Kriging and mapping of copper,lead, and mercury contents in surface soil in Shenzhen area

Two-dimensional ordinary block kriging as an optimal interpolation technique was applied to produce regular grids of predicted estimates of copper, lead, and mercury contents in surface soil in the Shenzhen area for mapping purposes. The kriging analysis was based on theoretical variograms calculated from measured data of eighty three top soil samples. The appropriateness of the whole procedure of kriging analysis was evaluated by both cross-validation and kriging standard deviation mapping. The similarity in area variation between the distribution of soil parent material and the mapped results of copper and lead is demonstrated. The possible influence of agricultural contamination on the spatial distribution pattern of mercurcy is also discussed.     

乌拉特灌域表层土壤盐分空间变异及季节性分布特征

为揭示乌拉特灌域土壤盐分的时空变化特征,明确影响土壤盐渍化的主导因子,运用主成分分析和Kriging插值法,分析研究区 0～ 40 cm土层土壤 pH、全盐量及盐基离子的季节性变化特征及空间分布。结果表明:研究区土壤主要为轻中度盐化土,春夏秋季土壤全盐量平均值在 2 g/kg以上,属于中度盐化土;0～ 20cm土层土壤全盐量比 20～ 40 cm土层土壤高 0.807 g/kg,是盐分的积累层。土壤阳离子以 K ++Na+为主,阴离子以 SO 42-和 Cl -为主。各层土壤盐基离子表现为春季 >秋季 >夏季;阳离子 Mg 2+、K++Na+和 Ca 2+的变异系数在     

泸州植烟土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异及其影响因素

基于泸州180份植烟土壤样品6种微量元素有效态含量数据,采用地统计方法分析了其空间变异特征,并利用相关分析探讨了其与土壤肥力因子和地形因子之间的关系,旨在为泸州烤烟生态适宜区规划和微肥施用提供参考依据。结果表明,研究区土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B及Mo平均含量分别为70.42、46.72、2.33、1.75、0.34和0.17 mg/kg,总体呈现出南高北低、东高西低的空间分布格局。有效B和Mo符合球状模型,其余元素均符合指数模型;6个元素块金值与基台值之比在25%~75%之间,具有中等强度的空间相关性,其空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响。相关性分析表明,土壤有效态微量元素与全钾之间无相关性,与有机质、氮素、磷素及速效钾总体呈正相关;坡度和坡向与土壤有效态微量元素含量之间无相关性,海拔与有效Mn、Cu及Mo呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。肥力因子对研究区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异的影响强于地形因子。     

湿沉淀对采汞地区山地土壤中汞的影响

There is abundance of Mercury mine resurces in the Fanjinshan Mountain,Mining mercury has a long history there,The concentration of geseous Hg produced in smelting He reaches 20-50mg/m^3 in the tail gas.Because mercury element is an easily transferring microelement,the paper talks about the effect of mercury in Hg mining in Guizhou Province on alpine soil,analyses Hg content in alpine soil at 2000 m of relative elevation in the Hg mining area,and explores for causes of the Hg pollution.     

Transport of zinc,copper, and lead in a sewage sludge amended calcareous soil

The application of sewage sludge on farmland is practised in many countries since sludge is rich in macro- and micro- nutrients. However, increasing use of sewage sludge on farmland has raised concerns about the potential transport of heavy metals into food chains and groundwater. This study determined for a calcareous soil the effects of sludge application on soil physical properties and transport of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). Secondary anaerobic digested sewage sludge was applied at rates of 0, 25, 50, and 100 t/ha (on a dried weight basis) for four consecutive years and mixed in the top 20-cm of soil. Corn (Zea mays L.) was planted as a spring crop, followed by wheat (Triticum aestivum) as a winter crop. Sludge application increased the dissolved organic matter content and modified the soil structure, increased the soil infiltration rate, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and aggregate stability, and decreased the bulk density. Sludge application greatly increased DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid)-extractable soil metal concentrations to 50 cm depth and significantly to 1 m. In the plots that received four application of 100 t/ha sewage sludge, the mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Pb in subsoil increased by 1600, 7, and 4.5 times, respectively, compared with the control. The results indicate that a combination of enhanced soil physical properties, heavy and inefficient irrigation and high organic matter content with heavy metals cause significant metal mobility. High sludge applications pose risks of groundwater and food chain contamination and rates are best restricted to those reflecting the nutrient demand of crops (20 t/ha every 4 to 5 yr or an average of 4 to 5 t/ha/yr).     

The effects of iron,mercury, and copper ions on the acid-base properties of aqueous soil extracts

This article presents indicators of the influences of salts of iron, mercury, and copper on the acid- base properties of aqueous extracts from the upper soil horizons of taiga zones. Their acidification is estab- lished; under the influence of metals, the processes responsible for elevated levels of protons in the extracts are identified, viz., the hydrolysis of metal ions and their inclusion in the complexation with water-soluble organic substances. We discovered the effects on these processes of organic materials of the extracts, as well as of the properties of metals and the type and amount of salts, in whose composition the metals are included in the extracts.     

Spatial and spectral analysis of soil surface properties for an archaeological area in Aksum,Ethiopia, applying high and medium resolution data

The primary aim of this paper is to determine the spatial distribution of soil surface properties using high and medium resolution imagery data. Identification of these properties is important for determining environmental conditions resulting from anthropogenic influences, and for identifying land degradation processes within the study area which is an archaeologically important region situated to the north of Aksum (northern Ethiopia). Site specific field data were used to identify and verify the spatial distribution of soil surface properties such as soil colour, texture, and organic matter content obtained with IKONOS and ASTER images. As a result, distribution maps present the preliminary associations between land cover and soil characteristics as well as the location of archaeological sites. For all Aksumite cultural phases, the general pattern of ancient settlement remained the same and is similar to that of today: residential structures were built on well drained, high relief terrain.     

环渤海微咸水区土壤盐分及盐渍化程度的空间格局

为了探求环渤海低平原区微咸水的农业利用潜力、缓解水资源危机,就需要掌握该区土壤盐分及其盐渍化程度的空间分布格局。本文通过对该平原微咸水区选取127个代表性样点,采集0～60 cm深度内的8层土样进行土壤全盐量测定,并对130个水井的水位埋深及128个地下水样的矿化度进行了测定。采用地质统计学和GIS相结合的方法研究了该区土壤全盐量及其盐渍化程度的空间分布格局。结果表明,除表层土层盐分含量属于强变异强度外,环渤海低平原区其余土层盐分含量均属于中等变异强度。土层盐分的空间自相关距离从表层（0～5 cm）的35.3 km 增加到深层（50～ 60 cm）的59.7 km。研究区各层土壤盐分含量自内陆平原向东部滨海平原逐渐增加,上下土层盐分含量呈相同的空间变化趋势。表层土层属于非盐化土、轻度盐化土和中度盐化土的比例基本相等,而重度盐化土面积较小,5～60 cm土层无重度盐化土分布。总体上,环渤海低平原以轻度盐化土和非盐化土为主,0～60 cm空间上盐分积聚不强,浅层微咸水灌溉存在很大利用空间。     

Spatial patterns of cadmium contents related to soil heterogeneity

To investigate Cd behavior in a heterogeneous soil, soil samples were taken along a transect in a field. Total Cd content, Cd concentration in solution, and soil properties controlling Cd sorption were measured. The scale and degree of variability of these parameters were assessed using statistical and spectral analysis. No substantial correlation was found between total Cd and Cd in solution. However, with a scaled sorption model that accounts for effects of pH and organic matter content the variability of total Cd was predicted well as a function of measured concentrations and soil properties. Apparently, total Cd contents of this soil are primarily controlled by the organic matter content and pH.     

Effect of the main soil components on the sorption of copper,zinc, and lead by urban soils

The sorption of copper, zinc, and lead by two urban soils with different levels of contamination was studied. Changes in the sorption capacity and fixation strength of the metals were revealed after the destruction of the main components playing the important role in the fixation of metals by the soil.     

Redistribution of cadmium,copper, lead,nickel, and zinc among soil fractions in a contaminated calcareous soil after application of nitrogen fertilizers

This study was conducted to evaluate the redistribution of the heavy metals Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn among different soil fractions by N fertilizers. In a lab experiment, soil columns were leached with distilled water, KNO₃, NaNO₃, NH₄NO₃, or Ca(NO₃)₂ · 4H₂O. After leaching, soil samples were sequentially extracted for exchangeable (EXCH), carbonate (CARB), organic‐matter (OM), Mn oxide (MNO), Fe oxide (FEO), and residual (RES) fractions. Distilled water significantly increased the concentrations of Cd and Ni in EXCH fraction, while concentration of Cu and Zn did not change significantly. Application of KNO₃, NaNO₃, NH₄NO₃, or Ca(NO₃)₂ · 4H₂O significantly increased the concentrations of Cd and Zn in EXCH fraction, while concentration of Pb and Ni was decreased. Application of all fertilizers caused an increase of Cu in the OM fraction. Moreover, leaching with these solutions significantly increased Cd [except in Ca(NO₃)₂ · 4H₂O], Cu, and Zn concentrations in the CARB fraction, while Pb and Ni concentrations were decreased. With application of all leaching solutions, Zn in the EXCH, CARB, FEO, and MNO fractions was significantly increased, while Zn in the OM fraction did not change. The mobility index indicated that Ca(NO₃)₂ · 4H₂O increased the mobility of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the soil, whereas NaNO₃ decreased the mobility of Pb and Ni in the soil. The mobility index of Pb decreased by all leaching solutions. Thus, these results suggest that applying N fertilizers may change heavy‐metal fractions in contaminated calcareous soil and possibly enhance metal mobility and that N‐fertilization management therefore may need modification.     

不同种类有机肥对土壤铅、铜形态转化的影响

为研究不同种类来源商品有机肥对海南砖红壤中铅、铜形态转化的影响,将海藻、羊粪、鸡粪、氨基酸、豆粕和烟叶为原料的商品有机肥添加到铅、铜单一和复合污染土壤中,经老化培养后,采用EDTA提取法和Tessier连续提取法测定了各类有机肥施用下土壤中不同形态铅、铜含量。结果表明:与不施用有机肥处理组相比,施用有机肥能够降低土壤中EDTA提取态铅、铜的含量,降低幅度分别为3.73%～24.19%和8.88%～72.64%;添加有机肥使土壤中的残渣态铅、铜含量分别增加了1.03～4.28倍和1.02～1.48倍,有机结合态铅、铜含量分别增加了1.33～8.81倍和1.39～4.92倍,碳酸盐结合态铅、铜含量分别减少了21.06%～55.51%和14.39%～45.16%。不同种类有机肥对单一和复合污染土壤中铅、铜形态转化特征存在差异,对于铅形态转化效果而言,单一和复合污染条件下先后顺序分别为:海藻鸡粪氨基酸豆粕烟叶羊粪,海藻豆粕氨基酸鸡粪羊粪烟叶;对于铜形态转化效果而言,单一和复合污染条件下先后顺序分别为:豆粕海藻氨基酸=烟叶鸡粪羊粪,豆粕氨基酸海藻鸡粪烟叶羊粪。综合而言,有机肥对单一污染土壤中重金属铅、铜的钝化效果优于复合污染土壤,不同种类有机肥的铅、铜形态转化效果不同。     

红壤蔗区土壤有效态钾的空间变异研究

应用地统计学方法分析了农场尺度的红壤蔗区土壤表层的土壤速效钾、缓效钾的空间分布结构。结果表明,研究区域内的土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量都存在极强的空间相关性,在整个区域的空间分布具有相似性。缓效钾的协同克立格法的插值精度高于普通克立格法。研究结果可为甘蔗的钾肥精准管理提供依据。     

福建铁观音茶园土壤中铅、镉、砷、铬、汞、铜、氟的环境质量现状分析

为了解福建省铁观音茶园土壤中主要污染元素的含量状况及其对茶叶生产的影响, 采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法研究了福建省铁观音茶主产地安溪、华安和永春县150 个茶园土壤中铅、镉、砷、铬、汞、铜、氟的含量, 并进行了环境质量现状评价。结果表明, 所有土壤的镉、铅、氟含量, 97%以上土壤的铬、砷、汞含量均低于茶叶产地环境技术条件(NY/T 853—2004)中相应的限量; 92%以上土壤的镉、铬、砷、汞含量和70%以上土壤的铅含量低于有机茶产地环境条件(NY 5199—2002)中相应的限量。变质岩发育的土壤镉和氟含量较高, 砂岩类发育的土壤铬含量较高, 流纹质凝灰岩类发育的土壤铅含量较高, 流纹岩类发育的土壤砷含量较高, 闪长岩类发育的土壤汞和铜含量较高; 水稻土改种的茶园土壤镉、铅和汞含量较高, 铬和砷含量较低; 赤红壤发育的土壤中铅含量较高, 黄壤发育的土壤中铬和砷含量较高, 红壤发育的土壤中铜含量较高。就所研究的元素而言, 大部分供试茶园土壤是清洁和安全的。     

菜地旱地交错分布区土壤有机碳和有效态微量元素的空间变异性—以山东寿光古城镇为例

基于GIS和地统计学方法,以山东寿光古城镇为例,分析了两种利用方式下（大棚蔬菜和小麦玉米轮作）表层（020 cm）土壤有机碳的空间变异特征及其影响因素,并分析了土壤有机碳含量与有效态微量元素含量之间的相关性。结果表明,研究区内大棚菜地有机碳平均含量高于小麦玉米轮作农田,两者变异程度均为中等,受施肥、温度、灌溉、翻耕等人为因素的影响显著。菜地耕层土壤有机碳的变程（749 m）小于农田（1460 m）,说明菜地有机碳空间变异程度高,这与菜地中施肥管理措施变异度更大有关。轮作区土壤有机碳空间分布模拟结果表明,研究区中部土壤有机碳含量较高,中东部和西部较低。大棚菜地土壤有机碳空间模拟结果表明,土壤有机碳较高值分布于研究区的东北、西北和东南区域,较低值分布在中西部北边位置。小麦玉米轮作农田中有机碳存储量与有效Fe、Cu、B含量呈极显著正相关,与有效Mn呈极显著负相关;菜地土壤有机碳与微量元素有效态之间的相关性不明显。     

企业密集区土壤主要污染物的空间分布及其预测性初步探讨

用克里格空间插值方法研究了城乡民营企业密集区土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、Hg、As和多氯联苯(PCBs)等9种污染物的空间分布特征,对比该区的企业布局,初步探讨了企业布局对土壤污染物浓度预测的可行性.结果表明,该区污染物的高浓度区主要分布在废旧拆解园区周边地区和小冶炼集中地带,且存在多污染物的复合污染.当在约1 km2 的范围内有金属类生产企业、电机生产企业或(和)电线电缆生产企业存在时,土壤中可能有Cu和Pb积累.电机、电线电缆和(或)自动喷雾器生产企业的密集分布可能出现土壤中Pb的累积.而金属类生产企业的空间布局与土壤中Cd、Ni和Cr的浓度间存在显著的相关关系.汽摩配生产企业和金属配件生产企业可能分别会带来土壤As和PCBs积累.     

Assessment of mercury dispersal in an abandoned mining area by soil and lichen analysis

The total Hg content in soil and in the epiphytic lichen Parmelia sulcata was determined in a former cinnabar mining area on Mt. Amiata. Metal concentrations in soil and in lichen are significantly related and decrease at increasing distances from the zone most affected by minespoil and by air which is still vented from mine shafts. On the basis of these results and of Al analysis, it seems likely that anomalous Hg content in Mt. Amiata lichens is mainly due to the out-gassing of volatile Hg from soil, from vegetation and, in the most heavily polluted zone, to the air from mine shafts.     

土层性质对铜和铅在土壤中保持和迁移的影响

The mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in soils is largely governed by sorption and desorption phenomena.Cu2+ and Pb2+ are among the most potentially toxic heavy metals and they are present,often concomitantly,in many polluting spills and in agrochemicals.The objective was to assess and compare the competitive sorption and desorption capacities and sorption hysteresis of Cu2+ and Pb2+,as well as their migration through the profiles of four natural soils:a Humic Umbrisol,an Umbric Cambisol,an Endoleptic Luvisol and a Humic Cambisol.In all horizons Pb2+ was invariably sorbed and retained to a greater extent than Cu2+.The sorption and retention of Cu2+ were most in?uenced by pH,e?ective cation exchange capacity(CECe) and Mn oxide content.On the other hand,the fixation capacity of Pb2+ was most in?uenced by pH,CECe,and Mn oxide and organic matter contents.pH and CECe were the individual soil properties most markedly in?uencing Cu2+ and Pb2+ sorption and retention.In all the horizons Pb2+ exhibited greater hysteresis than Cu2+.In each soil the hysteresis in the A horizon was greater than that in the B horizon,except in the Bt horizon of the Endoleptic Luvisol,due to its high pH and vermiculite content.Based on migration indices,Pb2+ was less mobile than Cu2+ in the studied soils.     

环渤海沿海区域土壤养分空间变异及分布格局

大尺度研究土壤养分空间变异和分布,是实现区域平衡施肥和精准化农业的重要前提,大批量土壤养分的实验室分析比较费时费力且耗资较大,地统计及GIS插值技术可以有效解决这一问题。利用432个采样点,进行环渤海沿海区域0~30 cm和30~60 cm土层土壤养分空间变异和空间分布格局研究。土壤养分指标包括土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质及全氮。对各土壤养分指标进行传统统计和地统计分析并采用kriging进行空间插值成图。结果表明:同一养分指标变异程度在0~30 cm和30~60 cm土层均相近;各养分指标在两土层均具有良好的空间结构性;研究区土壤有效磷和速效钾含量相对丰富,碱解氮、有机质和全氮含量较缺乏,总体而言本研究区域土壤养分较缺乏,30~60 cm土层各养分含量较0~30 cm土层更加缺乏。     

湘北红壤丘岗稻田土壤有机碳、养分及微生物生物量空间变异

通过对湘北典型红壤丘岗254个稻田耕层样(01～8.cm)进行分析,比较了微地形对稻田土壤有机碳、氮、磷和微生物生物量的影响。结果表明,丘岗底部稻田土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、可溶性氮含量分别比丘岗中下部稻田高14.6%1、3.6%、24.6%、20.4%和95.8%,丘岗中下部稻田土壤Olsen-P含量比丘岗底部稻田高33.3%,差异均达极显著水平(P0.01)。不同部位稻田土壤全磷、微生物生物量磷含量和有效磷库(微生物生物量磷与Olsen-P之和)含量差异不显著。此外,丘岗底部稻田土壤碳磷比、微生物生物量碳磷比和微生物商比丘岗中下部稻田高12.7%,28.5%,8.2%,其差异达显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)水平。但微生物生物量氮/全氮、微生物生物量磷/全磷、土壤碳氮比和微生物生物量碳氮比差异不显著。