活性炭脱除模拟沼气中H2S的动态试验

利用动态试验,以模拟沼气为研究对象,研究了进气中H_2S的浓度、进气流速、吸附剂质量及吸附剂粒径等因素对吸附柱穿透时间及穿透吸附容量的影响。研究结果表明,提高进气中的H_2S浓度和进气流速,增加活性炭的粒径可以有效地缩短穿透时间。当其他试验条件保持不变时,进气中H_2S的体积分数分别为0.0124%和0.0454%时,其对应的穿透容量分别为1.20和1.86 mg/g;进气速度为0.15 L/min时的穿透容量为0.30 L/min时的1.6倍;粒径0.84~2.00 mm时的穿透容量只有0.42~0.84 mm时的58%。因此,提高活性炭对H_2S的穿透吸附容量可以通过提高进气中H_2S的浓度,降低进气速度、减小活性炭的粒径等方法实现。通过Bangham吸附速率方程的模拟可知,未经改性的活性炭对H_2S的吸附行为同样符合Bangham吸附速率方程。该研究可为未改性活性炭沼气脱硫装置的放大和实际应用提供参考。     

Invasive Freshwater Macrophyte Alligator Weed: Novel Adsorbent for Removal of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution

The batch sorption experiments were carried out using a novel adsorbent, freshwater macrophyte alligator weed, for the removal of basic dye malachite green from aqueous solution. Effects of process parameters such as initial solution pH, contact time, adsorbent concentration, particle size, and ion strength were investigated. The adsorbent was characterized by FT-IR. The adsorption of malachite green by alligator weed was solution pH dependent. The adsorption reached equilibrium at 240 min for two particle size fractions. The pseudo-first-order equation, Ritchie second-order equation, and intraparticle diffusion models were tested. The results showed that adsorption of malachite green onto alligator weed followed the Ritchie second-order equation very well and the intraparticle diffusion played important roles in the adsorption process. The Langmuir and Freundlich equations were applied to the data related to the adsorption isotherms and the observed maximum adsorption capacity (q _max) was 185.54 mg g^?1 at 20°C according to the Langmuir model. The effects of particle size, adsorbent concentration, and ionic strength on the malachite green adsorption were very marked. The alligator weed could serve as low-cost adsorbents for removing malachite green from aqueous solution.     

Synthetic Iron Oxides for Adsorptive Removal of Arsenic

Removal of arsenic from water reservoirs is the issue of great concern in many places around the globe. As adsorption is one of the most efficient techniques for treatment of As-containing media, thus the present study concerns application of iron oxides-hydroxides (akaganeite) as adsorbents for removal of this harmful metal from aqueous solution. Two types of akaganeite were tested: synthetic one (A) and the same modified using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (A_M). Removal of As was tested in batch studies in function of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial arsenic concentration. The adsorption isotherms obey Langmuir mathematical model. Adsorption kinetics complies with pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the constant rates were defined as 2.07?×?10^?3and 0.92?×?10^?3 g mg^?1 min^?1 for the samples (A) and (A_M), respectively. The difference was caused by significant decrease in adsorption rate in initial state of the process carried out for the sample A_M. The maximum adsorption capacity achieved for (A) and (A_M) akaganeite taken from Langmuir isotherm was 148.7 and 170.9 mg g^?1, respectively. The results suggest that iron oxides-hydroxides can be used for As removal from aqueous solutions.     

废弃混凝土对水中重金属铜和铅的吸附特性

工业废水的直接或间接排放导致中国自然水体受重金属污染程度较高,对重金属污水处理刻不容缓,但现有重金属去除方法普遍存在工艺过于复杂或投资高等缺点。由于废弃混凝土颗粒含有水泥水化产物和未水化的水泥颗粒,具有一定的活性和较高的比表面积,因此该研究拟尝试采用废弃混凝土颗粒作为重金属污染水的吸附材料。通过重金属浸出试验发现,重金属浸出量与废弃混凝土粒径相关,粒径越大,重金属析出量越小。基于试验数据以及《国家污水综合排放标准》的排放阈值要求,最终确定了废弃混凝土颗粒材料的最佳选取粒径。随后,通过静态吸附试验,重点考察了吸附时间、吸附剂用量、重金属初始质量浓度对废弃混凝土吸附重金属铜和铅的影响。结果表明：铜和铅在废弃混凝土上的吸附是一个先快速而后缓慢的过程,在100min基本达到吸附平衡,且废弃混凝土对铜和铅的吸附量随铜和铅初始质量浓度的升高而提高,去除率则随着铜和铅初始质量浓度的升高而降低,随着废弃混凝土用量的升高而提高。废弃混凝土对铜和铅的吸附符合Langmiur等温吸附模型,拟合得到的最大吸附量分别为40.75和86.73mg/g;准二阶动力学模型更适合描述废弃混凝土对铜和铅的吸附过程,说明控...     

Batch and Fixed-Bed Column Performance of Phosphate Adsorption by Lanthanum-Doped Activated Carbon Fiber

Phosphate removal from water is crucial to the prevention of eutrophication. The phosphate adsorption performance from aqueous solutions by using lanthanum-doped activated carbon fiber (ACF-La) was developed by batch and continuous column adsorption method. The batch sorption condition with respect to interfering ions was tested, and the pseudo second-order and intraparticle diffusion models were used to evaluate the adsorption kinetics of phosphate onto ACF-La in the presence of interfering ions, with the second-order model to fit the experimental data better. Moreover, three factors (phosphate concentration, flow rate, and interfering ions) were examined at column run method to evaluate the practical application of ACF-La to the continuous removal phosphate from solution. Furthermore, how the factors (eluted solution concentration, eluted time, and regeneration number) affect the regeneration efficiency of ACF-La was also investigated. These findings suggest that ACF-La has a considerable potential for the application of phosphate removal from contaminated waters.     

胶体存在时不同质地土壤对锌镉的吸附试验研究

以重金属离子Zn和Cd及胶体为对象,通过等温静态批量平衡吸附试验,分析了3种不同质地土壤对Zn、Cd单一吸附和等量竞争吸附特征,胶体对土壤吸附Zn、Cd的影响,并用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对试验结果进行了拟合。结果表明,随着平衡液中Zn2+、Cd2+浓度的增加,土壤对Zn、Cd的吸附量逐渐增大;3种质地土壤对Zn、Cd吸附量顺序为砂壤>粉壤>壤砂土;Zn2+、Cd2+共存时,土壤对这两种离子的吸附量比单一离子存在的情况下明显下降;胶体存在时抑制了土壤对Zn的吸附,促进了土壤对Cd的吸附;就本试验来说,Freundlich方程拟合效果优于Langmuir方程。     

基于磷去除效果的人工湿地中含活性氧化铝复合基质配比优化

为探究北方寒冷地区人工湿地中含活性氧化铝基质的除磷效果,研究选用活性氧化铝与常用的钢渣、石灰石和沸石作为基质材料,在同等条件下通过等温吸附和吸附动力学试验选择吸附能力最强的活性氧化铝。考虑基质的孔隙度及对水力停留时间的影响,将活性氧化铝与砂和石灰石按不同粒径及不同体积比例混合构建9种组合基质,以生活污水(平均磷质量浓度为2.89 mg/L)为处理对象,模拟单级垂直流人工湿地系统进行小试试验,并选取除磷效果较好的同粒径且含活性氧化铝组合基质以探索其在高质量浓度磷(15.96、38.13和68.22 mg/L)下出水水质达标情况。最后筛选出磷吸附效果最优的含活性氧化铝的组合基质,在多级垂直流人工湿地系统进行中试试验以评价其对污水中高浓度磷(20 mg/L)的去除效果。研究结果表明:1)活性氧化铝对磷的吸附能力最佳,依次为钢渣、石灰石、沸石;2)9种组合基质中75%的活性氧化铝和25%的石灰石组合基质对磷的去除率最高,达93.48%,粒径为3～5 mm且含不同比例活性氧化铝的4种组合基质对磷去除效果较好,将其应用于高浓度磷的污水处理后,出水磷浓度可以达到《北京市水污染物综合排放标准》(DB11/307-2013)中总磷A标准排放限值(0.2 mg/L);3)以75%的活性氧化铝和25%的石灰石构建的组合基质在多级垂直流人工湿地中出水磷浓度均达到A标准排放限值,去除率在94%以上。因此,研究建议以75%的活性氧化铝和25%的石灰石构建组合基质,该含活性氧化铝的基质组合在人工湿地中具有良好的除磷效果和应用价值。     

镉在针铁矿、针铁矿-腐植酸复合胶体中吸附解吸行为比较研究

采用批平衡试验法,比较研究了重金属镉在针铁矿和针铁矿-腐植酸复合胶体中的吸附热力学和动力学行为。结果表明,在试验浓度范围内,两种吸附剂对Cd2＋的等温吸附特征均可用Langmuir、Freundlich和Linear方程加以描述。其中以Langmuir方程的拟合效果最佳,线性相关系数为：0.991、0.999,由此推导出的最大吸附量分别为41.667和45.455mg·g^-1,表明腐植酸与针铁矿复合胶体较单一针铁矿的吸附力有所提高,且所吸附的镉均难以解吸,平均解吸率分别为5.871%和1.068%。胶体对Cd^2＋的吸附是一个快速反应过程,4h达到吸附平衡。Elovich方程是拟合吸附动力学过程的最优方程（相关系数分别为0.987和0.997）。通过计算镉在针铁矿和针铁矿-腐植酸复合胶体中的吸附自由能变化量（ΔG的绝对值均〈40kJ·mol^-1）,推测镉在两种胶体中的吸附为物理吸附过程,其吸附机理可能有氢键、偶极作用力和范德华力等作用,而不存在化学键合作用。     

Addition of Calcareous Metal Waster to Acid Soils: Consequences for Metal Solubility

A model was tested which predicts the pH and solution metal concentration in the solution phase of soil amended with (waste-) incinerator fly ash (FA). Graded quantities of calcareous metal-rich FA were equilibrated with an acid clay soil, in aerated CaCl2 suspensions (0.01 M), to give a pH range of 3.1 (100% soil) to 7.5 (100% FA). As the FA loading was increased, the concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb in solution passed through a maximum and then declined until the pH of the soil/ash mixtures approximated that of the pure FA (pHFA). This apparently complex pattern was accurately described by a simple pH- dependent adsorption equation relating adsorbed metal (Mads) to divalent metal concentration in solution (M2+) and pH through 3 constants designated n, Kads} and m: For pH < pHFA, log (Mads (M2+)n) = Kads + m pH However, at greater ash loadings the solution metal concentration and pH remained constant with FA addition and a solubility product (Ks) could be applied: For pH ≥ pHFA, og(M2+) = log Ks - 2 pH Metal concentrations in solution [Msoln] were greatest at very low FA loadings (around 2%); at lower FA additions [Msoln] was limited by total metal concentration while at higher additions of ash the solubility of metals was suppressed by the liming effect of the fly ash. It was therefore concluded that low levels of dust transfer from disposal sites to surrounding acidic soils may be the greatest source of metal pollution to biological and aquatic systems.     

Pretreating landfill leachate with peat to remove metals

In this investigation, the capacity of peat to treat two different landfill leachates was determined. Freundlich isotherms showed that, for the tested metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb), an increased time of contact increased the level of adsorption over the entire range of influent values studied. In addition, metal interaction may play an important role in the adsorption of metals from leachate, as the various metal ions compete for the available adsorption sites on the peat. Column studies using two leachates, one from a municipal refuse fill (Al, Ca, Cd, Fe, Mg, Na, and Pb), and one from a fill which receives mainly oil and fly ash (Al, Ca, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, and V), were conducted to establish design parameters for full-scale design. The efficiency of treatment was evaluated as a function of factors important for developing filter design criteria. Further considerations were given to filter longevity and ease of replacement, as well as for the ultimate disposal of the peat from the filters. For the municipal leachate a compaction density of 0.12 g mL^?1 gave the best results as clogging occurred at higher densities, whereas 0.18 g mL^?1 provided the best removal for the industrial leachate. While peat is incapable of adequately removing metals to acceptable levels for direct discharge, peat can provide substantial removal as a pretreatment process at low hydraulic loadings. Desorption of up to 50% was found when deionized water was applied to spent columns so ultimate disposal of the peat would require a dry environment.     

A Novel Pretreatment Method of Lignocellulosic Material as Adsorbent and Kinetic Study of Dye Waste Adsorption

Sulphuric acid-modified bagasse has been used as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. In order to remove organic compounds that contribute to chemical oxygen demand (COD), pretreatment with thorough washing of adsorbent using boiling distilled water was performed instead of conventional washing using distilled water at room temperature only. This has resulted in the highest efficiency of color removal of 99.45% and COD reduction of 99.36% for MB dye solution at pH 9. Effects of initial pH, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and contact time have been studied. The adsorption of MB dye was pH dependent. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were tested on the adsorption data. The kinetic experimental data were analyzed using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and the intraparticle diffusion model in order to examine the adsorption mechanisms. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm as well as the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The process was found to be endothermic in nature.     

Adsorptive Potential of 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole-Immobilized Organophilic Hydrotalcite for Mercury(II) Ions from Aqueous Phase and Its Kinetic and Equilibrium Profiles

An organophilic calcined hydrotalcite (OHTC) was prepared by treating calcined hydrotalcite (HTC) with sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (an anionic surfactant) to achieve a high loading of thiol functionality through the immobilization of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) as a chelating agent. The adsorbent (MBI-OHTC) obtained was characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, TG/DTG, surface area analysis and potentiometric titration. The adsorption of MBI-OHTC to remove Hg(II) ions from aqueous solutions was studied as a function of pH, contact time, metal ion concentration, ionic strength and adsorbent dose. The optimum pH range for the maximum removal of Hg(II) was 6.0–8.0. The maximum value of Hg(II) adsorption was found to be 11.63 and 21.52 mg g^?1 for an initial concentration of 25 and 50 mg l^?1, respectively at pH 8.0. The equilibrium conditions were achieved within 3 h under the mixing conditions employed. A reversible pseudo-first-order used to test the adsorption kinetics. The adsorption mechanism consisted of external diffusion and intraparticle diffusion and the intraparticle mass transfer diffusion was predominated after 20 min of experiment. Extent of adsorption decreased with increase of ionic strength. The experimental isotherm was analyzed with two parameters (Langmuir and Freundlich) and three parameters (Redlich–Peterson) equations. The isotherm data were best modeled by the Freundlich isotherm equation. Complete removal (≈100%) of Hg(II) from 1.0 l of chlor-alkali industry wastewater containing 9.86 mg Hg(II) ions, was possible with 3 g of the adsorbent dose at pH 8.0. About 95.0% of Hg(II) can be recovered from the spent adsorbent using 0.1 M HCl.     

Ionic strength effect on heavy metal adsorption by soil

Abstract

The adsorption of Cd and Cu by three different soils was studied in the presence of variable concentrations of calcium chloride. Cadmium adsorption fitted the Freundlich equation while Cu better fitted the Langmuir equation. Increasing ionic strength decreased metal adsorption because of the competition of Ca‐ions for the adsorption sites of the soils.

Results could be useful from the standpoint of correct management of sewage sludges and animal slurries applied to agricultural soils because they have an electrolyte concentration greater than that found in normal soil solutions.     

磁性黏土颗粒对污染土壤中镉去除作用的初步研究

农田土壤中镉（Cd）污染备受关注，亟需开发出可以在土壤中快速去除Cd的修复材料与方法。磁性黏土矿物吸附材料因具有重金属吸附容量高和便于回收再利用等特点已成为当前土壤修复净化方面的研究热点。本研究使用了一种毫米级磁性黏土颗粒吸附材料测试其对土壤Cd的去除性能，材料记为巯基改性凹凸棒@沸石（MSAZ）。通过对不同类型人工模拟Cd污染土实验表明，材料最佳施用量为MSAZ:土壤质量比1:5，此时在人工模拟污染红壤中0.43 mol/L HNO3提取态Cd的单次材料施用去除率高达95%，在人工模拟的棕壤和黑土也可达75%-80%。通过对实际的Cd高背景旱地土壤和Cd污染水稻土的去除实验表明，MSAZ对这两种土壤中0.43 mol/L HNO3提取态Cd的首次施用去除率均约40%；经过五次重复利用后，MSZA对污染水稻土中0.43 mol/L HNO3提取态Cd的累积去除率可达98%，并且该材料依然保持着85%的吸附能力，回收率仍高于80%。本研究的磁性黏土颗粒具有较强的土壤Cd去除性能和应用潜力，可为农田土壤Cd污染的原位修复提供材料及技术支持。     

Adsorption density,mobility and limit values of Cd,Zn, Cu and Pb in acid forest soils

To investigate Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb adsorption in acidified forest soils, six soil samples of the aluminium buffer range were selected and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. Determination of the specific surface area using ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) adsorption yielded a characteristic value of the solid phases, which can parameterize the major properties of the various soil constituents with sufficient accuracy.

Traditional adsorption isotherms reveal the relation between the amount of a heavy metal adsorbed and the heavy metal concentration in the soil solution only for the soil under study and can therefore not be applied to other soils. To meet the aim of modelling heavy metal adsorption and mobility also for soils differing greatly in their properties, it was attempted to establish a generalizing adsorption isotherm for soils of entirely different composition of the solid phase. The generalizing adsorption density isotherms introduced in the following provide a useful mathematical model for the quantity/intensity relation of heavy metals in soils that differ greatly in their specific surface area and their composition.

It is also shown that limit values which take into account the major quantities influencing heavy metal adsorption and mobility in acid soils can be established from the regression equation between the adsorption density of a heavy metal (ions/m² specific surface area) and its concentration in the soil solution. In particular in view of the groundwater contamination to be expected if acid rain and, as a result, soil acidification continues, these limit values seem to provide considerably more information than the European limit values, given in mg heavy metal /kg soil, which are presently valid for any soil condition and property.     

Study of Phosphorus Removal by Using Sponge Iron Adsorption

Phosphorus is one of the key elements causing lake eutrophication. This paper deals with phosphate removal by Sponge iron in batch and fixed-bed operation. Isotherm and kinetic studies are conducted. The isotherm data is described by the Freundlich and Langmuir model, while the kinetic data of adsorption is fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The saturated adsorption capacity of Langmuir isothermal equation is about 3.25 mg/g. The concomitant anions have adverse effect on phosphate adsorption and the effects follow the order: NO₃^??>?Cl^??>?SO₄^2?. The phosphate adsorption capacities of SI were improved significantly under the acidic condition. The results of the fixed-bed operation show that, with the increase of the influent phosphate concentrations, the breakthrough curve becomes steeper while the break point time decrease. According to the Adams–Bohart model, the critical height of the column decrease from 0.135 to 0.105 m when the contact time increased from 10 to 30 min with the influent concentration of 1.0 mg/L. According to BDST model, the critical bed depth is 0.15 m when the influent concentration of phosphate is 1.0 mg/L and the contact time (h) is 20 min.     

Removal of Zn2+ from Aqueous Solution using Castor Seed Hull

The effects of various experimental parameters on adsorption of Zn²⁺ metal ion from its aqueous solution by castor seed hull and also by activated carbon have been investigated using batch adsorption experiments. It has been found that the amount of zinc adsorbed per unit mass of the hull increases with the initial metal ion concentration, contact time, solution pH and with the amount of the adsorbent. Kinetic experiments clearly indicate that adsorption of zinc on both castor hull and activated carbon is a three-step process??a rapid adsorption of the metal ion, a transition phase, and an almost flat plateau. This has also been confirmed by the intraparticle diffusion model. It has also been found that the zinc adsorption process followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The kinetic parameters including rate constants have been determined at different initial metal ion concentration, pH, amount, and type of adsorbent, respectively. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models have been used to interpret the equilibrium adsorption data. The Langmuir model yields better correlation coefficients. The monolayer adsorption capacities (q _m ) of castor hull and activated carbon have been compared with those for others reported in the literature. The value of separation factor (R _L ) derived from the Langmuir model gives an indication of favorable adsorption. Finally, from comparative studies, it has been found that castor hull is a potentially attractive adsorbent as compared to commercial activated carbon for the removal of zinc from aqueus effluents.     

Chemically Modified Crop Residues as a Low-Cost Technique for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater

Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of type of crop residues and chemical pretreatment solutions on the removal efficiency of heavy metal ions at different concentrations of synthetic wastewater solutions. Rice straw, cotton stalks, and maize stalks were pretreated with different solutions (i.e., sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, and distilled water as the control treatment) in order to increase their metal-binding capacity. Results indicated that cotton stalks were the best biosorbent material according to their efficiency in removal of heavy metal ions. Sodium hydroxide was the best chemical pretreatment method for stimulating the biosorption capacity of crop residues. Ions of Pb²⁺ had the highest biosorption ratio among all competitive ions, whereas Mn²⁺ ions had the lowest. The removal efficiency decreased as the concentration of heavy metal ions increased in aqueous solutions. Sorption equilibrium isotherms could be described by the Langmuir model in most cases, whereas an isotherm of S shape was observed in other cases, which did not follow the Langmuir isotherm model. In conclusion, cotton stalks pretreated with sodium hydroxide could be used as an efficient technique for wastewater remediation prior to irrigation due to its low-cost, little processing, and high biosorption capacity.     

不同人工湿地基质对磷的吸附性能研究

通过基质磷素吸附动力学、等温吸附以及基质饱和吸附后磷素解吸实验,研究陶瓷滤料、红泥、水洗砂、炉渣4种人工湿地基质净化磷素的效果,评价其基质磷素饱和吸附后磷素解吸可能造成的二次污染风险。结果表明,在溶液磷（P）浓度为5-150mg·L·^-1条件下,Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程均能很好地描述陶瓷滤料和红泥两种基质的磷素吸附过程,陶瓷滤料用Langmuir方程比Freundlich方程的拟合程度更好,红泥则相反。4种基质对磷素的吸附量顺序依次为红泥〉陶瓷滤料〉炉渣〉水洗砂。从磷素的解吸率来看,4种基质释磷顺序依次为炉渣〉水洗砂〉陶瓷滤料〉红泥,水洗砂和炉渣吸附磷素后的解吸率较高,其他两种基质磷素解吸的比例很低。综合评价,陶瓷滤料更适合作为人工湿地污水除磷的基质。     

Kinetic and Removal Mechanisms of Ethylbenzene from Contaminated Solutions by Chitin and Chitosan

In this study, the efficiency of chitin and chitosan toward the removal of ethylbenzene from aqueous solutions was investigated. Batch adsorption experiments of ethylbenzene-contaminated waters (5?C200 mg/L) were carried out to evaluate the removal performance. Ethylbenzene uptake was determined from the changes in concentration, as the residual concentration was measured by gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy. The results indicated that the adsorption of ethylbenzene by chitin and chitosan were in agreement with the Langmuir isotherm, for two parameters model, and Redlich?CPeterson isotherm, for three parameters model. A maximum removal percentage of 65% of ethylbenzene can be achieved using chitosan as adsorbent material. The adsorption capacity of ethylbenzene followed the order chitosan?>?chitin. The pseudo-second order rate model described best the adsorption kinetics of ethylbenzene for the two selected adsorbents. The kinetic studies also revealed that the pore diffusion is not the only rate controlling step in the removal of ethylbenzene. Overall, the study demonstrated that chitosan is a potential adsorbent for the removal of ethylbenzene at concentrations as high as 200 mg/L.