比分析了枯草芽孢杆菌在4种体系（正常体系、镉胁迫体系、生物炭体系、生物炭-镉胁迫体系）中的基因表达差异。结果表明：在镉胁迫压力下，枯草芽孢杆菌共产生1 932个差异表达基因，其中上调基因967个，下调基因965个。枯草芽孢杆菌的代谢活性受到明显抑制，但是其鞭毛组装和细菌趋化性通路明显增强，离子转运和阳离子跨膜转运蛋白功能条目的基因表达也呈现上调，说明枯草芽孢杆菌通过上调细胞运动及离子转运相关基因的表达来规避镉毒性压力。相比于镉胁迫体系，在生物炭-镉胁迫体系中，细菌共产生1 541个差异表达基因，其中上调基因691个，下调基因850个。生物炭的存在增强了枯草芽孢杆菌生物过程、细胞组分和分子功能基因的表达，枯草芽孢杆菌物质和能源代谢相关通路的基因表达均呈现上调，并且细菌体内镉抗性基因czcD、cadA和膜功能相关差异基因的表达也以上调为主，说明生物炭可以缓解镉胁迫对枯草芽孢杆菌的毒性效应，并可刺激枯草芽孢杆菌的金属抗性能力。     

结球甘蓝SET基因家族鉴定与表达分析

植物SET基因是一类含有SET结构域的高度保守的基因家族,参与调控植物多种生命过程。为探讨结球甘蓝SET基因家族及其表达情况,采用生物信息学方法对SET基因家族进行鉴定,并利用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）和半定量PCR（RT-PCR）对SET基因在不同组织中的表达模式进行分析。结果鉴定出28个结球甘蓝SET基因,它们不均匀分布在除1号染色体外的其他8条染色体上,编码蛋白的相对分子质量在29.20 ~ 185.16 kDa之间,预测等电点在5.02 ~ 9.06之间。基因结构分析表明结球甘蓝SET基因有0 ~ 23个内含子。系统进化分析将该家族成员分为7个亚族,其中第Ⅱ和第Ⅴ亚家族成员最多。在7个亚家族中,每个家族挑选1个基因,qRT-PCR结果显示选取的7个SET基因在结球甘蓝的叶片中不表达,而在根、茎、花蕾和花中均有表达,其中花蕾中表达量较高,进一步RT-PCR检测发现其在花粉母细胞时期高度表达。对结球甘蓝SET基因家族进行了鉴定,分析其进化关系和表达模式,可为深入研究该家族基因功能奠定一定的理论基础。     

Genome-wide characterization of miRNA and siRNA pathways in the parasitoid wasp Pteromalus puparum

microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that trigger RNA interference (RNAi) in eukaryotic organisms. The biogenesis pathways for these ncRNAs are well established in Drosophila melanogaster, Aedes aegypti, Bombyx mori and other insects, but lacking in hymenopteran species, particularly in parasitoid wasps. Pteromalus puparum is a parasitoid of pupal butterflies. This study identified and analyzed two pathways by interrogating the P. puparum genome. All core genes of the two pathways are present in the genome as a single copy, except for two genes in the siRNA pathway, R2D2 (two copies) and Argonaute-2 (three). Conserved domain analyses showed the protein structures in P. puparum were similar to cognate proteins in other insect species. Phylogenetic analyses of hymenopteran Dicer and Argonaute genes suggested that the siRNA pathway-related genes evolved faster than those in the miRNA pathway. The study found a decelerated evolution rate of P. puparum Dicer-2 with respect to Dicer-1, which was contrary to other hymenopterans. Expression analyses revealed high mRNA levels for all miRNA pathway genes in P. puparum adults and the siRNA related genes were expressed in different patterns. The findings add valuable new knowledge of the miRNA and siRNA pathways and their regulatory actions in parasitoid wasps.     

Genome-wide identification and characterization of the abiotic-stress-responsive lipoxygenase gene family in diploid woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca)

Lipoxygenase(LOXs) is a kind of dioxygenase without heme and iron, which plays an important role in the development and adaptation of many plants to the environment. However, the study of strawberry LOX gene family has not been reported. In this study, 14 LOX genes were identified from the diploid woodland strawberry genome. The phylogenetic tree divides the FvLOX gene into two subfamilies: 9-LOX and 13-LOX. Gene duplication event analysis showed that whole-genome duplication(WGD)/segmental dupl...     

Assignment of unanchored scaffolds in genome of Brassica napus by RNA-seq analysis in a complete set of Brassica rapa-Brassica oleracea monosomic addition lines

The economically valuable oil crop Brassica napus(AACC, 2 n=38), which arose from interspecific hybridization between the diploid ancestors Brassica rapa(AA, 2 n=20) and Brassica oleracea(CC, 2 n=18), has a complex genome. More than 10% of the assembled sequences, most of which belong to the C subgenome, have not been anchored to the corresponding chromosome. Previously, a complete set of monosomic alien addition lines(MAALs, C1–C9) with each of the nine C-subgenome chromosomes added to the extracted A subgenome was obtained from the allotetraploid B. napus donor Oro, after the ancestral B. rapa(RBR Oro) genome was restored. These MAALs effectively reduced the complexity of the B. napus genome. Here, we determined the expression values of genes on unanchored scaffolds in the MAALs and RBR Oro. Then, multiple comparisons of these gene expression values were used to determine the affiliations of the nonanchored scaffolds on which the genes were located. In total, 54.68%(44.11 Mb) of the 80.67 Mb of non-anchored scaffolds belonging to the C subgenome were assigned to corresponding C chromosomes. This work highlights the potential value of these MAALs in improving the genome quality of B. napus.     

功能基因组注释探讨解淀粉芽孢杆菌的益生机制

旨在利用功能基因组注释的方法,深入挖掘解淀粉芽孢杆菌BLCC1-0238基因组中与益生作用密切相关的功能基因。结果表明,解淀粉芽孢杆菌BLCC1-0238的基因组大小约为3.88 Mb,含有3 941个编码序列,有8个基因簇参与聚酮类化物、非核糖体脂肽和芽孢杆菌素的生物合成,部分基因簇参与环状脂肽罗克霉素的合成;该菌还具有1个编码肽基脯氨酰异构酶的基因,12个与耐酸相关的基因和7个参与编码水解酶的基因。综上所述,这些基因的存在有助于动物机体对抗病原菌和胁迫因素,还有利于对营养物质的消化和 吸收。     

一株牦牛源产细菌素植物乳杆菌SWUN5815全基因组测序及序列分析

旨在分析一株牦牛源植物乳杆菌SWUN5815的全基因组序列测序,并对该菌株的功能特性基因进行挖掘.基于PacBio RSII测序平台对乳杆菌SWUN5815进行全基因组测序分析和GO、KEGG、COG和NR数据库进行基因组基本功能注释.结果 表明:1)植物乳杆菌SWUN5815的基因组大小为3.27 Mb,GC含量44...     

Genome Array on Differentially Expressed Genes of Skin Tissue in Cashmere Goat at Early Anagen of Cashmere Growth Cycle Using DNA Microarray

In order to study the molecular mechanism involved in cashmere regeneration, this study investigated the gene expression profile of skin tissue at various stages of the cashmere growth cycle and screen differentially expressed genes at proangen in 10 cashmere goats at 2 years of age using agilent sheep oligo microarray. Significance analysis of microarray （SAM） methods was used to identify the differentially expressed genes, Hierarchical clustering was performed to clarify these genes in association with different cashmere growth stages, and GO （Gene ontology） and the pathway analyses were con-ducted by a free web-based Molecular Annotation System3.0 （MAS 3.0）. Approximately 10200 probe sets were detected in skin tissue of 2-yr-old cashmere goat. After SAM analysis of the microarray data, totally 417 genes were shown to be differentially expressed at different cashmere growth stages, and 24 genes are significantly up-regulated （21） or down-regulated （3） at proangen concurrently compared to angen and telogen. Hierarchical clustering analysis clearly distinguished the differentially expressed genes of each stage. GO analysis indicated that these altered genes at proangen were predominantly involved in collagen fibril organization, integrin-mediated signaling pathway, cell-matrix adhesion, cell adhesion, transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） receptor signaling pathway, regulation of cell growth. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes （KEGG） analysis showed that the significant pathways involved mainly included focal adhesion and extracellular matrixc （ECM）-receptor interaction. Some important genes involved in these biological processes, such as COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, SPARC, CYR61 and CTGF, were related to tissue remolding and repairing and detected by more than one probe with similar expression trends at different stages of cashmere growth cycle. The different expression of these genes may contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of cashmere regeneration.     

Pathogenesis-related protein genes involved in race-specific all-stage resistance and non-race specific high-temperature adult-plant resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in wheat

Interactions of the stripe rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) with wheat plants activate a wide range of host responses. Among various genes involved in the plant-pathogen interactions, the expressions of particular pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes determine different defense responses. Different types of resistance have been recognized and utilized for developing wheat cultivars for resistance to stripe rust. All-stage resistance can be detected in seedling stage and remains at high levels throughout the plant growth stages. This type of resistance is race-specific and not durable. In contrast, plants with only high-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance are susceptible in seedling stage, but become resistant when plants grow older and the weather becomes warmer. HTAP resistance controlled by a single gene is partial, but usually non-race specific and durable. The objective of this study was to analyze the expression of PR protein genes involved in different types of wheat resistance to stripe rust. The expression levels of 8 PR protein genes (PR1, PR1.2, PR2, PR3, PR4, PR5, PR9 and PR10) were quantitatively evaluated at 0, 1, 2, 7 and 14 days after inoculation in single resistance gene lines of wheat with all-stage resistance genes YrTr1, Yr76, YrSP and YrExp2 and lines carrying HTAP resistance genes Yr52, Yr59, Yr62 and Yr7B. Races PSTv-4 and PSTv-37 for compatible and incompatible interactions were used in evaluation of PR protein gene expression in wheat lines carrying all-stage resistance genes in the seedling-stage experiment while PSTv-37 was used in the HTAP experiment. Analysis of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that all of the PR protein genes were involved in the different types of resistance controlled by different Yr genes. However, these genes were upregulated at different time points and at different levels during the infection process among the wheat lines with different Yr genes for either all-stage resistance or HTAP resistance. Some of the genes were also induced in compatible interactions, but the levels were almost always higher in the incompatible interaction than in the compatible interaction at the same time point for each Yr gene. These results indicate that both allsalicylic acid and jasmonate signaling pathways are involved in both race-specific all-stage resistance and non-race specific HTAP resistance. Although expressing at different stages of infection and at different levels, these PR protein genes work in concert for contribution to different types of resistance controlled by different Yr genes.     

Structure and expression analysis of the sucrose synthase gene family in apple

Sucrose synthases (SUS) are a family of enzymes that play pivotal roles in carbon partitioning, sink strength and plant development. A total of 11 SUS genes have been identified in the genome of Malus domestica (MdSUSs), and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the MdSUS genes were divided into three groups, named as SUS I, SUS II and SUS III, respectively. The SUS I and SUS III groups included four homologs each, whereas the SUS II group contained three homologs. SUS genes in the same group showed similar structural characteristics, such as exon number, size and length distribution. After assessing four different tissues, MdSUS1s and MdSUS2.1 showed the highest expression in fruit, whereas MdSUS2.2/2.3 and MdSUS3s exhibit the highest expression in shoot tips. Most MdSUSs showed decreased expression during fruit development, similar to SUS enzyme activity, but both MdSUS2.1 and MdSUS1.4 displayed opposite expression profiles. These results suggest that different MdSUS genes might play distinct roles in the sink-source sugar cycle and sugar utilization in apple sink tissues.